Oral pathogenesis of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans) is a Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic bacillus that causes periodontal diseases such as localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP) and. consequently. bone resorption. The potential virulence factors of this organism are powerful leukotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), cell surface-associated materials, enzymes, and less well-defined virulence factors that will modulate the activity of the host defenses. This organism can induce bone resorption by various virulence factors in periodontal disease. In this review article, we reviewed the pathogenic roles of A. actinomycetemcomitans in periodontal disease and the mechanism which can induce bone resorption. Findings from several studies indicate that the interaction between virulence factors and the host immune system's response often progress bone resorption in periodontal disease. In this organism, GroEL, DnaK, HtpG, LTX, CDT, LPS, and cell surface-associated materials produce cytokines when exposed to the immune system. The produced cytokines are the main cause of tissue destruction and bone resorption in A. actinomycetemcomitans inflammation in periodontal disease.
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Fusobacterium nucleatum and A actinomycetemcomitans are well recognized in periodontal disease, and F nucleatum is noted for its role in the development of anaerobic microenvironments that facilitate the outgrowth of anaerobic periodontal pathogens.
“Fusobacterium nucleatum and A actinomycetemcomitans are well recognized in periodontal disease,220, 221 and F nucleatum is noted for its role in the development of anaerobic microenvironments that facilitate the outgrowth of anaerobic periodontal pathogens.222”
From The oral microbiome: Role of key organisms and complex networks in oral health and disease (2021) · cites this paper as [221]
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BackgroundBiofilms and oral health: nanotechnology for biofilm control
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“actinomycetemcomitans, on the other hand, is linked to aggressive periodontitis, especially in the younger population [22].”
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“actino‐ mycetemcomitans, a facultative anaerobic, gram‐negative, rod‐shaped bacterium, is a major causative agent of localized aggressive periodontitis (7,8).”
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“One of the main virulence factors of bacteria within Aggregatibacter is a leukotoxin capable of causing extensive damage to human immune tissues [91].”
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“actinomycetemcomitans possesses several virulence factors, that is, lipopolysaccharides that induce pro-inflammatory cytokines, a cytolethal distending toxin causing cell cycle arrest in T-cells, macrophages and epithelial cells, and a leukotoxin [5].”
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“Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans) which grow best at high concentrations of CO2 (5%~10%), can be detected in juvenile/localized aggressive periodontitis acting as the aetiology of this oral disease (Gholizadeh et al., 2017).”
BackgroundThe antibacterial and antibiofilm role of cannabidiol against periodontopathogenic bacteria
Santos, A. L. O., Santiago, M. B., Silva, N. B. S., Souza, S. L., Duarte‐Almeida, J. M., & Martins, C. H. G. (2024) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1093/jambio/lxae316 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
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“actinomycetemcomitans, a member of the periodontal dysbiotic biofilm, is a Gramnegative, non-motile, facultative anaerobic, and capnophilic coccobacillus [20,21].”
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“actinomycetemcomitans that affect the gingival epithelium and trigger the onset of periodontitis, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), leukotoxin, cytolethal-distending toxin, collagenase and outer membrane protein (Gholizadeh et al., 2017).”
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“actinomycetemcomitans LPS (lipopolysaccharide) stimulates gingival epithelial cells and immune cells, causing induction of the expression of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL (interleukin) ‐6, IL‐8, and IFN (interferon)‐γ.(1,2) In addition, other virulence factors, such as collagenase and heat shock protein GroEL, ha…”
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“aphrophilus), and periodontal diseases (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans) (29, 30).”
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“Amini Khiabani et al, Health Promotion Perspectives, 2023, 13(3), 237-242”
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“The role of different periodontopathogens, such as A. actinomycetemcomitans , in chronic and progressive periodontitis has been proven in previous studies (16, 17).”
