Call it worm sleep
Open accessAbstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans stops feeding and moving during a larval transition stage called lethargus and following exposure to cellular stressors. These behaviors have been termed 'sleep-like states'. We argue that these behaviors should instead be called sleep. Sleep during lethargus is similar to sleep regulated by circadian timers in insects and mammals, and sleep in response to cellular stress is similar to sleep induced by sickness in other animals. Sleep in mammals and Drosophila shows molecular and functional conservation with C. elegans sleep. The simple neuroanatomy and powerful genetic tools of C. elegans have yielded insights into sleep regulation and hold great promise for future research into sleep regulation and function.
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There is evidence that Caenorhabditis elegans sleeps.
“There is even evidence that Caenorhabditis elegans sleeps.27”
From The overfitted brain: Dreams evolved to assist generalization (2021) · cites this paper as [27]
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- [92]Lenz O 2015 Brain, Behavior, and Immunity Brain, Behaviour, and Immunity 47 141 148 PMC4467992 25668617
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Neuronal Mechanisms for Sleep/Wake Regulation and Modulatory Drive
Eban-Rothschild, A., Appelbaum, L., & de Lecea, L. (2018) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2017.294 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
Exploring phylogeny to find the function of sleep
Anafi, R. C., Kayser, M. S., & Raizen, D. M. (2019) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-018-0098-9 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Jellyfish Cassiopea Exhibits a Sleep-like State
Nath, R. D., Bedbrook, C. N., Abrams, M. J., Basinger, T., Bois, J. S., Prober, D. A., Sternberg, P. W., Gradinaru, V., & Goentoro, L. (2017) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.08.014 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Unraveling the evolutionary determinants of sleep
Joiner, W. J. (2016) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.08.068 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
The overfitted brain: Dreams evolved to assist generalization
Hoel, E. (2021) · Patterns · doi:10.1016/j.patter.2021.100244 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Schwarz, J., & Bringmann, H. (2017) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.24846 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
- Authors
- Trojanowski, N. F., & Raizen, D. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Raizen, David M.
- Venue
- Trends in Neurosciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-02
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 54-62
- ISSN
- 0166-2236 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4738085
- OpenAlex
- W2204439106
- Cited by
- 132
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 11
- FWCI
- 1.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Trends in Neurosciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T32HL007953)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R21NS091500, R01NS088432)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- Caenorhabditis elegans, sleep, sleep-like state, cellular stress, circadian rhythm, sleep regulation, larval development
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Locomotion, Nerve Net, Sleep, Species Specificity, Caenorhabditis elegans, Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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