The DOI matches its Crossref record; 268 of the 272 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The complex interaction between obesity, metabolic syndrome and reproductive axis: A narrative review
Abstract
The aim of this narrative review is to provide current evidence for the interaction between obesity, metabolic syndrome (MS) and reproductive axis. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulses and, consequently, normal function of reproductive (hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal) axis depend on normal energy balance, which presupposes sufficient food intake, reasonable energy consumption and average thermoregulatory costs. In case of an energy imbalance, reproductive dysfunction may occur. In young women, excessive leanness is accompanied by puberty delay, whereas premature puberty might be a manifestation of obesity. In a similar way, obesity in men affects fertility. Excess adipose tissue results in increased conversion of testosterone to estradiol, which may lead to secondary hypogonadism through reproductive axis suppression. Moreover, oxidative stress at the level of the testicular micro-environment may result in decreased spermatogenesis and sperm damage. Products of the adipocyte, such as leptin, adiponectin and resistin, and gut peptides, such as ghrelin, are considered to be crucial in the interaction between energy balance and reproduction. Finally, an indirect evidence for the interplay between MS and reproductive axis is the fact that when treating components of one, parameters of the other can be improved as well. These therapeutic interventions include lifestyle modifications, pharmacological agents, such as sex hormone replacement therapy, and surgical procedures. Although many issues remain unclear, the elucidation of the complex interaction between MS and reproductive axis will have obvious clinical implications in the therapeutic approach of both entities.
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“Several adipokines were proposed as negative mediators on the reproductive axis (28).”
From Effects of liraglutide on obesity-associated functional hypogonadism in men (2019) · cites this paper as [28]
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1 retracted
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BackgroundA preprandial rise in plasma ghrelin levels suggests a role in meal initiation in humans
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BackgroundGut hormone PYY3-36 physiologically inhibits food intake
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Corona, G., Rastrelli, G., Monami, M., Saad, F., Luconi, M., Lucchese, M., Facchiano, E., Sforza, A., Forti, G., Mannucci, E., et al. (2013) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-12-0955 · Cited by 414
The relationship between male BMI and waist circumference on semen quality: data from the LIFE study
Eisenberg, M. L., Kim, S., Chen, Z., Sundaram, R., Schisterman, E. F., & Louis, G. M. B. (2013) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/det428 · Cited by 355
Jiao, N., Baker, S. S., Nugent, C. A., Tsompana, M., Cai, L., Wang, Y., Buck, M. J., Genco, R. J., Baker, R. D., Zhu, R., et al. (2018) · Physiological Genomics · doi:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00114.2017 · Cited by 290
Obesity, a serious etiologic factor for male subfertility in modern society
Liu, Y., & Ding, Z. (2017) · Reproduction · doi:10.1530/rep-17-0161 · Cited by 250
Metadata
- Authors
- Michalakis, K., Mintziori, G., Kaprara, A., Tarlatzis, B. C., & Goulis, D. G.
- Affiliations
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (GR)
- Corresponding author
- Goulis, Dimitrios G.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-04
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 457-478
- ISSN
- 0026-0495 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2115987699
- Cited by
- 321
- References
- 272
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 14
- FWCI
- 3.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- obesity, metabolic syndrome, reproductive axis, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, energy balance, puberty, precocious puberty, male infertility, secondary hypogonadism, oxidative stress, spermatogenesis, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, ghrelin, sex hormone replacement therapy, bariatric surgery, lifestyle modification
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Fertility, Gastrointestinal Hormones, Humans, Infertility, Life Style, Male, Obesity, Pregnancy, Reproduction, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Metabolic Syndrome, Bariatric Surgery
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