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The neurocognitive consequences of sleep restriction: A meta-analytic review
Abstract
The current meta-analytic review evaluated the effects of experimentally manipulated sleep restriction on neurocognitive functioning. Random-effects models were employed to estimate the overall effect size and the differential effect size across cognitive domains. Age, time of day, age-adjusted sleep deficit, cumulative days of restricted sleep, sleep latency, subjective sleepiness, and biological sex were examined as potential moderators of the effect. Based on a sample of 61 studies, from 71 different populations, findings revealed a significant negative effect of sleep restriction on cognitive processing across cognitive domains (g=-0.383, p<0.001). This effect held for executive functioning (g=-0.324, p<0.001), sustained attention (g=-0.409, p<0.001), and long-term memory (g=-0.192, p=0.002). There was insufficient evidence to detect an effect within the domains of attention, multitask, impulsive decision-making or intelligence. Age group, time of day, cumulative days of restricted sleep, sleep latency, subjective sleepiness, and biological sex were all significant moderators of the overall effect. In conclusion, the current meta-analysis is the first comprehensive review to provide evidence that short-term sleep restriction significantly impairs waking neurocognitive functioning.
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“Sleep disruption is a symptom of TBI that can affect other known outcomes of injury because a lack of proper sleep disrupts healthy living.10–15”
From Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury on the Orexin/Hypocretin System (2025) · cites this paper as [12]
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“Notably, SD also interferes with the cognitive function of individuals, including sustained attention, executive function, and long-term memory, which affects working performance.(5,6) The effect of SD on cognitive functions can be reliably probed using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).”
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Akkuş, P. Z., & Bahtiyar‐Saygan, B. (2022) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2022.01.012 · Cited by 13
Desjardins, S., & Grandbois, M. (2022) · Sleep Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.sleepe.2022.100038 · Cited by 19
Smevik, H., Habli, S., Saksvik, S. B., Kliem, E., Evensmoen, H. R., Conde, V., Petroni, A., Asarnow, R. F., Dennis, E. L., Eikenes, L., et al. (2023) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhad024 · Cited by 14
“…as most studies on this topic have focused on clinical, adolescent, or aging populations, and / or have included experimental manipulations of sleep or circadian rhythm (Scullin and Bliwise 2015; Krause et al. 2017; Lowe et al. 2017; Short et al. 2020; Tahmasian et al. 2021; Qin et al. 2023).”
BackgroundMiranda, A. H., Peek, E. M., Ancoli‐Israel, S., Young, J. W., Perry, W., & Minassian, A. (2023) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2023.2232497 · Cited by 13
“…or circadian rhythm (CR) disturbances occur, there are often rippling effects across human health, including aspects of neurocognition, psychiatric health, metabolic health, and cardiovascular health (Broussard & Cauter, 2016; Lee et al., 2009; Lowe et al., 2017; Van Someren et al., 2015).”
BackgroundArtificial Intelligence Modelling Human Mental Fatigue: A Comprehensive Survey
Lambert, A., Soni, A., Soukane, A., Ramdane-Chérif, A., & Rabat, A. (2023) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2023.126999 · Cited by 15
Licata, F., Maruca, R., Citrino, E. A., & Bianco, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1392571 · Cited by 15
Sleep deprivation directly following eyeblink-conditioning impairs memory consolidation
Zeeuw, C. I. D., & Canto, C. B. (2020) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107165 · Cited by 16
Insufficient Sleep Syndrome: A Blind Spot in Our Vision of Healthy Sleep
Mader, E. C., Mader, A. C. L., & Singh, P. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.30928 · Cited by 13
“CSD decreases vigilance and disrupts other cognitive functions, leading to delayed reaction time, degraded motor performance, lower stress tolerance, anxiety, and impaired judgment [4,13,14].”
BackgroundThe Nexus Between Sleep Disturbance and Delirium Among Intensive Care Patients
Delaney, L., Litton, E., & van Haren, F. M. P. (2021) · Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.cnc.2021.01.001 · Cited by 15
The vicious interplay between disrupted sleep and malignant brain tumors: a narrative review
Orešković, D., Kaštelančić, A., Raguž, M., Dlaka, D., Predrijevac, N., Matec, D., Matec, M., Tomac, D., Jeleč, V., Marinović, T., et al. (2021) · Croatian Medical Journal · doi:10.3325/cmj.2021.62.376 · Cited by 13
“Indeed, patients with disrupted sleep have been found to have a higher prevalence of several diseases, such as cardiovascular disorders (21), cognitive impairment (22), various metabolic disorders and obesity (23,24), and systemic and local inflammation (25,26).”
