The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 16 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Framework for a digital twin in manufacturing: Scope and requirements
Open accessAbstract
Digital twin has the potential to be an important concept for achieving smart manufacturing. However, there remains a lot of confusion about the concept and how it can be implemented in real manufacturing systems, especially among small-to-medium-sized enterprises. This paper synthesizes the different perspectives that have been reported on the digital twin to identify the key characteristics that must be understood when developing a digital twin for a specific use case. Example applications are provided and the need for a standardized framework, such as the one under development as ISO 23247 (Digital Twin Manufacturing Framework), is motivated. This framework can enable context-dependent implementations and promote composability and reusability of digital twin components.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“While they enhance real-time remote monitoring and predictive maintenance [39], they also pose risks related to data security and interoperability when integrated with legacy systems [41,42].”
From Analysis of Digital Twin Applications in Energy Efficiency: A Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as [42]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Lack of common data standards and tools Currently, the development of the Digital Twin is challenged due to a lack of consensus on the different standards, technologies, and procedures that can be used for the implementation of a Digital Twin [42].”
From Analysis of Digital Twin Applications in Energy Efficiency: A Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as [42]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Digital Twin: Mitigating Unpredictable, Undesirable Emergent Behavior in Complex Systems
Grieves, M., & Vickers, J. (2017) · Transdisciplinary Perspectives on Complex Systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-38756-7_4 · Cited by 3,727
Digital Twin in manufacturing: A categorical literature review and classification
Kritzinger, W., Karner, M., Traar, G., Henjes, J., & Sihn, W. (2018) · IFAC-PapersOnLine · doi:10.1016/j.ifacol.2018.08.474 · Cited by 3,612
Digital twin shop-floor: a new shop-floor paradigm towards smart manufacturing
Tao, F., & Zhang, M. (2017) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2017.2756069 · Cited by 1,397
Digital Twin—The Simulation Aspect
Boschert, S., & Rosen, R. (2016) · Mechatronic Futures · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32156-1_5 · Cited by 1,158
Haag, S., & Anderl, R. (2018) · Manufacturing Letters · doi:10.1016/j.mfglet.2018.02.006 · Cited by 559
Ahuett-Garza, H., & Kurfess, T. (2018) · Manufacturing Letters · doi:10.1016/j.mfglet.2018.02.011 · Cited by 284
Urbina Coronado, P. D., Lynn, R., Louhichi, W., Parto, M., Wescoat, E., & Kurfess, T. (2018) · Journal of Manufacturing Systems · doi:10.1016/j.jmsy.2018.02.002 · Cited by 267
Life Cycle Simulation for the design of Product–Service Systems
Garetti, M., Rosa, P., & Terzi, S. (2012) · Computers in Industry · doi:10.1016/j.compind.2012.02.007 · Cited by 156
West, T., & Blackburn, M. (2017) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2017.09.003 · Cited by 133
Stark, R., & Damerau, T. (2021) · Digital Twin Technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-35950-7_16870-1 · Cited by 132
Flagged first, then by citations
4 of the 16 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Negri, 2017, A review of the roles of Digital Twin in CPS-based production systems, Procedia Manuf, 11, 939, 10.1016/j.promfg.2017.07.198 · DOI · Paper page
- Brooks B, Davidson A, Gregor I. 2014. “The Evolving Relationship between Simulation and Emulation: Faster than Real-Time Controls Testing.” Proceedings of the 2014 Winter Simulation Conference, edited by A. Tolk, et al. 4240 -4249. Piscataway, New Jersey: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Digital twin: origin to future
Singh, M., Fuenmayor, E., Hinchy, E., Qiao, Y., Murray, N., & Devine, D. (2021) · Applied System Innovation · doi:10.3390/asi4020036 · Cited by 1,038
“This framework will have four parts: (i) Overview and general principles, (ii) Reference architecture, (iii) Digital representation of physical manufacturing elements, and (iv) Information exchange [103].”
