The DOI matches its Crossref record; 13 of the 13 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Solid polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel cell applications—a review
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Model
Springer, T. E., Zawodzinski, T. A., & Gottesfeld, S. (1991) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1.2085971 · Cited by 3,528
On the development of proton conducting polymer membranes for hydrogen and methanol fuel cells
Kreuer, K. D. (2001) · Journal of Membrane Science · doi:10.1016/s0376-7388(00)00632-3 · Cited by 2,969
Development of ionomer membranes for fuel cells
Kerres, J. A. (2001) · Journal of Membrane Science · doi:10.1016/s0376-7388(00)00631-1 · Cited by 1,022
The water content dependence of electro-osmotic drag in proton-conducting polymer electrolytes
Zawodzinski, T. A., Davey, J., Valerio, J., & Gottesfeld, S. (1995) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0013-4686(94)00277-8 · Cited by 586
Diffusion of Water in Nafion 115 Membranes
Motupally, S., Becker, A. J., & Weidner, J. W. (2000) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1.1393879 · Cited by 478
Kerres, J., Ullrich, A., Meier, F., & Häring, T. (1999) · Solid State Ionics · doi:10.1016/s0167-2738(99)00181-2 · Cited by 454
Antonucci, P. L., Aricò, A. S., Cretı̀, P., Ramunni, E., & Antonucci, V (1999) · Solid State Ionics · doi:10.1016/s0167-2738(99)00206-4 · Cited by 436
Pervaporation membranes in direct methanol fuel cells
Pivovar, B. S., Wang, Y., & Cussler, E. L. (1999) · Journal of Membrane Science · doi:10.1016/s0376-7388(98)00264-6 · Cited by 403
New membranes for direct methanol fuel cells
Jörissen, L., Gogel, V., Kerres, J., & Garche, J. (2002) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/s0378-7753(01)00952-1 · Cited by 279
Proton conducting blends of poly(4-vinylimidazole) with phosphoric acid
Bozkurt, A. (2001) · Solid State Ionics · doi:10.1016/s0167-2738(00)00779-7 · Cited by 169
Research works printed but not linked: 99
- Babir, 1996, Efficiency and economics of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, Int. J. Hyd. Energy, 21, 891, 10.1016/0360-3199(96)00030-4 · DOI
- Guarau, 2000, J. Electrochem. Soc., 147, 2468, 10.1149/1.1393555 · DOI · Paper page
- Rikukawa, 2000, Proton-conducting polymer electrolyte membranes based on hydrocarbon polymers, Prog. Polym. Sci., 25, 1463, 10.1016/S0079-6700(00)00032-0 · DOI · Paper page
- Beattie, 1999, Temperature and pressure difference of O2 reduction at Pt/Nafion 117 and Pt/BAM 407 interfaces, J. Electroanal. Chem., 468, 180, 10.1016/S0022-0728(99)00164-3 · DOI · Paper page
- Jordan, 2000, Diffusion layer parameters influencing optimal fuel cell performance, J. Power Sources, 86, 250, 10.1016/S0378-7753(99)00489-9 · DOI · Paper page
- Cappadonia, 1995, Conductance of Nafion 117 membranes as a function of temperature and water content, Solid State Ionics, 77, 65, 10.1016/0167-2738(94)00289-5 · DOI · Paper page
- Sridhar, 2001, Humidification studies on polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell, J. Power Sources, 101, 72, 10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00625-5 · DOI
- Gurau, 1998, Two-dimensional model for proton exchange membrane fuel cells, AIChE J., 44, 2410, 10.1002/aic.690441109 · DOI · Paper page
- Bernardi, 1992, A mathematical model of the solid-polymer electrode fuel cell, J. Electrochem. Soc., 139, 2477, 10.1149/1.2221251 · DOI · Paper page
- Amphlett, 1995, Performance modeling of the Ballard Mark IV solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell. I. Mechanic model development, J. Electrochem. Soc., 142, 1, 10.1149/1.2043866 · DOI · Paper page
