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Framework for a digital twin in manufacturing: Scope and requirements
Open accessAbstract
Digital twin has the potential to be an important concept for achieving smart manufacturing. However, there remains a lot of confusion about the concept and how it can be implemented in real manufacturing systems, especially among small-to-medium-sized enterprises. This paper synthesizes the different perspectives that have been reported on the digital twin to identify the key characteristics that must be understood when developing a digital twin for a specific use case. Example applications are provided and the need for a standardized framework, such as the one under development as ISO 23247 (Digital Twin Manufacturing Framework), is motivated. This framework can enable context-dependent implementations and promote composability and reusability of digital twin components.
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“While they enhance real-time remote monitoring and predictive maintenance [39], they also pose risks related to data security and interoperability when integrated with legacy systems [41,42].”
From Analysis of Digital Twin Applications in Energy Efficiency: A Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as [42]
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“Lack of common data standards and tools Currently, the development of the Digital Twin is challenged due to a lack of consensus on the different standards, technologies, and procedures that can be used for the implementation of a Digital Twin [42].”
From Analysis of Digital Twin Applications in Energy Efficiency: A Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as [42]
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Citations
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Items 101–200 of 232
A Case Study of Digital Twin for a Manufacturing Process Involving Human Interactions
Latif, H., Shao, G.-D., & Starly, B. (2020) · Online World Conference on Soft Computing in Industrial Applications · doi:10.1109/wsc48552.2020.9383897 · Cited by 15
“A digital twin does not have to have all these functionalities, it should be composed entirely based on specific use case requirements (Shao and Helu 2020).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationIndustry 4.0: digital twins characteristics, applications, and challenges in-built environments
Zribi, H., Abid, T. B., Elloumi, A., Hani, Y., Graba, B. B., & Elmhamedi, A. (2025) · Production & Manufacturing Research · doi:10.1080/21693277.2025.2456277 · Cited by 17
“The absence of agreement on the many standards, technologies, and methods that can be utilized to deploy DT’s now poses a difficulty to their development (Shao & Helu, 2020).”
Dimosthenopoulos, D., Basamakis, F. P., Glykos, C., Bavelos, A. C., Mountzouridis, G., & Makris, S. (2024) · International journal of computer integrated manufacturing (Print) · doi:10.1080/0951192x.2024.2428683 · Cited by 14
“New, advanced technological assets, like smart sensors, Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, machine learning, and artificial intelligence (AI), are vital for this digitalisation process and play a major role in the development of Digital Twins in manufacturing (Shao and Helu 2020).”
Rudel, V., Kienast, P., Vinogradov, G., Ganser, P., & Bergs, T. (2022) · Frontiers in Manufacturing Technology · doi:10.3389/fmtec.2022.1021029 · Cited by 14
“The implementation of a DT framework architecture, such as proposed in (ISO 23247-2, 2022), is necessary to guarantee manufacturers a decision-making virtual platform across an organization (Shao and Helu, 2020).”
MethodHolistic Security and Safety for Factories of the Future
Maia, E., Wannous, S., Dias, T., Praça, I., & Faria, A. R. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22249915 · Cited by 22
“This becomes even further complicated considering the lack of consensus on unified concepts, standards, technologies, and procedures [41].”
BackgroundPlankton digital twins—a new research tool
Flynn, K. J., Torres, R., Irigoien, X., & Blackford, J. (2022) · Journal of Plankton Research · doi:10.1093/plankt/fbac042 · Cited by 16
An exploratory multi-scale framework to reservoir digital twin
Zhang, T., & Sun, S.-Y. (2021) · Advances in Geo-Energy Research · doi:10.46690/ager.2021.03.02 · Cited by 14
“…been integrated in digital twins to establish a simulated system and process that reflects the corresponding realistic system and process in the physical world, using the data obtained from various engineering sensors and the model constructed based on theoretical analysis (Shao and Helu, 2020).”
MethodPratap, A., Vi, T.-K., lee, Y. W., Sardana, N., Hsiung, P., & Kao, Y. (2024) · The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology · doi:10.1007/s00170-024-14477-9 · Cited by 13
“This entails various imperatives such as minimizing equipment downtime, optimizing production planning and scheduling, and fostering advancements in metrology [45].”