BackgroundDigital Twin as a Service (DTaaS) in Industry 4.0: An Architecture Reference Model
Aheleroff, S., Xu, X. W., Zhong, R. Y., & Lu, Y. (2020) · Advanced Engineering Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.aei.2020.101225 · Cited by 680
Digital Twin applications toward Industry 4.0: A Review
Javaid, M., Haleem, A., & Suman, R. (2023) · Cognitive Robotics · doi:10.1016/j.cogr.2023.04.003 · Cited by 466
Navigating Challenges and Opportunities in Multi-Omics Integration for Personalized Healthcare
Mohr, A. E., Ortega-Santos, C. P., Whisner, C. M., Klein-Seetharaman, J., & Jasbi, P. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12071496 · Cited by 311
A Survey on Digital Twin for Industrial Internet of Things: Applications, Technologies and Tools
Xu, H., Wu, J., Pan, Q., Guan, X., & Guizani, M. (2023) · IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials · doi:10.1109/comst.2023.3297395 · Cited by 304
“Besides, Shao et al. carried out digital twin simulation research for industrial manufacturing from the perspective of simulation and system construction [36], [37], [38].”
BackgroundApplications of Digital Twin across Industries: A Review
Singh, M., Srivastava, R., Fuenmayor, E. A., Kuts, V., Qiao, Y., Murray, N., & Devine, D. M. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12115727 · Cited by 376
Shahzad, M., Shafiq, M. T., Douglas, D., & Kassem, M. (2022) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings12020120 · Cited by 356
“Currently, the development of digital twins is challenged by the lack of consensus on the different standards, technologies, and procedures that can be used to implement digital twins [55].”
BackgroundThe advance of digital twin for predictive maintenance: The role and function of machine learning
Chen, C., Fu, H., Zheng, Y., Tao, F., & Liu, Y. (2023) · Journal of Manufacturing Systems · doi:10.1016/j.jmsy.2023.10.010 · Cited by 233
“To address this challenge, the American National Institute of Standards and related research are designing ISO 23247 to help standardize DT frameworks [69,87].”
MethodDigital Twins in Livestock Farming
Neethirajan, S. R., & Kemp, B. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11041008 · Cited by 226
“A list of digital twin case studies across industries and sectors.”
BackgroundA comprehensive survey on digital twin for future networks and emerging Internet of Things industry
Hakiri, A., Gokhale, A. S., Yahia, S. B., & Mellouli, N. (2024) · Computer Networks · doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2024.110350 · Cited by 181
Digital Twin-driven machining process for thin-walled part manufacturing
Zhu, Z., Xi, X., Xu, X. W., & Cai, Y. (2021) · Journal of Manufacturing Systems · doi:10.1016/j.jmsy.2021.03.015 · Cited by 155
Wang, Q., Jiao, W., & Zhang, Y. (2020) · Journal of Manufacturing Systems · doi:10.1016/j.jmsy.2020.10.002 · Cited by 141
Mu, H., He, F.-Y., Yuan, L., Commins, P., Wang, H., & Pan, Z. (2023) · Journal of manufacturing systems · doi:10.1016/j.jmsy.2023.01.012 · Cited by 118
Digital twin application in energy storage: Trends and challenges
Semeraro, C., Olabi, A., Aljaghoub, H., Alami, A., Radi, M. A., Dassisti, M., & Abdelkareem, M. (2023) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2022.106347 · Cited by 113
Wang, K., Hu, Q., Zhou, M., Zun, Z., & Qian, X. (2021) · Case Studies on Transport Policy · doi:10.1016/j.cstp.2021.06.014 · Cited by 127
Digital Twin for Designing and Reconfiguring Human–Robot Collaborative Assembly Lines
Kousi, N., Gkournelos, C., Aivaliotis, S., Lotsaris, K., Bavelos, A. C., Baris, P., Michalos, G., & Makris, S. (2021) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app11104620 · Cited by 127
“An ISO standard for designing and implementing DTs is available to help SMEs develop a DT for their use cases [19].”
