The Impact of the Endocrine and Immunological Function of Adipose Tissue on Reproduction in Women with Obesity
Open accessAbstract
Obesity, which leads to metabolic dysregulation and body function impairment, emerges as one of the pressing health challenges worldwide. Excessive body fat deposits comprise a dynamic and biologically active organ possessing its own endocrine function. One of the mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of obesity is low-grade systemic inflammation mediated by pro-inflammatory factors such as free fatty acids, lipopolysaccharides, adipokines (including leptin, resistin and visfatin) and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, Il-6), which are secreted by adipose tissue. Together with obesity-induced insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism, the exacerbated immune response has a negative impact on the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis at all levels and directly affects reproduction. In women, it results in disrupted ovarian function, irregular menstrual cycles and anovulation, contributing to infertility. This review focuses on the abnormal intracellular communication, altered gene expression and signaling pathways activated in obesity, underscoring its multifactorial character and consequences at a molecular level. Extensive presentation of the complex interplay between adipokines, cytokines, immune cells and neurons may serve as a foundation for future studies in search of potential sites for more targeted treatment of reproductive disorders related to obesity.
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In obesity, modified leptin release from adipose tissue results in leptin resistance and diminished leptin sensitivity, disrupting hypothalamic-pituitary regulation.
“Moreover, modified leptin release from adipose tissue, characteristic of obesity, results in leptin resistance and diminished leptin sensitivity, further disrupting hypothalamic-pituitary regulation.”
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- Authors
- Mączka, K., Stasiak, O., Przybysz, P., Grymowicz, M., & Smolarczyk, R.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of Warsaw (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Grymowicz, Monika
- Venue
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2024-08-29
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 9391
- ISSN
- 1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11395521
- OpenAlex
- W4401993288
- Cited by
- 38
- References
- 202
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 1
- FWCI
- 2.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Biology and Fertility
- Keywords
- obesity, adipose tissue endocrine function, adipokines, low-grade inflammation, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, female infertility, anovulation, menstrual disorders, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, leptin, resistin, visfatin, cytokines, free fatty acids, lipopolysaccharide, immune cells, reproductive disorders
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Female, Humans, Obesity, Reproduction, Cytokines, Adipokines
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