Fibroblast growth factor 21 has no direct role in regulating fertility in female mice
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Reproduction is an energetically expensive process. Insufficient calorie reserves, signaled to the brain through peripheral signals such as leptin, suppress fertility. Recently, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) was implicated as a signal from the liver to the hypothalamus that directly inhibits the hypothalamic-gonadotropin axis during fasting and starvation. However, FGF21 itself increases metabolic rate and can induce weight loss, which suggests that the effects of FGF21 on fertility may not be direct and may reflect changes in energy balance. METHODS: To address this important question, we evaluated fertility in several mouse models with elevated FGF21 levels including ketogenic diet fed mice, fasted mice, mice treated with exogenous FGF21 and transgenic mice over-expressing FGF21. RESULTS: We find that ketogenic diet fed mice remain fertile despite significant elevation in serum FGF21 levels. Absence of FGF21 does not alter transient infertility induced by fasting. Centrally infused FGF21 does not suppress fertility despite its efficacy in inducing browning of inguinal white adipose tissue. Furthermore, a high fat diet (HFD) can restore fertility of female FGF21-overexpressing mice, a model of growth restriction, even in the presence of supraphysiological serum FGF21 levels. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that FGF21 is not a direct physiological regulator of fertility in mice. The infertility observed in FGF21 overexpressing mice is likely driven by the increased energy expenditure and consequent excess calorie requirements resulting from high FGF21 levels.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Direct infusion of FGF21 into the brain at concentrations sufficient to acutely increase energy expenditure failed to alter the estrus cycle.
“In addition, the direct infusion of FGF21 into the brain at concentrations sufficient to acutely increase energy expenditure failed to alter the estrus cycle (119), suggesting that FGF21 may not function acutely to regulate female fertility.”
From Fibroblast Growth Factor 21: A Versatile Regulator of Metabolic Homeostasis (2018) · cites this paper as [119]
Fgf21 transgenic mice are infertile on a chow diet, but this infertility is reversed by high-fat diet feeding.
“While Fgf21 transgenic mice are infertile on a chow diet, this infertility is reversed by high-fat diet feeding (119).”
From Fibroblast Growth Factor 21: A Versatile Regulator of Metabolic Homeostasis (2018) · cites this paper as [119]
FGF21 has been shown to affect female reproduction.
“FGF21 has also been shown to affect female reproduction (100, 119).”
From Fibroblast Growth Factor 21: A Versatile Regulator of Metabolic Homeostasis (2018) · cites this paper as [119]
Female mice that over-express FGF21 are infertile.
“Female mice that over-express FGF21 are infertile, but whether this is a direct effect of FGF21 on fertility or rather a secondary consequence of FGF21-induced energy expenditure and relative caloric insufficiency has been disputed.”
From Fibroblast Growth Factor 21: A Versatile Regulator of Metabolic Homeostasis (2018) · cites this paper as [119]
The infertility phenotype in FGF21-overexpressing mice is due to caloric insufficiency from chronic energy expenditure.
“However, a separate study suggests that this phenotype is due to caloric insufficiency from chronic energy expenditure (119).”
From Fibroblast Growth Factor 21: A Versatile Regulator of Metabolic Homeostasis (2018) · cites this paper as [119]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Role of leptin in the neuroendocrine response to fasting
Ahima, R. S., Prabakaran, D., Mantzoros, C., Qu, D., Lowell, B., Maratos-Flier, E., & Flier, J. S. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/382250a0 · Cited by 3,117 · see citing works
Self-citationFGF-21 as a novel metabolic regulator
Kharitonenkov, A., Shiyanova, T. L., Koester, A., Ford, A. M., Micanovic, R., Galbreath, E. J., Sandusky, G. E., Hammond, L. J., Moyers, J. S., Owens, R. A., et al. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci23606 · Cited by 2,125 · see citing works
Inagaki, T., Dutchak, P., Zhao, G., Ding, X., Gautron, L., Parameswara, V., Li, Y., Goetz, R., Mohammadi, M., Esser, V., et al. (2007) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2007.05.003 · Cited by 1,504 · see citing works
Badman, M. K., Pissios, P., Kennedy, A. R., Koukos, G., Flier, J. S., & Maratos-Flier, E. (2007) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2007.05.002 · Cited by 1,495 · see citing works
Self-citationMouse Estrous Cycle Identification Tool and Images
Byers, S. L., Wiles, M. V., Dunn, S. L., & Taft, R. A. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035538 · Cited by 1,220 · see citing works
A role for kisspeptins in the regulation of gonadotropin secretion in the mouse
Gottsch, M. L., Cunningham, M. J., Smith, J. T., Popa, S. M., Acohido, B. V., Crowley, W. F., Seminara, S., Clifton, D. K., & Steiner, R. A. (2004) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2004-0431 · Cited by 1,161 · see citing works
Han, S.-K., Gottsch, M. L., Lee, K. J., Popa, S. M., Smith, J. T., Jakawich, S. K., Clifton, D. K., Steiner, R. A., & Herbison, A. E. (2005) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3328-05.2005 · Cited by 1,036 · see citing works