MethodWu, H., Ji, P., Ma, H., & Xing, L. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23198306 · Cited by 119
“Applications Twin Networks Models Data [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] Our paper However, this work focuses on the investigating individual stages of digital twin development from the perspective of standardization framework requirements, feature-based classification, enabling technologies and…”
BackgroundMoretti, M., Rossi, A., & Senin, N. (2020) · Additive manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.addma.2020.101609 · Cited by 101
Mykoniatis, K., & Harris, G. A. (2021) · Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing · doi:10.1007/s10845-020-01724-5 · Cited by 117
Analysis of Digital Twin Applications in Energy Efficiency: A Systematic Review
Ba, L., Tangour, F., El Abbassi, I., & Absi, R. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17083560 · Cited by 96
Safety Poka Yoke in Zero-Defect Manufacturing Based on Digital Twins
Lv, Z., Guo, J., & Lv, H. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics · doi:10.1109/tii.2021.3139897 · Cited by 114
“Shao and Helu analyzed the application effect of digital twins in small and medium manufacturing enterprises to show itscharacteristics[21].”
BackgroundMu, H., He, F., Yuan, L., Hatamian, H., Commins, P., & Pan, Z. S. (2024) · Journal of Industrial Information Integration · doi:10.1016/j.jii.2024.100563 · Cited by 75
Digital Twin: From Concept to Practice
Agrawal, A., Fischer, M., & Singh, V. (2022) · Journal of Management in Engineering · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2201.06912 · Cited by 87
“…these varied possibilities that DTs can offer, practitioners themselves are confused, and face increasingly difficult decisions regarding what type of technological capabilities to select in a DT when deploying it in the AEC industry (Shao and Helu 2020; Feng et al. 2020; Agrawal et al. 2022).”
BackgroundKineber, A. F., Singh, A. K., Fazeli, A., Mohandes, S. R., Cheung, C. M., Arashpour, M., EJOHWOMU, O. A., & Zayed, T. M. (2023) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2023.104930 · Cited by 91
Advances of Digital Twins for Predictive Maintenance
You, Y., Chen, C., Hu, F., Liu, Y., & Ji, Z. (2022) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2022.01.348 · Cited by 98
Hananto, A., Tirta, A., Herawan, S., Idris, M., Soudagar, M. E. M., Djamari, D. W., & Veza, I. (2024) · De Computis · doi:10.3390/computers13040100 · Cited by 79
A Methodology to Develop and Implement Digital Twin Solutions for Manufacturing Systems
Qamsane, Y., Moyne, J. R., Toothman, M., Kovalenko, I., Balta, E. C., Faris, J., Tilbury, D. M., & Barton, K. L. (2021) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2021.3065971 · Cited by 94
“…scope and objectives, promoting common terminology usage, specifying a generic reference architecture that enables instantiating a DT for a specific use-case, and supporting information modeling of the physical system and information synchronization between a DT and its physical counterpart [23].”
BackgroundDigital Twin-based manufacturing system: a survey based on a novel reference model
Liu, S., Zheng, P., & Bao, J. (2023) · Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing · doi:10.1007/s10845-023-02172-7 · Cited by 84
“Unlike digital shadow, DT has two automatic data flows, so it can strengthen the interaction and collaboration between physical and virtual spaces through digital virtualization and intelligent decision-making (Liu et al., 2023c; Shao & Helu, 2020).”
Towards a digital twin for supporting multi-agency incident management in a smart city
Wolf, K., Dawson, R., Mills, J., Blythe, P., & Morley, J. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-20178-8 · Cited by 68
Digital twin technology advancing industry 4.0 and industry 5.0 across sectors
Bongomin, O., Mwape, M. C., Mpofu, N. S., Kembabazi, B., Kidega, R., Mpungu, I. L., Tumusiime, G., Owino, C. A., Goussongtogue, Y. M., Yemane, A., et al. (2025) · Results in Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.rineng.2025.105583 · Cited by 87
Digital twin framework for reconfigurable manufacturing systems (RMSs): design and simulation
Touckia, J. V. K., Hamani, N., & Kermad, L. (2022) · The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology · doi:10.1007/s00170-022-09118-y · Cited by 84
“Shao and Helu [35] in their paper “Framework for a digital twin in manufacturing: Scope and requirements,” the authors synthesized different perspectives on the digital twin to guide the development of a standardized framework that allows manufacturers to develop digital twins for specific purposes more easily, cheapl…”
BackgroundChen, S., Bekar, E. T., Bokrantz, J., & Skoogh, A. (2025) · Journal of Manufacturing Systems · doi:10.1016/j.jmsy.2025.07.006 · Cited by 87
Semeraro, C., Aljaghoub, H., Abdelkareem, M., Alami, A., & Olabi, A. (2023) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2023.127086 · Cited by 63
Λαμπρόπουλος, Γ., & Siakas, K. V. (2022) · Journal of Software Evolution and Process · doi:10.1002/smr.2494 · Cited by 78
“In their study, Shao and Helu 115 went over the characteristics of digital twins and highlighted the need for a standardized framework such as ISO 23247 since it promotes reusability and composability and enables context-dependent implementations.”
