CRE-mediated transcription and COX-2 expression in the pilocarpine model of status epilepticus
Open accessAbstract
Status epilepticus (SE) triggers neuronal death, reactive gliosis and remodeling of synaptic circuitry, thus leading to profound pathological alterations in CNS physiology. These processes are, in part, regulated by the rapid upregulation of both cytotoxic and cytoprotective genes. One pathway that may couple SE to transcriptionally dependent alterations in CNS physiology is the CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein)/CRE (cAMP response element) cascade. Here, we utilized the pilocarpine model of SE on a mouse strain transgenic for a CRE-reporter construct (beta-galactosidase) to begin to characterize how seizure activity regulates the activation state of the CREB/CRE pathway in both glia and neurons of the hippocampus. SE triggered a rapid (4-8 h post-SE) but transient increase in CRE-mediated gene expression in the neuronal sublayers. In contrast to neurons, SE induced a lasting increase (up to 20 days) in CRE-mediated transcription in both reactive astrocytes and microglia. CRE-mediated gene expression correlated with expression of the pro-inflammatory enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). To examine the role of CREB in SE-induced COX-2 expression, we generated a transgenic mouse strain that expresses A-CREB, a potent repressor of CREB-dependent transcription. In these animals, the capacity of SE to stimulate COX-2 expression was markedly attenuated, indicating that CREB is a key intermediate in SE-induced COX-2 expression. Collectively these data show that SE triggers two waves of CREB-mediated gene expression, a transient wave in neurons and a long-lasting wave in reactive glial cells, and that CREB couples SE to COX-2 expression.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Seizures are associated with increased expression of several neurotrophic-related genes, including transcription factors, neuropeptides, and growth factors.
“Seizures have been associated with an increased expression of several neurotrophic-related genes, including transcription factors [176], neuropeptides [177], and growth factors [178].”
From Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Brain Disorders: Focus on Neuroinflammation (2019) · cites this paper as [176]
Cites
Modification of seizure activity by electrical stimulation: II. Motor seizure
Racine, R. J. (1972) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(72)90177-0 · Cited by 7,141 · see citing works
Cyclic AMP stimulates somatostatin gene transcription by phosphorylation of CREB at serine 133
Gonzalez, G. A., & Montminy, M. (1989) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(89)90013-5 · Cited by 2,464 · see citing works
CREB: A Stimulus-Induced Transcription Factor Activated by A Diverse Array of Extracellular Signals
Shaywitz, A. J., & Greenberg, M. E. (1999) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.68.1.821 · Cited by 2,135 · see citing works
Function and regulation of CREB family transcription factors in the nervous system
Lonze, B. E., & Ginty, D. D. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00828-0 · Cited by 2,127 · see citing works
Bonni, A., Brunet, A., West, A. E., Datta, S. R., Takasu, M. A., & Greenberg, M. E. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.286.5443.1358 · Cited by 1,887 · see citing works
Extrasynaptic NMDARs oppose synaptic NMDARs by triggering CREB shut-off and cell death pathways
Hardingham, G. E., Fukunaga, Y., & Bading, H. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn835 · Cited by 1,686 · see citing works
Microglia as a source and target of cytokines
Hanisch, U. (2002) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.10161 · Cited by 1,645 · see citing works
Control of memory formation through regulated expression of a CaMKII transgene
Mayford, M., Bach, M. E., Huang, Y.-Y., Wang, L., Hawkins, R. D., & Kandel, E. R. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.274.5293.1678 · Cited by 1,550 · see citing works
Turski, W. A., Cavalheiro, É. A., Schwarz, M., Czuczwar, S. J., Kleinrok, Z., & Turski, L. (1983) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0166-4328(83)90136-5 · Cited by 1,114 · see citing works
Qian, Z., Gilbert, M. E., Colicos, M. A., Kandel, E. R., & Kuhl, D. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/361453a0 · Cited by 869 · see citing works
Kindling and status epilepticus models of epilepsy: rewiring the brain
Morimoto, K., Fahnestock, M. L., & Racine, R. J. (2004) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.03.009 · Cited by 840 · see citing works
Environmental enrichment inhibits spontaneous apoptosis, prevents seizures and is neuroprotective
Young, D., Lawlor, P. A., Leone, P., Dragunow, M., & During, M. J. (1999) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/7449 · Cited by 731 · see citing works
Isackson, P. J., Huntsman, M. M., Murray, K. D., & Gall, C. M. (1991) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/0896-6273(91)90234-q · Cited by 711 · see citing works
Excitotoxin-induced neuronal degeneration and seizure are mediated by tissue plasminogen activator
Tsirka, S. E., Gualandris, A., Amaral, D. G., & Strickland, S. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/377340a0 · Cited by 658 · see citing works
Ernfors, P., Bengzon, J., Kokaia, Z., Persson, H., & Lindvall, O. (1991) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/0896-6273(91)90084-d · Cited by 628 · see citing works