Vaginal Cytology of the Laboratory Rat and Mouse
Cora, M. C., Kooistra, L. H., & Travlos, G. S. (2015) · Toxicologic Pathology · doi:10.1177/0192623315570339 · Cited by 957 · see citing works
Irwig, M. S., Fraley, G. S., Smith, J. T., Acohido, B. V., Popa, S. M., Cunningham, M. J., Gottsch, M. L., Clifton, D. K., & Steiner, R. A. (2004) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000083140 · Cited by 913 · see citing works
Recombinant human leptin in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea
Welt, C. K., Chan, J. L., Bullen, J., Murphy, R., Smith, P., DePaoli, A. M., Karalis, A., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa040388 · Cited by 908 · see citing works
Increased hypothalamic GPR54 signaling: A potential mechanism for initiation of puberty in primates
Shahab, M., Mastronardi, C. A., Seminara, S. B., Crowley, W. F., Ojeda, S. R., & Plant, T. M. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0409822102 · Cited by 875 · see citing works
Kisspeptins and Reproduction: Physiological Roles and Regulatory Mechanisms
Pinilla, L., Aguilar, E., Diéguez, C., Millar, R. P., & Tena‐Sempere, M. (2012) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00037.2010 · Cited by 802 · see citing works
Leptin accelerates the onset of puberty in normal female mice.
Ahima, R. S., Dushay, J. R., Flier, S. N., Prabakaran, D., & Flier, J. S. (1997) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci119172 · Cited by 755 · see citing works
Self-citationMcLean, A. C., Valenzuela, N., Fai, S., & Bennett, S. A. L. (2012) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/4389 · Cited by 657 · see citing works
Expression of ob mRNA and its encoded protein in rodents. Impact of nutrition and obesity.
Frederich, R. C., Löllmann, B., Hamann, A., Napolitano-Rosen, A., Kahn, B. B., Lowell, B. B., & Flier, J. S. (1995) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci118206 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
Self-citationFGF21 acts centrally to induce sympathetic nerve activity, energy expenditure, and weight loss
Owen, B. M., Ding, X., Morgan, D. A., Coate, K. C., Bookout, A. L., Rahmouni, K., Kliewer, S. A., & Mangelsdorf, D. J. (2014) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2014.07.012 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
The kisspeptin-GnRH pathway in human reproductive health and disease
Skorupskaite, K., George, J. T., & Anderson, R. A. (2014) · Human Reproduction Update · doi:10.1093/humupd/dmu009 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Leptin Treatment Rescues the Sterility of Genetically Obese ob/ob Males*
Mounzih, K., Lu, R., & Chehab, F. F. (1997) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.138.3.1190 · Cited by 482 · see citing works
Inhibition of Growth Hormone Signaling by the Fasting-Induced Hormone FGF21
Inagaki, T., Lin, V. Y., Goetz, R., Mohammadi, M., Mangelsdorf, D. J., & Kliewer, S. A. (2008) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2008.05.006 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Scaramuzzi, R. J., Campbell, B. K., Downing, J. A., Kendall, N. R., Khalid, M., Muñoz-Gutiérrez, M., & Somchit, A. (2006) · annales de biologie animale biochimie biophysique · doi:10.1051/rnd:2006016 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21-Deficient Mice Demonstrate Impaired Adaptation to Ketosis
Badman, M. K., Koester, A., Flier, J. S., Kharitonenkov, A., & Maratos-Flier, E. (2009) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2009-0532 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuroendocrinology of nutritional infertility
Wade, G. N., & Jones, J. E. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00475.2004 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
FGF21 contributes to neuroendocrine control of female reproduction
Owen, B. M., Bookout, A. L., Ding, X., Lin, V. Y., Atkin, S. D., Gautron, L., Kliewer, S. A., & Mangelsdorf, D. J. (2013) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3250 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Central Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Browns White Fat via Sympathetic Action in Male Mice
Douris, N., Stevanovic, D. M., Fisher, F. M., Cisu, T. I., Chee, M. J., Nguyen, N. L., Zarebidaki, E., Adams, A. C., Kharitonenkov, A., Flier, J. S., et al. (2015) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2014-2001 · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Self-citationMetabolic control of puberty onset: New players, new mechanisms
Roa, J., García-Galiano, D., Castellano, J. M., Gaytán, F., Pinilla, L., & Tena‐Sempere, M. (2009) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2009.12.018 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
FGF21-based pharmacotherapy – potential utility for metabolic disorders
Gimeno, R. E., & Moller, D. E. (2014) · Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2014.03.001 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Palm, I. F., van der Beek, E. M., Wiegant, V. M., Buijs, R. M., & Kalsbeek, A. (1999) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00106-2 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Vida, B., Deli, L., Hrabovszky, E., Kalamatianos, T., Caraty, A., Coen, C. W., Liposits, Z., & Kalló, I. (2010) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2010.02045.x · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Miller, B. H., Olson, S. L., Levine, J. E., Turek, F. W., Horton, T. H., & Takahashi, J. S. (2006) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1095/biolreprod.106.052845 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Neurofilament and calcium-binding proteins in the human cingulate cortex