Zhang, J., Brintrup, A. M., Calinescu, A., Kosasih, E. E., & Sharma, A. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2107.09485 · Cited by 32
“For example, DHL created one digital twin warehouse; Unilever built virtual versions of its physical factories with the power of machine learning and artificial intelligence (Emily, 2020; Sharma et al., 2020).”
BackgroundContribution to the development of a digital twin based on CMM to support the inspection process
Stojadinović, S., Majstorović, V., Durakbasa, N., & Stanic, D. (2022) · Measurement: Sensors · doi:10.1016/j.measen.2022.100372 · Cited by 12
Power System Digital Twins in Action: What We Learnt and Where We Go Next
Islam, K., Aslam, U., Khan, M. Z. I., Ebrahimi, S., Ferdowsi, F., & Carbone, M. A. (2025) · Digital twins and applications. · doi:10.1049/dgt2.70015 · Cited by 9
“A standardised framework aids in the smooth integration of DTs while making sure that regulatory and ethical issues are addressed [127].”
Digital twins and hybrid modelling for simulation of physiological variables and stroke riskPreprint
Herrgårdh, T., Hunter, E., Tunedal, K., Örman, H., Amann, J., Abad-Navarro, F., Martínez-Costa, C., Kelleher, J. D., & Cedersund, G. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.03.25.485803 · Cited by 16
Ran, W.-X., Hu, Y.-M., & Yang, Z. (2022) · Mobile Information Systems · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1232905/v1 · Cited by 11
Unlocking the potentials of digital twins for optimal healthcare delivery in Africa
Qoseem, I. O., Ahmed, M., Abdulraheem, H., Muhammed, H. O., Ahmed, M. M., Ukoaka, B. M., Okesanya, O. J., Ogaya, J. B., Adigun, O. A., Ekpenyong, A. M., et al. (2024) · Oxford Open Digital Health · doi:10.1093/oodh/oqae039 · Cited by 12
“Without clear data-sharing policies, data silos can emerge, leading to inconsistencies and synchronization issues [44].”
Redefining the Digital Triplet for Surrogate System Integration
Wescoat, E., Krugh, M., Jansari, V., & Mears, L. (2023) · Manufacturing Letters · doi:10.1016/j.mfglet.2023.03.001 · Cited by 10
A Fault-Tolerant and a Reconfigurable Control Framework: Application to a Real Manufacturing System
Tahiri, I., Philippot, A., Carré-Ménétrier, V., & Tajer, A. (2022) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr10071266 · Cited by 10
Using Simulation and Digital Twins to Innovate: Are we Getting Smarter?
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Self-citationA framework for digital twin integration in biofabrication and a scaffold 3D bioplotting case study
Ahmed, N., Narayanan, L. K., & Shirwaiker, R. A. (2024) · Manufacturing Letters · doi:10.1016/j.mfglet.2024.09.144 · Cited by 13
A Review on Digital Twin Technology in Healthcare
Shrivastava, M., Chugh, R., Gochhait, S., & Jibril, A. B. (2023) · 2023 International Conference on Innovative Data Communication Technologies and Application (ICIDCA) · doi:10.1109/icidca56705.2023.10099646 · Cited by 9
“By taking insights from a Gartner survey, 44% of respondents reported using the digital twin technology to serve multiple constituencies [6].”
BackgroundA New Perspective on Digital Twins: Imparting Intelligence and Agency to Entities
Agrawal, A., Singh, V., & Fischer, M. A. (2022) · IEEE Journal of Radio Frequency Identification · doi:10.1109/jrfid.2022.3225741 · Cited by 13
“Similarly, [8] argues that a new viewpoint on DTs is needed that emphasizes on the purpose of DT rather than a general representation.”