BackgroundA unified framework for digital twin development in manufacturing
Latsou, C., Ariansyah, D., Salome, L., Erkoyuncu, J. A., Sibson, J., & Dunville, J. (2024) · Advanced Engineering Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.aei.2024.102567 · Cited by 70
Towards a connected Digital Twin Learning Ecosystem in manufacturing: Enablers and challenges
García, Á., Bregón, A., & Martínez‐Prieto, M. A. (2022) · Computers & Industrial Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.cie.2022.108463 · Cited by 73
Survey on open‐source digital twin frameworks–A case study approach
Gil, S., Mikkelsen, P. H., Gomes, C. Â. G., & Larsen, P. G. (2024) · Software Practice and Experience · doi:10.1002/spe.3305 · Cited by 57
“The proposed criteria is designed based on inputs collected from analyzing some contributions in the field of DTs, 26,27 to classify whether the tool provides capabilities, such as bi-directional integration, interoperability, integrated intelligence and analytics, and the community that sustains…”
MethodCredibility consideration for digital twins in manufacturing
Shao, G., Hightower, J., & Schindel, W. D. (2022) · Manufacturing Letters · doi:10.1016/j.mfglet.2022.11.009 · Cited by 51
Self-citationUse Case Scenarios for Digital Twin Implementation Based on ISO 23247
Shao, G. (2021) · doi:10.6028/nist.ams.400-2 · Cited by 53
“In certain cases, multiple digital twins may need to be integrated to cover a larger scope [4].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationEnergy digital twins in smart manufacturing systems: A case study
Billey, A., & Wuest, T. (2024) · Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.rcim.2024.102729 · Cited by 66
A Digital Twin Implementation Architecture for Wire + Arc Additive Manufacturing Based on ISO 23247
Kim, D. B., Shao, G., & Jo, G. (2022) · Manufacturing Letters · doi:10.1016/j.mfglet.2022.08.008 · Cited by 52
“The approach used in this study is compared to other approaches [6,19] that have not used OPC UA and PMML for digital twin implementations in Table 1.”
MethodSelf-citationDigitalization of railway transportation through AI-powered services: digital twin trains
Sarp, S., Kuzlu, M., Jovanovic, V., Polat, Z., & Guler, O. (2024) · European Transport Research Review · doi:10.1186/s12544-024-00679-5 · Cited by 51
“DTs have been applied or proposed to a variety of industries, including smart cities [66], healthcare [67], manufacturing [68], aviation [69], smart grids [70], etc.”
BackgroundConceiving a Digital Twin for a Flexible Manufacturing System
Magalhães, L., Magalhães, L., Ramos, J. B., Moura, L. R., de Moraes, R. E. N., Gonçalves, J. B., Hisatugu, W. H., Souza, M. T., de Lacalle, L. D., & Ferreira, J. C. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12199864 · Cited by 51
“In this way, a DT only needs to collect data relevant to the use of interest, instead of all possible and available data from the physical system [31].”
BackgroundDigital Twin Models: Functions, Challenges, and Industry Applications
Rayhana, R., Bai, L., Xiao, G. G., Liao, M., & Liu, Z. (2024) · IEEE Journal of Radio Frequency Identification · doi:10.1109/jrfid.2024.3387996 · Cited by 68
“A standardized framework named ISO 23247 is currently under development for digital twin framework for manufacturing [144].”