- You, 2001, A parametric study of the cathode catalyst layer of PEM fuel cells using a pseudo-homogeneous model, Int. J. Hyd. Energy, 26, 991, 10.1016/S0360-3199(01)00035-0 · DOI
- Zhou, 2001, A general three-dimensional model for proton exchange membrane fuel cell, Int. J. Trans. Phenomena, 3, 177
- You, 2002, A two-phase flow and transport model for the cathode of PEM fuel cells, Int. J. Mass Transfer, 45, 2277, 10.1016/S0017-9310(01)00322-2 · DOI · Paper page
- Gaurau, 2000, an analytical solution of a half-cell model for PEM fuel cells, J. Electrochem. Soc., 147, 2468, 10.1149/1.1393555 · DOI · Paper page
- Wang, 2003, A parametric study of PEM fuel cell performances, Int. J. Hyd. Energy, 28, 1263, 10.1016/S0360-3199(02)00284-7 · DOI · Paper page
- Miyake, 1983, Permeation, diffusion, and solution of hydrogen isotopes, methane, and inert gases in/through tetrafluoroethylene and polyethylene, J. Vacuum Sci. Technol., 1, 1447, 10.1116/1.572038 · doi:10.1116/1.572038
- Stodilka, 2000, A tritium tracer technique for the measurement of hydrogen permeation in polymeric materials, Int. J. Hyd. Energy, 25, 1129, 10.1016/S0360-3199(99)00111-1 · doi:10.1016/s0360-3199(99)00111-1
- Gottesfeld, 1997, Polymer electrolyte fuel cell, Adv. Electrochem. Sci. Eng., 5, 195, 10.1002/9783527616794.ch4 · DOI · Paper page
- Rikukawa, 2000, Proton conducting polymer electrolyte membranes based on hydrocarbon polymers, Prog. Polym. Sci., 25, 1463, 10.1016/S0079-6700(00)00032-0 · DOI · Paper page
- V. Mehta, Analysis of design and manufacturing of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, M.S. Thesis, University of Washington, Washington, DC, 2002.
- Mehta, 2005, Review and analysis of PEM fuel cell design and manufacturing, J. Power Sources, 113, 32
- Kerres, 2001, State of art of membrane development, J. Membr. Sci., 185, 1
- Stone, 2002, From “Curiosity to power” to change the world, Solid State Ionics, 152–153, 1, 10.1016/S0167-2738(02)00315-6 · DOI
- Jannasch, 2003, Recent developments in high-temperature proton conducting polymer electrolyte membranes, Curr. Opin. Colloid Interf. Sci., 8, 96, 10.1016/S1359-0294(03)00006-2 · DOI · Paper page
- Meier-Haack, 2005, Membranes from sulfoanted block copolymers for use in fuel cells, Sep. Purification Technol., 41, 207, 10.1016/j.seppur.2004.07.018 · DOI
- Roziere, 2003, Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci., 33, 503, 10.1146/annurev.matsci.33.022702.154657 · DOI · Paper page
- Grot, 1985, Discovery and development of Nafion perfluorinated membranes, Chem. Ind., 19, 647
- Wakizoe, 1995, Electrochim. Acta, 40, 335, 10.1016/0013-4686(94)00269-7 · DOI · Paper page
- Costamagna, 2001, Quantum jumps in the PEMFC science and technology from the 1960s to the year 2000 Part I. Fundamental scientific aspects, J. Power Sources, 102, 242, 10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00807-2 · DOI · Paper page
- Lipnizki, 1999, Organophilic pervaporation: prospects and performance, Chem. Eng. J., 73, 113, 10.1016/S1385-8947(99)00024-8 · doi:10.1016/s1385-8947(99)00024-8
- Meier-Haack, 2000, Build-up of polyelectrolyte multilayer assemblies: a useful tool for controlled modification of microfiltration and pervaporation membranes, vol. 13, 316
- Soontrapa, 2001, J. Sci. Res. Chula. Univ., 26, 59
- Susai, 2001, Optimization of proton exchange membranes and the humidifying conditions to improve cell performance for polymer electrolyte membranes, Int. J. Hyd. Energy, 26, 631, 10.1016/S0360-3199(00)00096-3 · DOI
- A. Steck, in: O. Savadago, P.R. Roberge, T.N. Veziroglu, Proceedings of the First International Symposium on New Materials for Fuel Cell Systems, Montreal, July 9–13, 1995, p. 74.