Contrasting digital twin vision of manufacturing with the industrial reality
Savolainen, J., & Knudsen, M. S. (2021) · International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing · doi:10.1080/0951192x.2021.1972471 · Cited by 26
Conformance Checking of a Longwall Shearer Operation Based on Low-Level Events
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Supply Chain 4.0 and the Digital Twin Approach: A Framework for Improving Supply Chain Visibility
Sani, S., Zarifnia, A., Salonitis, K., & Milisavljevic-Syed, J. (2024) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2024.03.014 · Cited by 10
Prediction of Geometrical Accuracy in Wire EDM by Analyzing Process Data
Küpper, U., Tchoupe, E., Klink, A., & Bergs, T. (2022) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2022.09.114 · Cited by 9
Zuhr, P., Rissmann, L., & Meissner, S. (2022) · IFAC-PapersOnLine · doi:10.1016/j.ifacol.2022.10.038 · Cited by 9
A Digital Twin-Driven Methodology for Material Resource Planning Under Uncertainties
Luo, D., Thevenin, S., & Dolgui, A. (2021) · Advances in Production Management Systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85874-2_34 · Cited by 9
Autonomous learning of digital twins for intelligent extrusion optimisation in MEX
Rossi, A., Moretti, M., Fravolini, M., & Senin, N. (2025) · Journal of Manufacturing Processes · doi:10.1016/j.jmapro.2025.04.006 · Cited by 8
A generalized data assimilation architecture of digital twin for complex process industrial systems
Zhao, Y., Jiang, H.-Y., Cai, Y.-L., & Deng, Y.-F. (2024) · Measurement science and technology · doi:10.1088/1361-6501/ad27c6 · Cited by 8
“Since then, due to the gradual deepening and improvement of understanding for DT, researchers have proposed numerous DT frameworks for various domains, such as manufacturing [9–11], energy [12– 14], civil engineering [15] and healthcare [16].”
Timperi, M., Kokkonen, K., & Hannola, L. (2023) · International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing · doi:10.1080/0951192x.2023.2264814 · Cited by 14
“As a unified understanding remains to be established, Shao and Helu (2020) argued that the appropriate definition of DTs depends on the perspective and the intended use of the DT.”
Driving Intelligent Manufacturing: An Application Study on Digital Twin in Factory Digitalization
Xie, H., Lin, X., Ming, X., Tan, S., & Bao, Y. (2023) · IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Applications (ICIEA) · doi:10.1145/3587889.3588216 · Cited by 6
“● Cross-border integration and international cooperation As economic globalization is accelerating, a global production network promoted by transnational corporations has gradually formed, global industry chain and value chain are developing towards a closer transnational cooperation [2, 12, 19].”
BackgroundDesigning a digital twin for micromanufacturing processes
Stavropoulos, P. G., & Papacharalampopoulos, A. (2022) · Advances in Mechanical Engineering · doi:10.1177/16878132221096004 · Cited by 12
Milisavljevic-Syed, J., Khan, M., Xia, H., Li, J.-H., & Salonitis, K. (2024) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2024.10.154 · Cited by 8
Kober, C., Polzer, J., Kulasingham, E., Kulasingham, D., & Xu, X. W. (2025) · International Journal of Production Research · doi:10.1080/00207543.2025.2514728 · Cited by 9
Semi-Automated Framework for Digitalizing Multi-Product Warehouses with Large Scale Camera Arrays
Higashiura, K., Yokoyama, K., Asai, Y., Shimosato, H., Kano, K., Katayama, S., Urano, K., Yonezawa, T., & Kawaguchi, N. (2024) · IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications · doi:10.1109/percom59722.2024.10494498 · Cited by 7
Open-source 3D discrete event simulator based on the game engine unity
Pernas-Álvarez, J., & Crespo-Pereira, D. (2024) · J. Simulation · doi:10.1080/17477778.2024.2314166 · Cited by 7
“…twin is a virtual model that replicates the operational dynamics of a given real system that can have near real-time synchronisation and that can be modified, disrupted, or influenced to foresee the effects of these changes in its real twin (Lu et al., 2020; Qi et al., 2018; Shao & Helu, 2020).”
Digital Twin Tools for Smart Manufacturing: A Paradigm Shift for Industry 4.0
Kabir, M. R., & Ray, S. (2025) · IEEE Open Journal of the Industrial Electronics Society · doi:10.1109/ojies.2025.3628531 · Cited by 7
“In parallel, the NIST smart manufacturing framework (SMF) can also offer a complementary perspective by defining functional domains (e.g., connectivity, analytics, and decision support) that operationalize these architectural layers [73].”