BackgroundMethodA digital twin framework development for apparel manufacturing industry
Alam, M. D., Kabir, G., & Mirmohammadsadeghi, S. (2023) · Decision Analytics Journal · doi:10.1016/j.dajour.2023.100252 · Cited by 57
Osho, J., Hyre, A., Pantelidakis, M., Ledford, A., Harris, G. A., Liu, J., & Mykoniatis, K. (2022) · Journal of Manufacturing Systems · doi:10.1016/j.jmsy.2022.04.014 · Cited by 55
Digital twins: Representation, Replication, Reality, and Relational (4Rs)
Hyre, A., Harris, G. A., Osho, J., Pantelidakis, M., Mykoniatis, K., & Liu, J. (2021) · Manufacturing Letters · doi:10.1016/j.mfglet.2021.12.004 · Cited by 62
Standardisation in Digital Twin Architectures in Manufacturing
Ferko, E., Bucaioni, A., Pelliccione, P., & Behnam, M. (2023) · International Conference on Software Architecture · doi:10.1109/icsa56044.2023.00015 · Cited by 46
“In this regard, the standard provided to the corporations with transparency and critical guidance in the choice of the implementation procedures and related technologies [7] [8].”
BackgroundA systematic review of digital twins for electric vehicles
Verma, S., Sharma, A., Tran, B. Q., & Alahakoon, D. (2024) · Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jtte.2024.04.004 · Cited by 44
Vehicle system dynamics in digital twin studies in rail and road domains
Spiryagin, M., Edelmann, J., Klinger, F., & Cole, C. (2023) · Vehicle System Dynamics · doi:10.1080/00423114.2023.2188228 · Cited by 44
“Incoming and outcoming dynamic data may be processed in real-time or offline; ‘offline’ in this context means ‘ the case where real-time communication is not critical ’ [70], and the connection to the physical system happens periodically or just occasion-related.”
BackgroundDigital Twin Technologies for Turbomachinery in a Life Cycle Perspective: A Review
Xie, R., Chen, M., Liu, W., Jian, H., & Shi, Y. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13052495 · Cited by 59
“Shao and Helu [69] synthesized different viewpoints of DT design models.”
BackgroundDigital Twinning of Hydroponic Grow Beds in Intelligent Aquaponic Systems
Yanes, A. R., Abbasi, R., Martinez, P., & Ahmad, R. (2022) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22197393 · Cited by 42
“…of, eventually, putting the concept in standby The interest in digital twins nowadays is mainly attributed to the advances in the technologies around the Industry 4.0 era, such as the Internet-of-Things (IoT), big data, real-time sensors, and big data management and processing techniques [27,28].”
BackgroundInfluentialDigital twins’ implications for innovation
Holopainen, M., Saunila, M., Rantala, T., & Ukko, J. (2022) · Technology Analysis and Strategic Management · doi:10.1080/09537325.2022.2115881 · Cited by 58
“…a digital replica of a living or nonliving entity (He and Bai 2021) — with a two-way dynamic mapping between a real-life object and its digital counterpart, which has a structure of connected data and metainformation (Ahelero ff et al. 2021; Shao and Helu 2020; Tao et al. 2019; Zhou et al., 2020).”
BackgroundA big data-centric architecture metamodel for Industry 4.0
Martínez, P., Dintén, R., Drake, J., & Zorrilla, M. (2021) · Future generations computer systems · doi:10.1016/j.future.2021.06.020 · Cited by 42
“The importance of this concept has led ISO to develop a new ISO 23247 standard, still under development, which will include the specification of a reference architecture with functional views [65], thus this will not delve into implementation aspects.”