- N. Ogata, M. Rikukawa, Sulfonated polymers for solid polymer electrolytes, US Patent 5,403,675 (April 1995). · doi:10.1109/stsm.1994.835672
- A.E. Steck, C. Stone, in: O. Savadago, P.R. Roberge (Eds.), Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on New Materials for Fuel Cell and Modern Battery Systems, Montreal, July 6–10, 1997, p. 792.
- Motupally, 2000, Diffusion of Water in Nafion 115 membranes, J. Electrochem. Soc., 147, 3171, 10.1149/1.1393879 · DOI · Paper page
- Okada, 1998, Effect of water uptake and relative humidity on Nafion, Electrochem. Acta, 43, 3741, 10.1016/S0013-4686(98)00132-7 · DOI · Paper page
- Eikerling, 1997, J. Phys. Chem. B, 101, 10807, 10.1021/jp972288t · DOI · Paper page
- Haubold, 2001, Nano structure of Nafion: a SAXS study, Electrochim. Acta, 46, 1559, 10.1016/S0013-4686(00)00753-2 · DOI · Paper page
- James, 2000, In situ rehydration of perfluorosulfonate ion-exchange membrane studied by AFM, Polymer, 41, 4223, 10.1016/S0032-3861(99)00641-2 · DOI
- Gardner, 1998, Studies on ion-exchange membranes, J. Electroanal. Chem., 449, 209, 10.1016/S0022-0728(97)00408-7 · DOI
- Baradie, 1998, Hybrid Nafion®-inorganic membrane with potential applications for polymer electrolyte fuel cells, J. Electroanal. Chem., 489, 209
- Wasmus, 2000, Characterization of H3PO4-equlibriated Nafion 117 membranes using 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy, J. Membr. Sci., 185, 78
- Mex, 1999, Plasma-polymerized electrolyte membrane for miniaturized DMFC, Membr. Technol., 115, 5, 10.1016/S0958-2118(00)80001-4 · doi:10.1016/s0958-2118(00)80001-4
- Finsterwalder, 2001, Proton conductive thin films prepared by plasma polymerization, J. Membr. Sci., 185, 105, 10.1016/S0376-7388(00)00638-4 · DOI
- B. Bahar, A.R. Hobson, J.A. Kolde, D. Zuckerbrod, Ultrathin integral composite membrane, US Patent, 5,547,551 (1996).
- B. Tazi, O. Savadago, New cation exchange membranes based on Nafion, Silicotungstic acid and thiophene, J. New Mater. Electrochem. Syst., in press (cf. JMS 185 (2001) 3–27).
- J. Crawford, Towards a PEM Fuel Cell Bill of Materials Model, M.S. Thesis, University of Washington, Washington, DC, 2001.
