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Biobehavior of the human love of salt.
Abstract
We are beginning to understand why humans ingest so much salt. Here we address three issues: The first is whether our salt appetite is similar to that in animals, which we understand well. Our analysis suggests that this is doubtful, because of important differences between human and animal love of salt. The second issue then becomes how our predilection for salt is determined, for which we have a partial description, resting on development, conditioning, habit, and dietary culture. The last issue is the source of individual variation in salt avidity. We have partial answers to that too in the effects of perinatal sodium loss, sodium loss teaching us to seek salt, and gender. Other possibilities are suggested. From animal sodium appetite we humans may retain the lifelong enhancement of salt intake due to perinatal sodium loss, and a predisposition to learn the benefits of salt when in dire need. Nevertheless, human salt intake does not fit the biological model of a regulated sodium appetite. Indeed this archetypal 'wisdom of the body' fails us in all that has to do with behavioral regulation of this most basic need.
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“This may be why people who experience a novel salt appetite sometimes report feeling slightly ill, but do not necessarily crave salt (Leshem, 2009).”
From Evolving Concepts of Emotion and Motivation (2018) · cites this paper as Leshem, 2009
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“This could be due to the fact that both salt and fat stimulate appetite [38].”
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“이와 같이 고혈압 등 만성 질환 발생과 밀접한 관계가 있는 짠맛기호도는 유전적, 사회 적, 심리적 요인 등 여러 가지 요인에 의해 결정되지만 그 지 역의 식문화와 개인의 식습관이 가장 크게 기여한다(Leshem 2009)고 한다.”
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Clerjon, S., Sabbagh, N. E., Pagés, G., Traoré, A. S., & Bonny, J.-M. (2021) · Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry · doi:10.1002/mrc.5239 · Cited by 4
Endocrine hypertension: What is new?
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Manevitz, Z., Leshem, M., Heled, Y., Epstein, Y., Gershon, B., & Kodesh, E. (2021) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105181 · Cited by 4
Influence of Sensation and Liking on Eating and Drinking
Hayes, J. E. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75388-1_21-1 · Cited by 4
ESPECIARIAS E CONDIMENTOS AUMENTAM A INGESTÃO ALIMENTAR DE PACIENTES COM DIETA HIPOSSÓDICA?
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Nutritional management of sodium, chloride, and water in kidney disease and kidney failure
Burnier, M. (2022) · Nutritional Management of Renal Disease · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818540-7.00038-0
A Review on the Role of Sea Salt in Food and its Applications for Human Health
Dao, T.-K., Nguyen, T.-T., & Vu, N.-T. (2024) · Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0118756298273343231128062213 · Cited by 2
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Kawaoka, T., Sakaguchi, Y., Oka, T., Doi, Y., Yamamoto, R., Matsui, I., Mizui, M., Kaimori, J.-Y., & Isaka, Y. (2026) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/68447 · Cited by 1
“Established eating habits are a putative determinant of human salt intake [39].”
Ribeiro, P., Sigulem, D. M., & Morais, T. B. (2014) · Food and Nutrition Sciences · doi:10.4236/fns.2014.513135 · Cited by 1
Epigenetic Programming of Water Drinking and Sodium Intake
Mecawi, A. S., Greenwood, M. P., & Argüelles, J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55530-0_122 · Cited by 1
Sal - perspetiva histórica, composição química, consumo, preço, doenças associadas e alternativas
Escola Superior de Saúde de Leiria do Instituto Politécnico de Leiria Campus 2 - Morro do Lena, A. D. V. A. 4., Neto, I. N. D. C., Cravo, L., Escola Superior de Saúde de Leiria do Instituto Politécnico de Leiria Campus 2 - Morro do Lena, A. D. V. A. 4., Valente, M., Escola Superior de Saúde de Leiria do Instituto Politécnico de Leiria Campus 2 - Morro do Lena, A. D. V. A. 4., Peixoto, Í., Escola Superior de Saúde de Leiria do Instituto Politécnico de Leiria Campus 2 - Morro do Lena, A. D. V. A. 4., Martinha, I., Escola Superior de Saúde de Leiria do Instituto Politécnico de Leiria Campus 2 - Morro do Lena, A. D. V. A. 4., et al. (2023) · Acta Portuguesa de Nutrição · doi:10.21011/apn.2023.3307 · Cited by 1
Smell and salt: A delicate balance in health and disease
Ułamek-Kozioł, M., Januszewski, S., Pluta, R. M., & Jabłoński, M. (2013) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2013.11.010 · Cited by 1
A longitudinal comparison of two salt reduction strategies and acceptability of a low sodium food
Bobowski, N. K. (2013) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) · Cited by 1
Dietary Sodium Intake, Sweat Sodium, Salt Appetite and Exercise
Carr, R. M. (2015) · Otago University Research Archive (University of Otago) · Cited by 1
Mitchell, M. (2011) · University of Limerick Institutional Repository (University of Limerick) · Cited by 1
Salt intake in a sample of adult population of Novi Sad
Popović, M. B. (2013) · doi:10.2298/ns20130426popovic · Cited by 1
The sensitization of sodium appetite
Hurley, S. W., Freeman, J. H., BLUMBERG, M. S., Johnson, A. K., Radley, J. J., & LaLumiere, R. T. (2015) · doi:10.17077/etd.10le4fwk
“Currently there is no evidence that supports the idea that sodium depletion during adulthood produces life-long increases in need-free salt intake [97].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Leshem, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Haifa (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Leshem, Micah
- ORCID
- Leshem, Micah
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-17
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2127572062
- Cited by
- 122
- References
- 249
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 0.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Biochemical Analysis and Sensing Techniques
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Keywords
- salt appetite, sodium appetite, salt intake, human-animal differences, food culture, habit, conditioning, gender differences
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Appetite, Feeding Behavior, Humans, Satiation, Sodium, Dietary
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