BackgroundGarcía, Á., Bregón, A., & Martínez‐Prieto, M. A. (2024) · Internet of Things · doi:10.1016/j.iot.2024.101094 · Cited by 48
A digital twin dosing system for iron reverse flotation
Zhang, D., & Gao, X. (2022) · Journal of Manufacturing Systems · doi:10.1016/j.jmsy.2022.03.006 · Cited by 46
Moretti, M., Rossi, A., & Senin, N. (2021) · Additive manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.addma.2020.101817 · Cited by 40
Product redesign using functional backtrack with digital twin
Dong, Y., Tan, R., Zhang, P., Peng, Q., & Shao, P. (2021) · Advanced Engineering Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.aei.2021.101361 · Cited by 45
Enabling Spatial Digital Twins: Technologies, Challenges, and Future Research Directions
Ali, M. E., Cheema, M. A., Hashem, T., Ulhaq, A., & Babar, M. (2023) · PFG – Journal of Photogrammetry Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Science · doi:10.1007/s41064-024-00301-2 · Cited by 38
“The digital twin was elaborated by NASA scientists to mirror the life cycle of a space vehicle in 2012 (Glaess-gen and Stargel 2012) and then successfully applied in the field of manufacturing to improve the performance of manufacturing pipeline (Kritzinger et al. 2018; Shao and Helu 2020).”
Liu, J.-L., Ma, C., Gui, H.-Q., & Wang, S.-L. (2023) · Expert systems with applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2023.120122 · Cited by 37
Digital Twin implementation approach in supply chain processes
Abouzid, I., & Saidi, R. (2023) · Scientific African · doi:10.1016/j.sciaf.2023.e01821 · Cited by 36
Digital Twin for Active Stakeholder Participation in Land-Use Planning
Adade, D., & de Vries, W. D. (2023) · Land · doi:10.3390/land12030538 · Cited by 36
Urban Digital Twins – A FIWARE-based model
Bauer, M., Cirillo, F., Fürst, J., Solmaz, G., & Kovács, E. (2021) · at - Automatisierungstechnik · doi:10.1515/auto-2021-0083 · Cited by 40
Mustofa, R., Rafiquzzaman, M., & Hossain, N. (2024) · Journal of Industrial Information Integration · doi:10.1016/j.jii.2024.100633 · Cited by 35
High-performance manufacturing
Dongming, G. (2024) · International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing · doi:10.1088/2631-7990/ad7426 · Cited by 76
Manufacturing Digital Twin Standards
Shao, G.-D. (2024) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems · doi:10.1145/3652620.3688250 · Cited by 32
Self-citationHasan, H. R., Madine, M. M., Yaqoob, I., Salah, K., Jayaraman, R., & Boscovic, D. (2023) · Future Generation Computer Systems · doi:10.1016/j.future.2023.03.047 · Cited by 37
Digital twin predicting diet response before and after long-term fasting
Silfvergren, O., Simonsson, C., Ekstedt, M., Lundberg, P., Gennemark, P., & Cedersund, G. (2021) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010469 · Cited by 31
“Digital twins come in different categories, e.g. online twins , which are updated in real time by connecting with a sensor, and offline twins , which are only occasionally updated using new data [15].”
BackgroundSimulation-based Digital Twin for enhancing human-robot collaboration in assembly systems
Cimino, A., Longo, F., Nicoletti, L., & Solina, V. (2024) · Journal of Manufacturing Systems · doi:10.1016/j.jmsy.2024.10.024 · Cited by 34
Survey on digital twins for natural environments: A communication network perspective
Maimour, M., Ahmed, A., & Rondeau, É. (2024) · Internet of Things · doi:10.1016/j.iot.2024.101070 · Cited by 34
A Review of Digital Twinning for Rotating Machinery
Inturi, V., Ghosh, B., Sabareesh, G. R., & Pakrashi, V. (2024) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24155002 · Cited by 33
“A standardized framework (ISO 23247) is being developed to offer guidelines, strategies, and evaluation methods for creating and executing DTs in the manufacturing industry [141,142].”
MethodGuidelines for designing a digital twin for Li-ion battery: A reference methodology
Semeraro, C., Aljaghoub, H., Abdelkareem, M., Alami, A., Dassisti, M., & Olabi, A. (2023) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2023.128699 · Cited by 28
The Potential Use of Digital Twin Technology for Advancing CAR-T Cell Therapy
Aghamiri, S. S., & Amin, R. (2025) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb47050321 · Cited by 35
“Because the development of DTs in oncology is still in its early stages, standardized guidelines for defining data collection protocols, model validation criteria, model fusion, and clinical integration strategies have yet to be established [169,170].”
