Extracellular mitochondria in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): Potential types and key roles in central nervous system (CNS) physiology and pathogenesis
Abstract
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has an important role in the transport of nutrients and signaling molecules to the central nervous and immune systems through its circulation along the brain and spinal cord tissues. The mitochondrial activity in the central nervous system (CNS) is essential in processes such as neuroplasticity, neural differentiation and production of neurotransmitters. Interestingly, extracellular and active mitochondria have been detected in the CSF where they act as a biomarker for the outcome of pathologies such as subarachnoid hemorrhage and delayed cerebral ischemia. Additionally, cell-free-circulating mitochondrial DNA (ccf-mtDNA) has been detected in both the CSF of healthy donors and in that of patients with neurodegenerative diseases. Key questions arise as there is still much debate regarding if ccf-mtDNA detected in CSF is associated with a diversity of active or inactive extracellular mitochondria coexisting in distinct pathologies. Additionally, it is of great scientific and medical importance to identify the role of extracellular mitochondria (active and inactive) in the CSF and the difference between them being damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) or factors that promote homeostasis. This review analyzes the different types of extracellular mitochondria, methods for their identification and their presence in CSF. Extracellular mitochondria in the CSF could have an important implication in health and disease, which may lead to the developm…
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Assessing presence of extracellular mitochondria or their fragments by measuring ccf-mtDNA levels could allow on-flight direct estimation of cellular stress to take preventive measures of cumulative damage.
“Assessing the presence of extracellular mitochondria or their fragments by measuring ccf-mtDNA levels could allow on-flight direct estimation of cellular stress to take preventive measures of cumulative damage196,199–206.”
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Gómez, X., Sanon, S., Zambrano, K., Asquel, S., Bassantes, M., Morales, J. E., Otáñez, G., Pomaquero, C., Villarroel, S., Zurita, A., et al. (2021) · npj Microgravity · doi:10.1038/s41526-021-00162-8 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Caicedo, A., Zambrano, K., Sanon, S., & Gavilanes, A. W. D.
- Affiliations
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito (EC)
- Maastricht University (NL)
- Cornell University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Caicedo, Andrés
- Venue
- Mitochondrion
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-05
- Volume
- 58
- Pages
- 255-269
- ISSN
- 1567-7249 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3134546753
- Cited by
- 34
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 0.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Mitochondrion (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Universidad San Francisco de Quito
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- College of Agricultural and Life Sciences
- Universiteit Maastricht
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Extracellular vesicles in disease
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
- Keywords
- extracellular mitochondria, cerebrospinal fluid, mitochondrial DNA, damage-associated molecular patterns, neurodegenerative diseases, subarachnoid hemorrhage, delayed cerebral ischemia, central nervous system physiology, mitochondrial therapy, biomarkers
- MeSH terms
- Cerebrospinal Fluid, Humans, Mitochondria, Biomarkers
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