Turski, L., Ikonomidou, C., Turski, W. A., Bortolotto, Z. A., & Cavalheiro, É. A. (1989) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.890030207 · Cited by 626 · see citing works
Impey, S., Mark, M., Villacres, E. C., Poser, S., Chavkin, C., & Storm, D. R. (1996) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80120-8 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Stimulation of cAMP response element (CRE)-mediated transcription during contextual learning
Impey, S., Smith, D. M., Obrietan, K. H., Donahue, R. J., Wade, C. B., & Storm, D. R. (1998) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/2830 · Cited by 520 · see citing works
Self-citationAhn, S., Olive, M., Aggarwal, S., Krylov, D. Y., Ginty, D. D., & Vinson, C. (1998) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.18.2.967 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
Cyclooxygenase isozymes and their gene structures and expression
Tanabe, T., & Tohnai, N. (2002) · Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators · doi:10.1016/s0090-6980(02)00024-2 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Neuronal and glial pathological changes during epileptogenesis in the mouse pilocarpine model
Borges, K. (2003) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/s0014-4886(03)00086-4 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Neuroprotective Function of the PGE 2 EP2 Receptor in Cerebral Ischemia
McCullough, L. D., Wu, L., Haughey, N. J., Liang, X., Hand, T. A., Wang, Q., BREYER, R. M., & Andreasson, K. I. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4485-03.2004 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Functional anatomy of hippocampal seizures
Lothman, E. W., Bertram, E. H., & Stringer, J. L. (1991) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/0301-0082(91)90011-o · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Closed Head Injury Triggers Early Production of TNFα and IL-6 by Brain Tissue
Shohami, E., Novikov, M., Bass, R., Yamin, A., & Gallily, R. (1994) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1994.76 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Circadian Regulation of cAMP Response Element-mediated Gene Expression in the Suprachiasmatic Nuclei
Obrietan, K. H., Impey, S., Smith, D. M., Athos, J., & Storm, D. R. (1999) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.274.25.17748 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Self-citationStoll, G., Jander, S., & Schroeter, M. (2003) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0123-7_3 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Temporal profile of neuronal injury following pilocarpine or kainic acid-induced status epilepticus
Covolan, L., & Mello, L. E. (2000) · Epilepsy Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-1211(99)00119-9 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Mabuchi, T., Kitagawa, K., Kuwabara, K., 高沢健一郎, Ohtsuki, T., Xia, Z., Storm, D. R., Yanagihara, T., Hori, M., & Matsumoto, M. (2001) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-23-09204.2001 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Rizzi, M., Perego, C., Aliprandi, M., Richichi, C., Ravizza, T., Colella, D., Velíšková, J., Moshé, S., Simoni, M. D., & Vezzani, A. (2003) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2003.08.001 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
The dentate gyrus as a control point for seizures in the hippocampus and beyond.
Lothman, E. W., Stringer, J. L., & Bertram, E. H. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 240 · see citing works
The role of cytokines and growth factors in seizures and their sequelae
Jankowsky, J. L., & Patterson, P. H. (2001) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(00)00022-8 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Liang, G., Wolfgang, C. D., Chen, B. P. C., Chen, T.-H., & Hai, T. (1996) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.271.3.1695 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Turrin, N. P., & Rivest, S. (2004) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2004.03.010 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Neuronal activity up-regulates astroglial gene expression.
Steward, O., Torre, E. R., Tomasulo, R. A., & Lothman, E. W. (1991) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.88.15.6819 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Wu, Y. P., Siao, C.-J., Lu, W., Sung, T.-C., Frohman, M. A., Milev, P., Bugge, T. H., Degen, J. L., Levine, J. M., Margolis, R. U., et al. (2000) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.148.6.1295 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
GLIAL CELLS IN NEUROTOXICITY DEVELOPMENT
Aschner, M., Allen, J. W., Kimelberg, H. K., LoPachin, R. M., & Streit, W. J. (1999) · The Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.39.1.151 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
CREB Controls LAP/C/EBPβ Transcription
Niehof, M., Manns, M. P., & Trautwein, C. (1997) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.17.7.3600 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
CREB Phosphorylation Promotes Nerve Cell Survival
Walton, M. R., Woodgate, A.-M., Muravlev, A. I., Xu, R., During, M. J., & Dragunow, M. (1999) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.01836.x · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Seizure-induced neurogenesis: are more new neurons good for an adult brain?