Nimchinsky, E. A., Vogt, B. A., Morrison, J. H., & Hof, P. R. (1997) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19970811)384:4 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Evolutionary Duplication of a Hepatic Control Region in the Human Apolipoprotein E Gene Locus
Allan, C. M., Walker, D. W., & Taylor, J. M. (1995) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.270.44.26278 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
FGF21: The Center of a Transcriptional Nexus in Metabolic Regulation
Adams, A. C., & Kharitonenkov, A. (2012) · Current Diabetes Reviews · doi:10.2174/157339912800840505 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationGeneration of Chimeras by Microinjection
Plück, A., & Klasen, C. (2009) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-019-9_13 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21: A Versatile Regulator of Metabolic Homeostasis
BonDurant, L. D., & Potthoff, M. J. (2018) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071816-064800 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Fibroblast growth factor 21 night watch: advances and uncertainties in the field
Kharitonenkov, A., & DiMarchi, R. D. (2016) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.12580 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Henriksson, E., & Andersen, B. (2020) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.601349 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Neuroanatomical Framework of the Metabolic Control of Reproduction
Hill, J. W., & Elias, C. F. (2018) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00033.2017 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
The potential function and clinical application of FGF21 in metabolic diseases
Chen, Z., Yang, L., Liu, Y., Huang, P., Song, H., & Zheng, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.1089214 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Andersen, B., Straarup, E. M., Heppner, K. M., Takahashi, D. L., Raffaele, V., Dissen, G. A., Lewandowski, K., Bödvarsdottir, T. B., Raun, K., Grove, K. L., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-018-0080-7 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
BCAA insufficiency leads to premature ovarian insufficiency via ceramide‐induced elevation of ROS
Guo, X., Zhu, Y., Guo, L., Qi, Y., Liu, X., Wang, J., Zhang, J., Cui, L., Shi, Y., Wang, Q., et al. (2023) · EMBO Molecular Medicine · doi:10.15252/emmm.202317450 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Zhuo, Y., Hua, L., Feng, B., Jiang, X., Li, J., Jiang, D., Huang, X., Yingguo, Z., Li, Z., Yan, L., et al. (2019) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.02.020 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Watanabe, M., Singhal, G., Fisher, F. M., Beck, T. C., Morgan, D. A., Socciarelli, F., Mather, M. L., Risi, R., Bourke, J., Rahmouni, K., et al. (2019) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-019-02124-3 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationHua, L., Feng, B., Huang, L., Li, J., Luo, T. F., Jiang, X., Han, X., Che, L., Xu, S., Lin, Y., et al. (2020) · Clinical and Translational Medicine · doi:10.1002/ctm2.195 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Hua, L., Zhuo, Y., Jiang, D., Li, J., Huang, X., Yingguo, Z., Li, Z., Yan, L., Jin, C., Jiang, X., et al. (2018) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.201800240r · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Ruiz-Cruz, M., Torres-Granados, C., Tena‐Sempere, M., & Roa, J. (2023) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2023.102382 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Hu, Y., Xu, J., Shi, S. J., Zhou, X., Wang, L., Huang, L., Gao, L., Pang, W., Yang, G., & Chu, G. (2022) · Theriogenology · doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.09.020 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Spergel, D. J. (2018) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-018-2893-z · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Fibroblast growth factor 21 in dairy cows: current knowledge and potential relevance
Eder, K., Geßner, D. K., & Ringseis, R. (2021) · Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology/Journal of animal science and biotechnology · doi:10.1186/s40104-021-00621-y · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Dorval, L., Knapp, B. I., Majekodunmi, O. A., Eliseeva, S. I., & Bidlack, J. M. (2021) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108858 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Mao, L., Liu, A., & Zhang, X. (2024) · Current Nutrition Reports · doi:10.1007/s13668-024-00569-1 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationTannous, A. M., Bradford, A. P., Kuhn, K., Fought, A. J., Schauer, I. E., & Santoro, N. F. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247638 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Research progress on the role of FGF21 in insulin resistance
