Effects of CO2 in fungi
Open accessAbstract
Carbon dioxide supplies carbon for photosynthetic species and is a major product of respiration for all life forms. Inside the human body where CO 2 is a by-product of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, its level reaches 5% or higher. In the ambient atmosphere, ∼.04% of the air is CO 2. Different organisms can tolerate different CO 2 levels to various degrees, and experiencing higher CO 2 is toxic and can lead to death. The fungal kingdom shows great variations in response to CO 2 that has been documented by different researchers at different time periods. This literature review aims to connect these studies, highlight mechanisms underlying tolerance to high levels of CO 2, and emphasize the effects of CO 2 on fungal metabolism and morphogenesis.
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Fungi sense CO2 by generating bicarbonate ions or directly through the type 2C-related protein phosphatase Ptc2, with a single orthologue B9J08_003504 in C. auris.
“Fungi sense CO2 by generating bicarbonate ions28–30 or directly through the type 2C-related protein phosphatase Ptc231, with a single orthologue B9J08_003504 in C. auris32.”
From Candida auris skin tropism and antifungal resistance are mediated by carbonic anhydrase Nce103 (2025) · cites this paper as [30]
Rca1 and Efg1 most likely engage carbonic anhydrase for responding to CO2-derived bicarbonate anions, supported by data showing that mutants lacking RCA1 and EFG1 exhibited hypersensitivity to acetazolamide, a specific Nce103 inhibitor.
“Therefore, Rca1 and Efg1 most likely engage carbonic anhydrase for responding to CO2-derived bicarbonate anions30, which is supported by data showing that mutants lacking RCA1 and EFG1 exhibited hypersensitivity to acetazolamide, a specific Nce103 inhibitor (Extended Data Fig. 3d–f).”
From Candida auris skin tropism and antifungal resistance are mediated by carbonic anhydrase Nce103 (2025) · cites this paper as [30]
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- Authors
- Chadwick, B. J., & Lin, X.
- Affiliations
- University of Georgia (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lin, Xiaorong
- Venue
- Current Opinion in Microbiology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-06
- Volume
- 79
- Pages
- 102488
- ISSN
- 1369-5274 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11162916
- OpenAlex
- W4397017406
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 3
- FWCI
- 0.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (am, 350 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Current Opinion in Microbiology (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Georgia
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI147541)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant responses to elevated CO2
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Fungal Infections and Studies
- Keywords
- carbon dioxide, fungi, fungal metabolism, morphogenesis
- MeSH terms
- Carbon Dioxide, Fungi, Humans, Photosynthesis
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