Parent, J. M., & Lowenstein, D. H. (2002) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(02)35012-x · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Neurotoxic responses by microglia elicited by excitotoxic injury in the mouse hippocampus
Rogove, A. D., & Tsirka, S. E. (1998) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(98)70016-8 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Olney, J. W., Degubareff, T., & Sloviter, R. S. (1983) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/0361-9230(83)90038-2 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Neuronal overexpression of cyclooxygenase‐2 increases cerebral infarction
Doré, S., Otsuka, T., Mito, T., et al. (2003) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.10612 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Effects of chronic epilepsy on intellectual functions
Jokeit, H., & Ebner, A. (2002) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(02)35042-8 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Obrietan, K. H., Gao, X., & van den Pol, A. N. (2002) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.2002.88.2.1005 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Self-citationElectrophysiology of dentate gyrus granule cells
Fricke, R. A., & Prince, D. A. (1984) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1984.51.2.195 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Lee, B., Butcher, G. Q., Hoyt, K. R., Impey, S., & Obrietan, K. H. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4288-04.2005 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuroinflammation, COX-2, and ALS—a dual role?
Consilvio, C., Vincent, A. M., & Feldman, E. L. (2004) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2003.12.009 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Moore, A. N., Waxham, M. N., & Dash, P. K. (1996) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.271.24.14214 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Voutsinos‐Porche, B., Koning, E., Kaplan, H., Ferrandon, A., Guenounou, M., Nehlig, A., & Motte, J. (2004) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2004.07.023 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Redox regulates COX-2 upregulation and cell death in the neuronal response to cadmium
Rockwell, P. (2003) · Cellular Signalling · doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2003.08.006 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Neuroprotection by the PGE2 EP2 receptor in permanent focal cerebral ischemia
Liu, D., Wu, L., BREYER, R. M., Mattson, M. P., & Andreasson, K. I. (2005) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.20461 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Walton, M. R., Sirimanne, E. S., Williams, C., Gluckman, P. D., & Dragunow, M. (1996) · Molecular Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0169-328x(96)00144-1 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Ingvar, M., Morgan, P. F., & Auer, R. N. (1988) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00687789 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Immediate Early Gene Expression in Experimental Epilepsy
Kiessling, M., & Gass, P. (1993) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.1993.tb00766.x · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Tu, B., & Bazan, N. G. (2003) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/s0014-4886(02)00019-5 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Functional Repression of cAMP Response Element in 6-Hydroxydopamine-treated Neuronal Cells*
Chalovich, E. M., Zhu, J.-H., Caltagarone, J., Bowser, R., & Chu, C. T. (2006) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m602632200 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Tanaka, K. (2001) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(01)00002-8 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Simonato, M., Hosford, D. A., Labiner, D. M., et al. (1991) · Molecular Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0169-328x(91)90113-c · Cited by 105 · see citing works
CRE-Mediated Transcription Is Increased in Huntington's Disease Transgenic Mice
Obrietan, K. H., & Hoyt, K. R. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3493-03.2004 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationBarth, A. L., McKenna, M. A., Glazewski, S., Hill-Feltham, P., Impey, S., Storm, D. R., & Fox, K. D. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-11-04206.2000 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Kawaguchi, K., Hickey, R. W., Rose, M. E., et al. (2005) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2005.05.038 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
CREB is required for acquisition of ischemic tolerance in gerbil hippocampal CA1 region
Hara, T., Hamada, J., Yano, S., Morioka, M., Kai, Y., & Ushio, Y. (2003) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01847.x · Cited by 92 · see citing works
A common pattern of persistent gene activation in human neocortical epileptic foci
Rakhade, S. N., Yao, B. W., Ahmed, S. F., Asano, E., Beaumont, T., Shah, A. K., Drăghici, S., Krauss, R., Chugani, H. T., Sood, S., et al. (2005) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.20633 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Schweitzer, J. S., Patrylo, P. R., & Dudek, F. E. (1992) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1992.68.6.2016 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Becker, A. J., Gillardon, F., Blümcke, I., Langendörfer, D., Beck, H., & Wiestler, O. D. (1999) · Molecular Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0169-328x(99)00060-1 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Jaworski, J., Mioduszewska, B., Sánchez‐Capelo, A., Figiel, I., Habas, A., Góźdź, A., Prószyński, T. J., Hetman, M., Mallet, J. J., & Kaczmarek, L. (2003) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-11-04519.2003 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Transcriptional Control of COX-2 via C/EBPβ
