Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction for the Recovery of Antioxidant Phenolic Compounds from Orange Pomace
Open accessAbstract
Fruit and vegetable processing produces substantial waste, with the citrus industry discarding about 50–60 % of the fruit’s total weight. However, orange waste is rich in biologically active secondary metabolites, including phenolic compounds. Natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDES) have emerged as a sustainable and cost-efficient alternative to conventional organic solvents. In this study, a sustainable extraction method combining ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with NaDES was developed to efficiently extract antioxidant phenolic compounds from orange pomace. Five different NaDES were assessed to identify the optimal solvent for extracting levels of proanthocyanidins with antioxidant capacity. Results indicated that choline chloride-lactic acid in a 1:3 M ratio was the most efficient NaDES, yielding the highest antioxidant extracts. A Box-Behnken experimental design was used to optimize key UAE parameters: water content, ultrasound amplitude, and extraction time. The optimal conditions for extraction were found to be 3 % (v/v) water content, 60 % ultrasound amplitude, and 14 min. Hydroxycinnamic acids, flavanones, flavones , flavonols, and limonoids were identified in the orange pomace extracts using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-QTOF-MS). This study demonstrates the potential of UAE-NaDES as an environmentally friendly approach for the valorization of orange pomace, supporting the development of bioactive-rich extracts for potential applications in the elaboration of nutraceuticals and functional foods.
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For solid and semi-solid samples, DES-assisted UAE, MAE, PLE, and NADES-based solid-liquid extraction offer several advantages compared with traditional microextraction techniques.
“For solid and semi-solid samples, DES-assisted ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), and NADESbased solid-liquid extraction offer several advantages compared with traditional microextraction techniques [91,93,95,98,103].”
From Eco-Friendly Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Extraction Technologies: A Comprehensive Review of Principles, Applications, and Comparative Insights (2026) · cites this paper as [91]
NADES-based solid-liquid extraction has emerged as a promising approach for recovery of natural products because NADESs typically exhibit lower toxicity, improved biocompatibility, and greater suitability for food and pharmaceutical applications than many traditional extraction solvents.
“In addition, NADES-based solid-liquid extraction has emerged as a promising approach for the recovery of natural products because NADESs typically exhibit lower toxicity, improved biocompatibility, and greater suitability for food and pharmaceutical applications than many traditional extraction solvents [91,93,95,98,103].”
From Eco-Friendly Deep Eutectic Solvent-Based Extraction Technologies: A Comprehensive Review of Principles, Applications, and Comparative Insights (2026) · cites this paper as [91]
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- Authors
- Plaza, M., & Marina, M. L.
- Affiliations
- Universidad de Alcalá (ES)
- ORCID
- Plaza, Merichel
- Venue
- Microchemical Journal
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2025-05
- Volume
- 212
- Pages
- 113366
- ISSN
- 0026-265X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4408422169
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 7
- FWCI
- 12.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Microchemical Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Universidad de Alcalá (CM/JIN/2021-023)
- Community of Madrid
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Catalysis › Ionic liquids properties and applications
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Agricultural and Biological Research
- Keywords
- natural deep eutectic solvents, ultrasound-assisted extraction, orange pomace, phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, proanthocyanidins, choline chloride-lactic acid, citrus waste valorization, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonoids, limonoids, nutraceuticals, functional foods
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