Brunyé, T. T., Yau, K., Okano, K., Elliott, G., Olenich, S., Giles, G. E., Navarro, E., Elkin-Frankston, S., Young, A. L., & Miller, E. L. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.738973 · Cited by 14
“…2010a; Lim and Dinges, 2010; McMorris et al., 2011; Chang et al., 2012; Jackson et al., 2013; Olver et al., 2015; Shields et al., 2015, 2016; Ludyga et al., 2016; Muley et al., 2016; Starcke and Brand, 2016; Bajunaid et al., 2017; Lowe et al., 2017; Gallicchio et al., 2019; Connaboy et al., 2020”
Recovery sleep attenuates impairments in working memory following total sleep deprivation
Peng, Z., Wang, Y., Dai, C., Wang, H., Xie, S., Li, J., Zeng, L., Shao, Y.-C., & Fu, W. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1056788 · Cited by 15
“The deterioration of sustained attention seems to be a longlasting negative effect of SD (de Bruin et al., 2017; Lowe et al., 2017), and is likely caused by decreased arousal of the central nervous system (CNS) (Schneider and Fisk, 1984; Cote et al.”
BackgroundOurry, V., Rehel, S., André, C., Mary, A., Paly, L., Delarue, M., Requier, F., Hendy, A. S., Collette, F., Marchant, N. L., et al. (2023) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.204943 · Cited by 12
“From this examination, executive function and episodic memory composite scores were computed and were selected in the present study as they are both particularly sensitive to aging and AD [35, 53] and closely related to sleep quality [54, 55].”
MethodMoshel, M. L., Warburton, W., Thomasius, R., & Paschke, K. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/68571 · Cited by 18
“Various meta-analytic findings show a significantly negative effect of sleep restriction on executive functioning, sustained attention, and long-term memory, with the magnitude of the effect shown to increase with age [56-58].”
Cakal, E. (2019) · Torture Journal · doi:10.7146/torture.v29i2.109620 · Cited by 12
“A multitude of reviews exist in medical literature, which support this analysis (e.g., Beattie et al., 2014; Griffith & Mahadevan, 2015; Lowe et al., 2017; Pilcher & Huffcutt, 1996; Pires et al., 2016; Wickens et al., 2015).”
BackgroundGerhardsson, A., Porada, D. K., Lundström, J. N., Axelsson, J., & Schwarz, J. (2020) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13236 · Cited by 12
“This could be an indication of a general working memory decline or attention deficits commonly found after sleep restriction (Lowe et al., 2017) rather than being associated to specific feedback valence.”
InfluentialNeurobehavioural functions during variable and stable short sleep schedules
Koa, T. B., & Lo, J. C.-Y. (2020) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13252 · Cited by 10
“The detrimental effects of partial sleep deprivation on neurobehavioural functions are well documented (Lowe et al., 2017).”
BackgroundComparison effects of chronic sleep deprivation on juvenile and young adult mice
Li, Y., Xiao, X., Wang, L., Wang, Q., Liang, R., Zheng, C., Yang, J., & Ming, D. (2021) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13399 · Cited by 12
Jacobson, L. H., & Hoyer, D. (2022) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abo1822 · Cited by 12
de Queiroz, S. S., Ruiz, F. S., Prado, J. M. D. S., Silva, A., Frange, C., Narciso, F. V., Cruz, A. Â. D. S., Tufik, S., & de Mello, M. T. (2020) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2020.04.002 · Cited by 13
Papasideris, M., Ayaz, H., Safati, A. B., Morita, P. P., & Hall, P. A. (2021) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100983 · Cited by 16
“A recent meta-analysis found that sleep restriction has a significant and moderate negative effect on cognitive performance across the lifespan (Lowe et al., 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRisk and protective factors associated with adolescent depression in Singapore: a systematic review
Goh, W. S., Tan, J. H. N., Luo, Y., Ng, S. H., Sulaiman, M. S. B. M., Wong, J. C. M., & Loh, V. W. K. (2023) · Singapore Medical Journal · doi:10.4103/singaporemedj.smj-2021-192 · Cited by 13
Sleep and memory consolidation in aging: A neuroimaging perspective
Hamel, A., Mary, A., & Rauchs, G. (2023) · Revue Neurologique · doi:10.1016/j.neurol.2023.08.003 · Cited by 12
A continuum hypothesis of psychotomimetic rapid antidepressants
Haarsma, J., Harmer, C. J., & Tamm, S. (2021) · Brain and Neuroscience Advances · doi:10.1177/23982128211007772 · Cited by 13
“In healthy volunteers, the most prominent effects of sleep deprivation are an increase in sleepiness as well as decreased performance in attentional tasks in a dose-dependent manner (Lowe et al., 2017).”
Sleep Loss, Daytime Sleepiness, and Neurobehavioral Performance among Adolescents: A Field Study
Tzischinsky, O., & Barel, E. (2022) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep4010015 · Cited by 11
Schwebel, D. C., Long, D. L., Gowey, M. A., Severson, J., He, Y., & Trullinger, K. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10345-3 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Lowe, C. J., Safati, A., & Hall, P. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Lowe, Cassandra J.
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-09
- Volume
- 80
- Pages
- 586-604
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2741266150
- Cited by
- 520
- References
- 221
- Citations by year
- 2026: 63 · 2025: 86 · 2024: 75 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 4.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- sleep restriction, neuropsychological performance, executive function, sustained attention, long-term memory, sleep deprivation, subjective sleepiness, sleep latency, age differences, sex differences, time of day
- MeSH terms
- Cognition, Humans, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation
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