3D Model-Based Large-Volume Metrology Supporting Smart Manufacturing and Digital Twin Concepts
Lindqvist, R., Strand, D., Nilsson, M., Collins, V., Torstensson, J., Kressin, J., Spensieri, D., & Archenti, A. (2023) · Metrology · doi:10.3390/metrology3010002 · Cited by 27
Hadi, N. U., Almessabi, B., & Khan, M. I. (2025) · Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market and Complexity · doi:10.1016/j.joitmc.2025.100545 · Cited by 24
Digital twins in manufacturing: A unified conceptual framework
Villegas, L. F., Macchi, M., & Polenghi, A. (2025) · Annual Reviews in Control · doi:10.1016/j.arcontrol.2025.101031 · Cited by 28
Lee, J., Lee, Y., Park, S., & Hong, C. (2023) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app13169137 · Cited by 22
The Future of Digital Twin Research and Development
Bossuyt, D. L. V., Allaire, D., Bickford, J. F., Bozada, T. A., Chen, W., Cutitta, R. P., Cuzner, R. M., Fletcher, K. M., Giachetti, R. E., Hale, B., et al. (2025) · Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering · doi:10.1115/1.4068082 · Cited by 27
Lopes, P. V., Silveira, L., Aquino, R. D. G., Ribeiro, C. H., Skoogh, A., & Verri, F. (2024) · International journal of computer integrated manufacturing (Print) · doi:10.1080/0951192x.2024.2322981 · Cited by 21
“Thus, these artificial databases enable implementations for resource (such as materials labour and equipment) optimisation, cycle-time reduction and inventory cost reductions (Shao and Helu 2020).”
BackgroundModeling and Simulation of Shape Control Based on Digital Twin Technology in Hot Strip Rolling
Sun, Y.-Z., Li, J.-D., Sun, Y.-M., Song, L.-B., Yang, Q., & Wang, X.-C. (2024) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s24020614 · Cited by 21
“In addition, DT technology can also realize the real-time visualization of physical objects to make the manufacturing process more transparent [17].”
BackgroundSaxby, D., Pizzolato, C., & Diamond, L. (2023) · Journal of Applied Biomechanics · doi:10.1123/jab.2023-0114 · Cited by 20
Loaiza, J. H., Cloutier, R. J., & Lippert, K. J. (2023) · Systems · doi:10.3390/systems11010041 · Cited by 28
Bégout, P., Kubicki, S., Bricard, E., & Duval, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2022.918685 · Cited by 27
“It should be noted that the implementation constraints also depend on the application (e.g., simulations, predictions) that will be made of the DTs (Shao and Helu, 2020).”
BackgroundSkoogh, A., Thürer, M., Subramaniyan, M., Matta, A., & Roser, C. (2023) · Production & Manufacturing Research · doi:10.1080/21693277.2023.2283031 · Cited by 19
Clausen, C. S. B., Ma, Z., & Jørgensen, B. N. (2022) · Energy Inform. · doi:10.1186/s42162-022-00222-7 · Cited by 19
“This issue propagates challenges of scoping (Shao and Helu 2020), ontology (D’Amico et al. 2019), and increased development costs (Felemban et al. 2021; Landahl et al. 2018; Shah et al. 2021).”
BackgroundZhang, Y., Jingyu, L., & Hongwei, Y. (2022) · Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part B Journal of Engineering Manufacture · doi:10.1177/09544054221110960 · Cited by 19
“29 DT not only has academic research outcomes but also attracted strong interest from industry practitioners.”
Digital Twin in Practice: Emergent Insights from an ethnographic-action research study
Agrawal, A., Singh, V., Thiel, R., Pillsbury, M., Knoll, H., Puckett, J., & Fischer, M. (2022) · Construction Research Congress 2022 · doi:10.1061/9780784483961.131 · Cited by 19
Starly, B., Koprov, P., Bharadwaj, A. G., Batchelder, T. H., & Breitenbach, B. (2023) · Manufacturing Letters · doi:10.1016/j.mfglet.2023.07.021 · Cited by 18
Digital Twin Implementation for Manufacturing of Adjuvants
Phalak, P., Tomba, E., Jehoulet, P., Kapitan-Gnimdu, A., Soladana, P. M., Vagaggini, L., Brochier, M., Stevens, B., Peel, T., Strodiot, L., et al. (2023) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr11061717 · Cited by 18
“In the digital twin of a manufacturing process, the real plant is connected to the virtual plant and there is a two-way connectivity between them [9,10].”
