Mitochondria in innate immune responses

West, A. Phillip; Shadel, Gerald S.; Ghosh, Sankar

doi:10.1038/nri2975

Cited by 1,376Immune Response and InflammationMitochondrial Function and PathologyInflammasome and immune disorders

Mitochondria in innate immune responses

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West, A. Phillip, Shadel, Gerald S., Ghosh, Sankar·2011·Nature Reviews Immunology

DOI 10.1038/nri2975PMC PMC4281487

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Abstract

The innate immune system has a key role in the mammalian immune response. Recent research has demonstrated that mitochondria participate in a broad range of innate immune pathways, functioning as signalling platforms and contributing to effector responses. In addition to regulating antiviral signalling, mounting evidence suggests that mitochondria facilitate antibacterial immunity by generating reactive oxygen species and contribute to innate immune activation following cellular damage and stress. Therefore, in addition to their well-appreciated roles in cellular metabolism and programmed cell death, mitochondria appear to function as centrally positioned hubs in the innate immune system. Here, we review the emerging knowledge about the roles of mitochondria in innate immunity.

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Cardiolipin, N-formylated peptides, mtDNA, ATP and reactive oxygen species are known mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns.
“Cardiolipin, N-formylated peptides, mtDNA, ATP and reactive oxygen species are known mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns (9, 28–30).”
From Autoantibodies in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Target Mitochondrial RNA (2019) · cites this paper as [29]
The “Mitochondrial DAMPS” section identifies mtDNA and mitochondrial N-formylated peptides as DAMPs. The “Mitochondria and inflammasome activation” section links extracellular ATP and mitochondrial ROS to inflammasome activation, but does not identify either molecule itself as a mitochondrial DAMP; it suggests that intact ATP-producing mitochondria can serve as DAMPs. Cardiolipin was not found in the copy. Page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Mitochondria and their components, such as N-formylated peptides and mtDNA, are recognized as damage-associated molecular patterns that activate innate immunity and elicit inflammation.
“Mitochondria and their components (e.g. N-formylated peptides and mtDNA) are recognized as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which activate the innate immune system and elicit an inflammatory response6,21–23.”
From Anti-mitochondrial autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus and their association with disease manifestations (2019) · cites this paper as [22]
The Nox enzyme family and the respiratory electron transport chain of mitochondria are the two major sources of ROS in many eukaryotic cells.
“The enzyme family of NADPH oxidases (Nox) [13,83] and the respiratory electron transport chain (ETC) of mitochondria [84,85,86] are the two major sources of ROS in many eukaryotic cells.”
From Functions of ROS in Macrophages and Antimicrobial Immunity (2021) · cites this paper as [84]
Complex I produces O2− into the mitochondrial matrix where it is dismutated by SOD2 to H2O2.
“Complex I produces O2●− into the mitochondrial matrix where it is dismutated by SOD2 to H2O2 [67,84,85,86].”
From Functions of ROS in Macrophages and Antimicrobial Immunity (2021) · cites this paper as [84]
Mitochondria-derived ROS are mainly produced by complexes I and III as O2−.
“Mitochondria-derived ROS (mtROS) are mainly produced by complexes I and III as O2●−.”
From Functions of ROS in Macrophages and Antimicrobial Immunity (2021) · cites this paper as [84]

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ROS function in redox signaling and oxidative stress
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Monogenic Mitochondrial Disorders
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TRPM2 links oxidative stress to NLRP3 inflammasome activation
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Mitochondrial Dynamics at the Interface of Immune Cell Metabolism and Function
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Psychological Stress and Mitochondria: A Conceptual Framework
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Cell-type-specific profiling of brain mitochondria reveals functional and molecular diversity
Fecher, C., Trovò, L., Müller, S. A., Snaidero, N., Wettmarshausen, J., Heink, S., Ortiz, O., Wagner, I., Kühn, R., Hartmann, J., et al. (2019) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0479-z · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Mitochondrial respiratory-chain adaptations in macrophages contribute to antibacterial host defense
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DsbA-L prevents obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance by suppressing the mtDNA release-activated cGAS-cGAMP-STING pathway
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Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress activate inflammasomes: impact on the aging process and age-related diseases
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Ischaemia-reperfusion injury: a major protagonist in kidney transplantation
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Hepatitis C virus triggers mitochondrial fission and attenuates apoptosis to promote viral persistence
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Inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction: A vicious circle in neurodegenerative disorders?
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cGAS drives noncanonical-inflammasome activation in age-related macular degeneration
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ROS in gastrointestinal inflammation: Rescue Or Sabotage?
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Fluorescent Probe HKSOX-1 for Imaging and Detection of Endogenous Superoxide in Live Cells and In Vivo
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Immunoresponsive Gene 1 Augments Bactericidal Activity of Macrophage-Lineage Cells by Regulating β-Oxidation-Dependent Mitochondrial ROS Production
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Mitochondrial Quality Control as a Therapeutic Target
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Macrophage achieves self-protection against oxidative stress-induced ageing through the Mst-Nrf2 axis
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Mitochondrial dysfunction in inflammatory bowel disease
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Red fluorescent genetically encoded indicator for intracellular hydrogen peroxide
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Listeria hijacks host mitophagy through a novel mitophagy receptor to evade killing
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Mitochondrial dysfunction and damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in chronic inflammatory diseases
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Influenza A virus protein PB1-F2 translocates into mitochondria via Tom40 channels and impairs innate immunity
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Orchestrating the interferon antiviral response through the mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) adapter
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Legionella pneumophila Modulates Mitochondrial Dynamics to Trigger Metabolic Repurposing of Infected Macrophages
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Molecular Mechanisms of mtDNA-Mediated Inflammation
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The Role of Mitochondria in Inflammation: From Cancer to Neurodegenerative Disorders
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Inflammasome formation and IL-1β release by human blood monocytes in response to silver nanoparticles
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Authors: West, A. P., Shadel, G. S., & Ghosh, S.
Affiliations: Yale University (US)
Columbia University (US)
Corresponding author: Ghosh, Sankar
ORCID: West, A. Phillip
Shadel, Gerald S.
Ghosh, Sankar
Venue: Nature Reviews Immunology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2011-05-20
Volume: 11
Issue: 6
Pages: 389-402
ISSN: 1474-1733 (ISSN-L)
1474-1741
DOI: 10.1038/nri2975
PMC: PMC4281487
OpenAlex: W2033448006
Cited by: 1,376
References: 103
Citations by year: 2026: 119 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 103 · 2023: 97 · 2022: 102 · 2021: 129 · 2020: 101 · 2019: 83 · 2018: 85 · 2017: 109 · 2016: 95 · 2015: 97 · 2014: 75 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 44
FWCI: 5.04
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Nature reviews. Immunology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R37 AI33443, R37AI033443)
National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (ES‑011)
Topics: Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
Keywords: mitochondria, innate immunity, antiviral signaling, reactive oxygen species, antibacterial immunity, sterile inflammation, programmed cell death, cellular metabolism
MeSH terms: Animals, Bacterial Infections, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Mitochondria, Virus Diseases, Signal Transduction, Reactive Oxygen Species, Models, Immunological, Mitochondrial Proteins

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