Towards a Digital Twin Lifecycle Management Framework
Villegas, L. F., Romero, D., Macchi, M., & Skoogh, A. (2026) · Enterprise Information Systems · doi:10.1080/17517575.2026.2616681 · Cited by 6
“However, there is still a lack of comprehensive practical guidelines and tools, covering technical and managerial aspects in one single framework, to facilitate their successful adoption in real-world industrial settings (Shao and Helu 2020).”
Anwar, R., Kwon, J.-W., & Kim, W.-T. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15158245 · Cited by 6
Intelligent Parking Service System Design Based on Digital Twin for Old Residential Areas
Chen, W., Wang, X., & Wu, M. (2024) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics13234597 · Cited by 6
Agile digital machine development
Hansen, J. P. D. O., da Silva, E. R., & Bilberg, A. (2023) · Computers in Industry · doi:10.1016/j.compind.2023.104061 · Cited by 7
Cyber Security Issues in the Industrial Applications of Digital Twins
Siddique, S., Haque, M. A., Rifat, R. H., George, R., Shujaee, K. A., & Gupta, K. D. (2023) · IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI) · doi:10.1109/ssci52147.2023.10371850 · Cited by 10
“Here are some examples of how digital twins are being used : Manufacturing: Using digital twins to enhance manufacturing procedures, forecast maintenance requirements, and model industrial operations [42] development.”
BackgroundMethodDevelopment of BIM-Based Digital Twin Model for Fatigue Assessment in Metallic Railway Bridges
Nhamage, I. A. (2023) · U Porto Journal of Engineering · doi:10.24840/2183-6493_009-005_001565 · Cited by 6
“From a temporal standpoint, (Shao and Helu 2020) distinguishes three types of communication between these two parts: real-time, near real-time, and offline communication.”
BackgroundAdopting a Digital Twin Framework for Autonomous Machine Operation at Construction Sites
Wickberg, P., Fattouh, A., Afshar, S., & Bohlin, M. (2023) · 2023 7th CAA International Conference on Vehicular Control and Intelligence (CVCI) · doi:10.1109/cvci59596.2023.10397254 · Cited by 6
Achieving Sustainable Manufacturing by Embedding Sustainability KPIs in Digital Twins
Chávez, C. A. G., Bärring, M., Frantzén, M., Annepavar, A., Gopalakrishnan, D., & Johansson, B. (2022) · Online World Conference on Soft Computing in Industrial Applications · doi:10.1109/wsc57314.2022.10015336 · Cited by 6
A Digital Twin Model of Three-Dimensional Shading for Simulation of the Ironmaking Process
Lei, Y., & Karimi, H. (2022) · Machines · doi:10.3390/machines10121122 · Cited by 6
Digital Twin-driven approach towards manufacturing processes support
Helman, J. (2022) · Journal of Physics, Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2198/1/012007 · Cited by 6
“On the physical side sensors collect data from the real object, on the virtual side the virtual model process information and gives feedback [9].”
BackgroundMethodDigital measurement twin for CMM inspection based on step-NC
Stojadinović, S., Zivanovic, S., Slavković, N., & Durakbasa, N. (2021) · International journal of computer integrated manufacturing (Print) · doi:10.1080/0951192x.2021.1972460 · Cited by 6
Smart tribo-peening process for surface functionalization through digital twin concept
Levy, B., Mansori, M. E., Hadrouz, M. E., Mezghani, S., Beaudonnet, A.-L., & Cabrero, J. (2021) · The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology · doi:10.1007/s00170-021-07143-x · Cited by 6
“Shao and Helu [27] discussed the work on standardization that is currently under development to define precisely the concept of digital twin.”