- Sakari, 1985, Gas permeation properties of SPE membranes, J. Electrochem. Soc., 132, 1328, 10.1149/1.2114111 · DOI · Paper page
- Smitha, 2003, Synthesis and characterization of proton conducting polymer membranes for fuel cells, J. Membr. Sci., 225, 63, 10.1016/S0376-7388(03)00343-0 · DOI · Paper page
- Smitha, 2004, Polyelectrolyte complexes of chitosan and poly(acrylic acid) for fuel cell applications, Macromolecules, 37, 2233, 10.1021/ma0355913 · DOI · Paper page
- Heitala, 1999, Phase Separation and crystallinity in proton conducting membranes of styrene grafted and sulfonated poly(vinylidene fluoride), J. Polym. Sci., 37, 1741, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0518(19990615)37:12<1741::AID-POLA3>3.0.CO;2-5 · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0518(19990615)37:12<1741::aid-pola3>3.0.co;2-5
- Carretta, 2000, Ionomeric membranes based on partially sulfonated poly(styrene): synthesis, proton conduction and methanol permeation, J. Membr. Sci., 166, 189, 10.1016/S0376-7388(99)00258-6 · DOI · Paper page
- Bashir, 2001, Heterogeneous sulfonation of blend systems based on hydrogenated poly butadiene-styrene block copolymer. Electrical and structural characterization, Solid State Ionics, 139, 189, 10.1016/S0167-2738(01)00691-9 · doi:10.1016/s0167-2738(01)00691-9
- Buchi, 1995, Study of radiation grafted FEP-g-polystyrene membranes as polymer electrolytes in fuel cells, Electrochim. Acta, 40, 345, 10.1016/0013-4686(94)00274-5 · DOI · Paper page
- Becker, 2002, Proton exchange membranes by irradiation grafting of styrene onto FEP and ETFE: influences of the crosslinker N,N-methylene-bis-acrylamide, Chem. Eng. Technol., 25, 4, 10.1002/1521-4125(200204)25:4<373::AID-CEAT373>3.0.CO;2-X · doi:10.1002/1521-4125(200204)25:4<373::aid-ceat373>3.0.co;2-x
- Noshay, 1976, Sulfonated Polysulfone, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 20, 1885, 10.1002/app.1976.070200717 · DOI · Paper page
- Kice, 1977, The reaction of hypochlorite with various oxidized derivatives of disulfides and with sulfinations, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 99, 3455, 10.1021/ja00452a044 · DOI
- Stefan Haufe, 2001, Proton conducting membranes based on electrolyte filled microporous matrices, J. Membr. Sci., 185, 95, 10.1016/S0376-7388(00)00637-2 · doi:10.1016/s0376-7388(00)00637-2
- Kobayashi, 1998, Proton conducting polymers derived from poly(etherether-ketone) and poly(4-phenoxybenzoyl-1,4-phenylene), Solid State Ionics, 106, 219, 10.1016/S0167-2738(97)00512-2 · DOI
- Guo, 1999, Sulfonated and cross-linked polyphosphazene based polymer electrolyte membranes, J. Membr. Sci., 154, 175, 10.1016/S0376-7388(98)00282-8 · DOI · Paper page
- Vallejo, 1999, Sulfonated polyimide as proton conductor exchange membranes, physicochemical properties and separating H+/Mz+ by electrodialysis comparison with perfluorosulfonic membranes, J. Membr. Sci., 160, 127, 10.1016/S0376-7388(99)00070-8 · doi:10.1016/s0376-7388(99)00070-8
- Gebel, 1993, Swelling study of perfluorinated ionomer membrane, Polymer, 34, 333, 10.1016/0032-3861(93)90086-P · DOI · Paper page
- Hofmann, 2002, Synthesis of polyphosphazenes with sulfonimide side groups, Macromolecules, 35, 6490, 10.1021/ma020330z · DOI
- Allock, 2001, Phenyl phosphonic acid functionalized poly[aryloxyphosphazenes] as proton-conducting membranes for direct methanol fuel cells, J. Membr. Sci., 112, 137
- Wang, 2002, Direct polymerization of sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) random (statistical) copolymers: candidates for new proton exchange membranes, J. Membr. Sci., 197, 231, 10.1016/S0376-7388(01)00620-2 · DOI · Paper page