BackgroundGut Microbiota Exchange in Domestic Animals and Rural-urban People Axis
Nezhadi, J., Rezaee, M. A., Ozma, M. A., Ganbarov, K., & Kafil, H. S. (2023) · Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology · doi:10.2174/0113892010261535230920062107 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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“…of S. sanguinis over S. mutans in the dental biofilm may be associated with lower caries prevalence in both children and adults (Ge et al., 2008; Giacaman et al., 2015), and S. sanguinis seems to be among the species that are more prevalent in subjects with periodontal health (Mason et al.,…”
BackgroundInfluentialAraújo, C. F., Andere, N. M. R. B., dos Santos, N. C. C., Ferraz, L. F. F., Miguel, M. M. V., Mathias‐Santamaria, I. F., Monteiro, M. F., Shaddox, L. M., Casarin, R. C. V., & Santamaria, M. P. (2025) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.24-0322 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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“It is an important pathogen in aggressive, severe, and recurrent forms of periodontitis and is associated with rapidly progressive periodontitis (Gholizadeh et al. 2017).”
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“Major periodontal pathogens, including Porphyromonas gingivalis , Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans , and Treponema denticola, have been studied for their invasion through endothelial cells and resulting systemic inflammation (Foschi et al., 2006; Singhrao et al., 2015; Gholizadeh et al., 2017).”
BackgroundElongation factor Tu promotes the onset of periodontitis through mediating bacteria adhesion
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“, gingiva, periodontal membrane, and alveolar bone, induced by oral microbes, dental plaque, or dental bioflm [1].”
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The Relationship Between Neuropsychiatric Disorders and the Oral Microbiome
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“This is performed through the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 [66].”
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“actinomycetemcomitans can induce periodontal bone resorption through a variety of virulence factors [19].”
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“plaque pathogen that can be found in aggressive periodontal disease (31).”
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“Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a periodontopathic bacterium, mostly related to aggressive periodontitis, and possesses various virulent factors that contribute to its pathogenicity (Gholizadeh et al. 2017; Montenegro et al. 2020; Fujita et al. 2021).”
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TNF-α gene polymorphism in Iranian Azeri population
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“colonisers for periodontal disease in juveniles (localized aggressive periodontitis LAP) and adolescent individuals (14).”
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Self-citationOral and Dental Infections: Bacteria
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“Additionally, saliva may serve as a convenient factors that can alter host defense activity [22].”
Peridontopathogenic key species in correlation to the current classification system
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“Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans adalah bakteri Gram negatif fakultatif anaerob yang menyebabkan penyakit periodontal seperti localized aggressive periodontitis dan dapat menyebabkan resorpsi tulang.(7) Beberapa faktor virulensi bakteri ini yaitu memiliki kemampuan untuk berkolonisasi di dalam rongga mulut, berta…”
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- Authors
- Gholizadeh, P., Pormohammad, A., Eslami, H., Shokouhi, B., Fakhrzadeh, V., & Kafil, H. S.
- Affiliations
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Shahid Beheshti University (IR)
- Corresponding author
- Kafil, Hossein Samadi
- ORCID
- Venue
- Microbial Pathogenesis
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-12
- Volume
- 113
- Pages
- 303-311
- ISSN
- 0882-4010 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2766741310
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 175
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 8
- FWCI
- 1.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Microbial Pathogenesis (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Medical Research Development (NIMAD)
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Periodontal Regeneration and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Microbial infections and disease research
- Keywords
- Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, periodontal disease, localized aggressive periodontitis, bone resorption, virulence factors, leukotoxin, lipopolysaccharide, GroEL, DnaK, HtpG, CDT, host immune response, cytokines, periodontal inflammation
- MeSH terms
- Bacterial Proteins, Bacterial Toxins, Bone Resorption, Exotoxins, Immune System, Immunity, Innate, Lipopolysaccharides, Aggressive Periodontitis, Cytokines, Pasteurellaceae Infections, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Biofilms, Virulence Factors, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Adaptive Immunity
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