Zhang, H., Zhu, R., Sun, Q., & Du, L. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1619462 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Kar, E., Alataş, Ö., Şahıntürk, V., & ÖZ, S. (2021) · Biotechnic & Histochemistry · doi:10.1080/10520295.2021.1894353 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Pseudo-Starvation Driven Energy Expenditure Negatively Affects Ovarian Follicle Development
Li, M., Coleman, V., Zhao, Y., Ost, M., Voigt, A., Bunschoten, A., Keijer, J., Teerds, K. J., & Klaus, S. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22073557 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
FGF21 negatively affects long-term female fertility in mice
Moeckli, B., Pham, T.-V., Slits, F., Latrille, S., Peloso, A., Delaune, V., Oldani, G., Lacotte, S., & Toso, C. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11490 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Hua, L., Zhao, L., Mao, Z., Li, W., Li, J., Jiang, X., Che, L., Xu, S., Lin, Y., Fang, Z., et al. (2021) · Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology/Journal of animal science and biotechnology · doi:10.1186/s40104-021-00564-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
FGF21 protects against ischaemia reperfusion injury in normal and fatty livers
Ma, Y., Singhal, G., Chan, S., Wang, C., Yu, H., Yin, B., Pang, J., Malvar, G. L., Nasser, I. A., Mather, M. L., et al. (2024) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/liv.15911 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationHyperphagia of female UCP1-deficient mice blunts anti-obesity effects of FGF21
Hazebroek, M. K., Laterveer, R., Kutschke, M., Marčeta, V. R., Barthem, C. S., & Keipert, S. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-37264-0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Wang, Z., Song, Y., Zhang, F., Zhao, C., Fu, S., Xia, C., & Bai, Y. (2021) · Italian Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1080/1828051x.2021.2020177 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Juvenile protein restriction compresses sexual dimorphism in micePreprint
Joly, A., Rebiffé, L., Lambert, A., Caillon, E., Hughes, S., Gillet, B., Zergane, M., Rahioui, I., Silva, P. D., Rigaud, C., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.07.09.663702 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Impact du FGF21, une hormone du métabolisme énergétique, sur la reproduction
Bourdon, G., Froment, P., & Ducluzeau, P. (2021) · médecine/sciences · doi:10.1051/medsci/2021012 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Dietary protein and age-dependent female fertility: FGF21 trumps mTORC1
Rose, A. J. (2019) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.03.015 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Lu, S., Liu, G., Chen, T., Wang, W., Hu, J., Tang, D., & Peng, X. (2020) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/hum.2019.322 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Effect of exercise on Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 levels in healthy males and females
Peterson, M. N., Richardson, K. A., & Funderburk, L. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0321738 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Bolze, F., Williams, H., Bhuwania, R., Egecioglu, E., Bloem, E., Paulsson, J. F., Pedersen, M. Ø., Broadmeadow, A., Chesher, C. J., Moore, E. L., et al. (2020) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2020.115152 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Energy status and ovarian follicular development
Meng, L. (2016) · doi:10.18174/389440
Harnessing the Action of Fibroblast Growth Factor21 as a Therapeutic Agent
Brunetti, L., & Kagan, L. (2017) · Current Pharmacology Reports · doi:10.1007/s40495-017-0080-7
FGF21 Promotes Proliferation and Estradiol Synthesis in Porcine Granulosa CellsPreprint
Hu, Y., Zhou, X., Shi, S., Li, Y., Huang, L., Gao, L., Pang, W., Yang, G., & Chu, G. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-746628/v1
Positive actions of fibroblast growth factor 21 on female zebrafish reproductive axis
Uju, C. N., & Unniappan, S. (2026) · Theriogenology · doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2026.118106
Sexual dimorphisms in juvenile development under nutritionnal stress
Joly, A., & Leulier, F. (2026) · Comptes Rendus Biologies · doi:10.5802/crbiol.203
- Authors
- Singhal, G., Douris, N., Fish, A. J., Zhang, X., Adams, A. C., Flier, J. S., Pissios, P., & Maratos-Flier, E.
- Affiliations
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Eli Lilly (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pissios, Pavlos
- Venue
- Molecular Metabolism
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-08
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 690-698
- ISSN
- 2212-8778 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5021666
- OpenAlex
- W2400615331
- Cited by
- 38
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 2.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecular Metabolism (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institute of Health (DK28082)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fibroblast Growth Factor Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Keywords
- FGF21, female fertility, energy balance, ketogenic diet, high-fat diet, growth restriction, white adipose tissue browning, leptin, hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