- Poppe, 2002, Carboxylated and sulfonated poly(arylene-co-arylene sulfone)s: thermostable polyelectrolytes for fuel cell applications, Macromolecules, 35, 7936, 10.1021/ma012198t · DOI
- Lafitte, 2002, Sulfophenylation of polysulfones for proton conducting fuel cell membranes, Rapid Macromol. Commun., 23, 896, 10.1002/1521-3927(20021001)23:15<896::AID-MARC896>3.0.CO;2-P · doi:10.1002/1521-3927(20021001)23:15<896::aid-marc896>3.0.co;2-p
- Meng, 2001, Synthesis and proton conductivities of phosphoric acid containing poly-(arylene ether)s, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem., 39, 3218, 10.1002/pola.1304 · DOI
- Li, 2003, sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) membranes for direct methanol fuel cell, J. Membr. Sci., 226, 159, 10.1016/j.memsci.2003.08.018 · DOI · Paper page
- Elabd, 2003, Triblock copolymer ionomer membranes. Part I. Methanol and proton transport, J. Membr. Sci., 217, 227, 10.1016/S0376-7388(03)00127-3 · DOI · Paper page
- Taeger, 2003, Ion Exchange membranes derived from sulfonated polyimides, React. Funct. Polym., 57, 77, 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2003.10.001 · DOI
- Kang, 2003, Electrochemical characterization of sulfoanted poly(arylene ether sulfone) (S-PES) cation exchange membranes, J. Membr. Sci., 216, 39, 10.1016/S0376-7388(03)00045-0 · DOI
- Taeger, 2004, Macromol. Symp., 210, 175, 10.1002/masy.200450620 · doi:10.1002/masy.200450620
- Xiao, 2002, Polym. Bull., 48, 309, 10.1007/s00289-002-0047-6 · doi:10.1007/s00289-002-0047-6
- Vogel, 2004, On the stability of selected monomeric and polymeric aryl sulfonic acids on heating in water (Part I), Fuel Cells, 4, 320, 10.1002/fuce.200400035 · doi:10.1002/fuce.200400035
- Guo, 2002, Novel sulfonated polyimides as polyelectrolytes for fuel cell application. 2. Synthesis and proton conductivity of polyimides from 9,9-bis (4-aminophenyl)fluorene-2,7-disulfonic acid, Macromolecules, 35, 6707, 10.1021/ma020260w · DOI
- Genies, 2001, Soluble sulfonated naphthalenic polyimides as materials for proton exchange membranes, Polymer, 42, 359, 10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00384-0 · DOI · Paper page
- Genies, 2001, Stability study of sulfonated phthalic and naphthalenic polyimide structures in aqueous medium, Polymer, 42, 5097, 10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00645-5 · DOI · Paper page
- Besse, 2002, Sulfonated polyimides for fuel cell electrode membrane assemblies (EMA), J. New Mater. Electrochem. Syst., 5, 109
- Asensio, 2002, Proton conducting polymers based on benzimidazole and sulfonated benzimidazoles, J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem., 40, 3703, 10.1002/pola.10451 · DOI · Paper page
- Bae, 2002, Properties of selected sulfonated polymers as proton-conducting electrolytes for polymer electrolyte fuel cells, Solid State Ionics, 147, 189, 10.1016/S0167-2738(02)00011-5 · DOI · Paper page
- Hofmann, 2002, Synthesis of polyphosphazenes with sulfonimide side groups, Macromolecules, 35, 6490, 10.1021/ma020330z · DOI
- Schuster, 2001, Proton mobility in oligomer-bound proton solvents: imidazole immobilization via flexible spacers, Solid State Ionics, 145, 85, 10.1016/S0167-2738(01)00917-1 · DOI · Paper page
- Steiner, 1991, Polybenzimidazole prepreg: improved elevated temperature properties with autoclave processability, High Perform. Polym., 3, 139, 10.1088/0954-0083/3/3/001 · doi:10.1088/0954-0083/3/3/001
- Qinfeng, 2001, Phosphoric acid doped polybenzimidazole membranes, J. Appl. Electrochem., 31, 773, 10.1023/A:1017558523354 · DOI · Paper page
- Bouchet, 2001, A thermodynamic approach to proton conductance in acid-doped polybenzimidazole, Solid State Ionics, 145, 69, 10.1016/S0167-2738(01)00915-8 · DOI · Paper page
