Cited by 291Sleep and Wakefulness ResearchCircadian rhythm and melatoninSleep and related disorders

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The energy allocation function of sleep: A unifying theory of sleep, torpor, and continuous wakefulness

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Schmidt, Markus H.·2014·Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

DOI 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.08.001

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Abstract

The energy allocation (EA) model defines behavioral strategies that optimize the temporal utilization of energy to maximize reproductive success. This model proposes that all species of the animal kingdom share a universal sleep function that shunts waking energy utilization toward sleep-dependent biological investment. For endotherms, REM sleep evolved to enhance energy appropriation for somatic and CNS-related processes by eliminating thermoregulatory defenses and skeletal muscle tone. Alternating REM with NREM sleep conserves energy by decreasing the need for core body temperature defense. Three EA phenotypes are proposed: sleep-wake cycling, torpor, and continuous (or predominant) wakefulness. Each phenotype carries inherent costs and benefits. Sleep-wake cycling downregulates specific biological processes in waking and upregulates them in sleep, thereby decreasing energy demands imposed by wakefulness, reducing cellular infrastructure requirements, and resulting in overall energy conservation. Torpor achieves the greatest energy savings, but critical biological operations are compromised. Continuous wakefulness maximizes niche exploitation, but endures the greatest energy demands. The EA model advances a new construct for understanding sleep-wake organization in ontogenetic and phylogenetic domains.

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Authors: Schmidt, M. H.
Corresponding author: Schmidt, Markus H.
ORCID: Schmidt, Markus H.
Venue: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2014-11
Volume: 47
Pages: 122-153
ISSN: 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.08.001
OpenAlex: W2009286795
Cited by: 291
References: 412
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 2
FWCI: 1.93
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ (vor)
Locations: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: University of Toronto
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Keywords: sleep function, REM sleep, NREM sleep, sleep-wake cycle, torpor, energy conservation, endotherms, thermoregulation, skeletal muscle tone, reproductive success, sleep evolution
MeSH terms: Animals, Circadian Rhythm, Electroencephalography, Energy Metabolism, Models, Theoretical, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, Wakefulness, Torpor

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The energy allocation function of sleep: A unifying theory of sleep, torpor, and continuous wakefulness

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