Wu, K. K., Liou, J., & Cieslik, K. A. (2005) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000157899.35660.61 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Thiel, G., Sarraj, J. A., Vinson, C., et al. (2004) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02882.x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Carbonell, W. S., & Mandell, J. (2003) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/089771503765172282 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Chen, J.-C., Huang, K., Wingerd, B. A., Wu, W., & Lin, W. (2004) · Experimental Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.05.039 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Progressive cognitive decline in epilepsy: an indication of ongoing plasticity
Stefan, H., & Pauli, E. (2002) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(02)35038-6 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Zhuang, S., Cassenaer, S., Casteel, D. E., Gudi, T., Boss, G. R., & Pilz, R. B. (2003) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.23.12.4066-4082.2003 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Transcriptional Regulation of Cyclooxygenase-2 Gene in Pancreatic β-Cells
Yang, F., & Bleich, D. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m404055200 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Orzi, F., Zoli, M., Passarelli, F., Ferraguti, F., Fieschi, C., & Agnati, L. F. (1990) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(90)91343-f · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Taupin, V., Gogusev, J., Descamps‐Latscha, B., & Zavala, F. (1993) · Molecular Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0026-895x(25)13441-x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
The dual role of prostaglandin E2 in excitotoxicity and preconditioning-induced neuroprotection
Gendron, T. F., Brunette, E., Tauskela, J. S., & Morley, P. (2005) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.05.031 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Cho, M. K., Cho, Y. H., Lee, G. H., et al. (2004) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2004.02.024 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Gass, P., Bruehl, C., Herdegen, T., et al. (1997) · Molecular Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0169-328x(96)00300-2 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Chronic activation of CREB and p90RSK in human epileptic hippocampus
Park, S. A., Kim, T. S., Choi, K. S., Park, H. J., Heo, K., & Lee, B. I. (2003) · Experimental & Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/emm.2003.48 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationHerdegen, T., Fiallos-Estrada, C. E., Schmid, W., et al. (1992) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/0304-3940(92)90619-i · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Ong, W., Lim, H. C., Lim, T., et al. (2000) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s002219900329 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Vitamin E prevents the neuronal cell death by repressing cyclooxygenase-2 activity
Ezaki, Y., Nishihara, E., Shibata, Y., et al. (2005) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200508010-00006 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Jeon, G. S., Shin, D. H., & Cho, S. S. (2004) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2004.01.017 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Revuelta, M., Castaño, A., Venero, J. L., Machado, A. M., & Cano, J. (2001) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00032-x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The role of inflammation in epilepsy
Vezzani, A., French, J., Bartfai, T., & Baram, T. Z. (2011) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2010.178 · Cited by 1,876 · see citing works
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Brain Disorders: Focus on Neuroinflammation
Lima Giacobbo, B., Doorduin, J., Klein, H. C., Dierckx, R. A. J. O., Bromberg, E., & de Vries, E. F. J. (2019) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-018-1283-6 · Cited by 750 · see citing works
Effects of Microglia on Neurogenesis
Sato, K. (2015) · Glia · doi:10.1002/glia.22858 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lee, B., Dziema, H., Lee, K. H., Choi, Y.-S., & Obrietan, K.
- Affiliations
- The Ohio State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Obrietan, Karl
- Venue
- Neurobiology of Disease
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-01
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 80-91
- ISSN
- 0969-9961 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC1900429
- OpenAlex
- W2054401541
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 3.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neurobiology of Disease (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- American Heart Association
- Epilepsy Foundation
- Ohio State University
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH062335)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS047176, P30NS045758, NS47176)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Epilepsy research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- status epilepticus, CREB, cyclooxygenase-2, pilocarpine model, reactive astrocytes, microglia, hippocampus, glial gene expression, neuronal cell death, neuroinflammation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Astrocytes, Cell Line, Data Interpretation, Statistical, Fluoresceins, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Fluorescent Dyes, Immunohistochemistry, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Transgenic, Organic Chemicals, Pilocarpine, Status Epilepticus, Transcription, Genetic, Blotting, Western, Signal Transduction, Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic, Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein, Microglia, Genes, Reporter, Muscarinic Agonists, Mice, Cyclooxygenase 2
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