- Wang, 1996, A H2/O2 fuel cell using acid doped polybenzimidazole as polymer electrolyte, Electrochim. Acta, 41, 193, 10.1016/0013-4686(95)00313-4 · DOI · Paper page
- Samms, 1996, Thermal stability of protons conducting acid doped PBI in simulated fuel cell environments, J. Electrochem. Soc., 143, 1225, 10.1149/1.1836621 · DOI · Paper page
- Lassegues, 2001, Proton conducting polymer blends and hybrid organic inorganic materials, Solid State Ionics, 145, 37, 10.1016/S0167-2738(01)00909-2 · DOI
- Pu, 2001, Proton conductivity in acid blended poly(4-vinylimidazole), Macromol. Chem. Phys., 202, 1478, 10.1002/1521-3935(20010601)202:9<1478::AID-MACP1478>3.0.CO;2-8 · doi:10.1002/1521-3935(20010601)202:9<1478::aid-macp1478>3.0.co;2-8
- Bozkurt, 2001, Proton-conducting poly(vinylpyrrolidone)-phosphoric acid blends, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys., 39, 1987, 10.1002/polb.1174 · DOI
- Hasiotis, 2001, New polymer electrolytes based on blends of sulfonated polysulfones with polybenzimidazole, Electrochim. Acta, 46, 2401, 10.1016/S0013-4686(01)00437-6 · DOI
- Kerres, 1998, New sulfonated engineering polymers via the metalation route.2. Sulfinated-sulfonated poly(ethersulfone) PSU Udel® and its crosslinking, J. Polym. Sci. A: Polym. Chem., 36, 1441, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0518(19980715)36:9<1441::AID-POLA12>3.0.CO;2-4 · DOI
- Xue, 1989, Characterization of Nafion membranes by TEM, J. Membr. Sci., 45, 261, 10.1016/S0376-7388(00)80518-9 · DOI
- Kerres, 2000, Characterization and fuel cell application of new acid–base blend membranes, J. New Mater. Electrochem. Syst., 3, 229
- Vargas, 1999, New proton conducting membranes based on PVAL/H3PO2·H2O, Electrochim. Acta, 44, 4227, 10.1016/S0013-4686(99)00137-1 · DOI
- Fuel Cell Industry Review, May 2003.
Cited by
Wang, Y., Chen, K. S., Mishler, J., Cho, S. C., & Adroher, X. C. (2011) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.09.030 · Cited by 3,329
Designing the next generation of proton-exchange membrane fuel cells
Jiao, K., Xuan, J., Du, Q., Bao, Z., Xie, B., Wang, B., Zhao, Y., Fan, L., Wang, H., Hou, Z., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03482-7 · Cited by 2,947
Review of the proton exchange membranes for fuel cell applications
Peighambardoust, S. J., Rowshanzamir, S., & Amjadi, M. (2010) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.05.017 · Cited by 2,186
Water transport in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells
Jiao, K., & Li, X. (2011) · Progress in Energy and Combustion Science · doi:10.1016/j.pecs.2010.06.002 · Cited by 1,086
High temperature (HT) polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) – A review
Chandan, A., Hattenberger, M., El-kharouf, A., Du, S., Dhir, A., Self, V., Pollet, B. G., Ingram, A., & Bujalski, W. (2013) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.11.126 · Cited by 926
Metadata
- Authors
- Smitha, B., Sridhar, S., & Khan, A. A.
- Venue
- Journal of Membrane Science
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2005-08
- Volume
- 259
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 10-26
- ISSN
- 0376-7388 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2018026336
- Cited by
- 1,216
- References
- 13
- FWCI
- 41.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Solid polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel cell applications—a review. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1016/j.memsci.2005.01.035
- The paper
- Smitha, B., Sridhar, S., & Khan, A. A. (2005). Solid polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel cell applications—a review. Journal of Membrane Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2005.01.035
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.