BackgroundGupta, P. K., Heller, J., & Lüdemann-Ravit, B. (2025) · Zeitschrift für wirtschaftlichen Fabrikbetrieb · doi:10.1515/zwf-2025-1121 · Cited by 5
Boroukhian, T., Supyen, K., Samson, J. B., Bashyal, A., & Wicaksono, H. (2025) · The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology · doi:10.1007/s00170-025-16548-x · Cited by 5
“Shao et al. [35] consolidated various perspectives on the DT concept, providing a clear framework to help manufacturers develop DTs tailored to specific objectives with greater ease, cost-effectiveness, and efficiency.”
Digital Twins in Healthcare: Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions
Sharma, N., Panwar, A., Sugandh, U., Jain, V., & Kaswan, K. S. (2024) · 2024 4th International Conference on Advancement in Electronics & Communication Engineering (AECE) · doi:10.1109/aece62803.2024.10911658 · Cited by 5
“All in all, these factors improve the chances of the therapy to affect the underlying pathways or mechanisms of diseases [14,15].”
Zhang, L., Li, B., Ma, T., Yuan, X., Liang, Z., Zhang, L., & He, S. (2024) · The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology · doi:10.1007/s00170-024-14005-9 · Cited by 5
“…of manufacturing elements such as personnel, products, assets and process definitions, a living model that continuously updates and changes as the physical counterpart changes to represent status, working conditions, product geometries and resource states in a synchronous manner [22].”
An application-oriented digital twin framework and the multi-model fusion mechanism
Zheng, Q., Ding, G., Zhang, H.-Z., Zhang, K., Qin, S.-F., Wang, S., Huang, W., & Liu, Q.-F. (2023) · International journal of computer integrated manufacturing (Print) · doi:10.1080/0951192x.2023.2264820 · Cited by 5
“The DT concept depends on the context and view-point required for a specific use case, which means that the DT is a fit-for-purpose digital representation (Shao and Helu 2020).”
Smart Solution Using Digital Twin and IoT for Diabetic Retinopathy
Chahal, Y., Tokas, R., & Sharma, K. (2023) · International Conference on Computing, Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT) · doi:10.1109/icccnt56998.2023.10307620 · Cited by 4
“Different frameworks and reference models have been proposed to pitch in smart cities, smart manufacturing of real systems amongst small to medium enterprises and the idea of Digital Twin as the convergence of various multimedia systems [29], [30].”
BackgroundThe digital twin model of vehicle containers to provide an ergonomic handling mechanism
Abed, A. M., Seddek, L. F., Elattar, S., & Gaafar, T. S. (2022) · South Florida Journal of Development · doi:10.46932/sfjdv3n2-030 · Cited by 6
“The difference between an offline digital twin and an emulation model is the periodic link, as discussed by (GE., 2018).”
MethodFilho, P. P. F., & Canciglieri, O. (2025) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2025.02.016 · Cited by 6
Control of multi-unit chemical processes for production transitions: A review
López, A. S. C., Calvo, F., Lozano-Santamaria, F., & Gómez, J. M. (2025) · Chemical engineering research & design · doi:10.1016/j.cherd.2025.07.034 · Cited by 4
Vance, D., Jin, M., Wenning, T., Nimbalkar, S. U., & Price, C. (2025) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en18133242 · Cited by 5
Deployment and Maintenance of Digital Twin in a Secure Industrial Environment
Hassan, M., & Björsell, N. (2024) · International Conference on Prognostics and Health Management · doi:10.1109/icphm61352.2024.10626806 · Cited by 4
“Moreover, the development and selection of DTs remain contingent on the unique characteristics of each manufacturing process, precluding a one-size-fits-all approach [17].”
BackgroundHasidi, O., Abdelwahed, E. H., Qazdar, A., Alaoui-Chrifi, M. A. E., Benzakour, I., Chahid, R., Bendaouia, A., & Bourzeix, F. (2023) · International Conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence (ICAAI) · doi:10.1145/3633598.3633622 · Cited by 4
“Machine faults or production bottlenecks could be predicted based on their current status and expected behavior and then the appropriate responses could be applied to optimize performance in near real-time [9] [22] [18].”
BackgroundInternet of Things and Shop-Floor Digital Twin: an Aerospace case study
Corallo, A., Buccoliero, F. O., Crespino, A. M., Vecchio, V. D., Spennato, A., Visone, D., & Napolitano, D. R. (2022) · International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Technologies (SpliTech) · doi:10.23919/splitech55088.2022.9854314 · Cited by 9
“DT can be referred to a product, a process or in general to a system [18].”