BackgroundÁlvares, A. J., Rodriguez, E., & Figueroa, B. S. (2025) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr13082335 · Cited by 17
Method for the development and application of digital twins in manufacturing
Fuhrländer-Völker, D., Lindner, M. S., von Elling, M., Frieß, T., Karnapp, S., & Weigold, M. (2025) · Production Engineering · doi:10.1007/s11740-025-01346-x · Cited by 18
“In [18] a framework for implementing digital twins in manufacturing is outlined, emphasizing the need for standardized approaches to ensure interoperability and reusability.”
Generative AI-Driven Digital Twin in the Manufacturing Internet of Things: A Comprehensive Survey
Fu, X., Qin, M., Pace, P., Savaglio, C., Li, W., & Fortino, G. (2026) · IEEE Internet of Things Journal · doi:10.1109/jiot.2026.3655343 · Cited by 13
“However, this increased cost is justified by its superior scalability and the substantial operational value derived from deep system integration and real-time robustness [41], [42].”
Guerra-Zubiaga, D. A., dos Santos, M. D., Voicu, R., Richards, G., Gosnell, S., & Barbosa, G. (2024) · Journal of the Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering · doi:10.1007/s40430-024-05114-3 · Cited by 16
“To bridge this discrepancy, ISO 23247 emerged, offering guiding principles for employing digital twins in manufacturing setups [22] [23].”
Mohandes, S. R., Singh, A. K., Fazeli, A., Banihashemi, S., Arashpour, M., Cheung, C. M., EJOHWOMU, O. A., & Zayed, T. M. (2024) · Smart and Sustainable Built Environment · doi:10.1108/sasbe-11-2023-0344 · Cited by 28
Characterisation and evaluation of identicality for digital twins for the manufacturing domain
Su, S., Nassehi, A., Hicks, B., & Ross, J. (2023) · Journal of manufacturing systems · doi:10.1016/j.jmsy.2023.09.004 · Cited by 16
Rossi, A., Moretti, M., & Senin, N. (2022) · Journal of Manufacturing Processes · doi:10.1016/j.jmapro.2022.09.048 · Cited by 16
Kim, J., & Jeong, J. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12157534 · Cited by 16
“Digital Twins have been described as the key enablers of Industry 4.0 and Smart Manufacturing [2,3].”
MethodInfluentialModelling cycle for simulation digital twins
Reed, S., Löfstrand, M., & Andrews, J. (2021) · Manufacturing Letters · doi:10.1016/j.mfglet.2021.04.004 · Cited by 16
Multisensory and BIM-Integrated Digital Twin to Improve Urban Excavation Safety
Liu, D.-H., Sun, C., Chen, J.-J., & Liu, L. (2023) · Journal of computing in civil engineering · doi:10.1061/jccee5.cpeng-5354 · Cited by 15
Patterns for Visual Management in Industry 4.0
Fenza, G., Loia, V., & Nota, G. (2021) · Italian National Conference on Sensors · doi:10.3390/s21196440 · Cited by 15
“, machine, cell, line, facility or supply chain) such as optimizing production planning and scheduling, minimizing the impact of equipment downtime or enabling virtual commissioning [45].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Shao, G., & Helu, M.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shao, Guodong
- Venue
- Manufacturing Letters
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-04
- Volume
- 24
- Pages
- 105-107
- ISSN
- 2213-8463 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7431924
- OpenAlex
- W3015896415
- Cited by
- 292
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 6
- FWCI
- 25.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Manufacturing Letters (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Standards and Technology
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Digital Transformation in Industry
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Flexible and Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Manufacturing Process and Optimization
- Keywords
- digital twin, smart manufacturing, ISO 23247, small and medium-sized enterprises, digital twin implementation, composability
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