BackgroundBuiding a Digital Twin for Robot Workcell Prognostics And Health Management
Kibira, D., Shao, G., & Weiss, B. A. (2021) · Winter Simulation Conference · doi:10.1109/wsc52266.2021.9715501 · Cited by 8
Self-citationRodriguez, E., & Álvares, A. J. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3641205 · Cited by 6
“Its main objective is to guide the design, implementation, and integration of DTw systems, promoting interoperability, data consistency, and the seamless synchronization of information between physical and digital domains [81].”
Rudel, V., Vinogradov, G., Ganser, P., Bergs, T., Vahl, C., Frings, M., König, V., Schambach, M., Dietzel, S., & Königs, M. (2024) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2024.04.015 · Cited by 4
A cross-domain functional software architecture model for industrial digital twins
Primet, P. V.-B., Golra, F. R., Beugnard, A., Lamy, D., Coupaye, T., & Abisset‐Chavanne, E. (2026) · Digital Twin · doi:10.1080/27525783.2026.2675139 · Cited by 1
Digital Metrology for Nanoindentation: Synthetic Data Generator for Error Identification
Maculotti, G., Giorio, L., Genta, G., & Galetto, M. (2025) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi16121394 · Cited by 3
“Among the others, Digital Twins (DT) [7,8] have been established as an effective enabling technology for digital transformation to describe, monitor, predict and control [9,10] manufacturing elements, processes, and systems [11,12].”
Towards a Universal Digital Twin Framework for Standardized Development
Ma, S.-Z., Flanigan, K. A., & Bergés, M. (2025) · 2025 IEEE 5th International Conference on Digital Twins and Parallel Intelligence (DTPI) · doi:10.1109/dtpi65196.2025.11088873 · Cited by 3
“Based on Table I, some adhere closely to a formal definition of a DT but limit information flows to periodic rather than continuous updates, leaving real-time coordination underdeveloped [11].”
Integrating Dynamic Digital Twins: Enabling Real-Time Connectivity for IoT and Virtual Reality
Erdal, L., Gubartalla, A., Lopes, P. V., Cao, H., Shao, G., Lonnehed, P., Putto, H., Ahmed, A., Ekered, S., & Johansson, B. (2024) · Winter Simulation Conference · doi:10.1109/wsc63780.2024.10838921 · Cited by 9
“The literature on DT presents work focusing on different perspectives of its implementations, from the catalogue of system architecture patterns in DT design (Tekinerdogan and Verdouw 2020) to the detailing of scope and structural design requirements for DTs (Shao and Helu 2020b).”
Self-citationDigital twinning of vertical centrifugal casting
Anadkat, D., Dave, A., Sata, A., Shukla, M., & Jarboui, S. (2024) · Concurrent Engineering - Research and Applications · doi:10.1177/1063293x241296463 · Cited by 3
Digital twins and biodiversity: a conceptual framework of opportunities and challenge
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“Shao and Helu 6 discussed different perspectives on the digital twin to identify critical characteristics that must be understood when creating a digital twin for a specific application.”
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BackgroundData Requirements for A Digital Twin of A Robot Workcell
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“A digital twin is context-dependent and therefore, only needs relevant data for the intended purpose (Shao and Helu 2020).”
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“A digital twin should be context based and driven by use-case objectives (Shao and Helu 2020).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Shao, G., & Helu, M.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (US)
- Corresponding author
- Shao, Guodong
- Venue
- Manufacturing Letters
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-04
- Volume
- 24
- Pages
- 105-107
- ISSN
- 2213-8463 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7431924
- OpenAlex
- W3015896415
- Cited by
- 292
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 45 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 6
- FWCI
- 25.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Manufacturing Letters (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Standards and Technology
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Digital Transformation in Industry
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Flexible and Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Manufacturing Process and Optimization
- Keywords
- digital twin, smart manufacturing, ISO 23247, small and medium-sized enterprises, digital twin implementation, composability
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