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The neurocognitive consequences of sleep restriction: A meta-analytic review

Lowe, Cassandra J., Safati, Adrian, Hall, Peter A.·2017·Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

DOI 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.07.010

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Abstract

The current meta-analytic review evaluated the effects of experimentally manipulated sleep restriction on neurocognitive functioning. Random-effects models were employed to estimate the overall effect size and the differential effect size across cognitive domains. Age, time of day, age-adjusted sleep deficit, cumulative days of restricted sleep, sleep latency, subjective sleepiness, and biological sex were examined as potential moderators of the effect. Based on a sample of 61 studies, from 71 different populations, findings revealed a significant negative effect of sleep restriction on cognitive processing across cognitive domains (g=-0.383, p<0.001). This effect held for executive functioning (g=-0.324, p<0.001), sustained attention (g=-0.409, p<0.001), and long-term memory (g=-0.192, p=0.002). There was insufficient evidence to detect an effect within the domains of attention, multitask, impulsive decision-making or intelligence. Age group, time of day, cumulative days of restricted sleep, sleep latency, subjective sleepiness, and biological sex were all significant moderators of the overall effect. In conclusion, the current meta-analysis is the first comprehensive review to provide evidence that short-term sleep restriction significantly impairs waking neurocognitive functioning.

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“42 Therefore, during particularly demanding academic semesters that require great quantities of cognitively-complex learning, it is possible that allocating more time toward sleeping comes at the cost of lower academic performance.”
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Ledesma, L. M., Hyland, M. T., Chinn, L. K., Blacker, K. J., McHail, D. G., & Grigorenko, E. L. (2025) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usaf224 · Cited by 1
Pre-sleep arousal as a possible mechanism driving sleep problems in relation to ADHD traits
Smullen, D., Kolodny, T., Bagshaw, A. P., & Mevorach, C. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-09866-3 · Cited by 2
“There is some evidence which suggests that poor sleep can result in ADHD-like symptoms in non-ADHD individuals, for example impeding both sustained attention and response inhibition 23–27 .”
Sleep longer, think sharper: extra sleep offsets poor sleep quality in young-old adults
Cho, K., & Lee, S. (2025) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbaf132 · Cited by 1
“Short sleep hours and poor sleep quality are related to lowered executive functioning, including decreased control for inhibition, maintaining attention, and retrieving memory (Chee & Tan, 2010; Lowe et al., 2017; Wüst et al., 2024).”
The Effect of Sleep Loss on Retrospective Metacognitive Judgements Across Five Cognitive Tests
Sundelin, T., Jemstedt, A., Gavel, A., Schwartz, B. L., & Axelsson, J. (2025) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.70141 · Cited by 3
“Sleep loss has a negative impact on a range of cognitive abilities, from simple attention to working memory and executive functioning (Lim and Dinges 2010; Lowe et al. 2017).”
The interplay between bilingualism and sleep quality in modulating executive performance
Terekhina, L., Gallo, F., Myachykov, A., Ellis, J. G., Юрьевич, Ш. Ю., & Abutalebi, J. (2025) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728925100345 · Cited by 1
Static and dynamic pupillary changes reflect autonomic effects of acute sleep deprivation in healthy adults
Kocabaş, D. Ö., Atalay, B., & Sag, A. T. (2025) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2025.106795 · Cited by 1
Resveratrol Improves Cognitive Function in Sleep‐Deprived Mice by Inhibiting p38 MAPK Signaling Pathway
Tang, Y., Xie, X., Wu, H., Huang, X., Qiu, J., Han, Y., Peng, K., Zeng, K., & Wu, X. (2025) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.70816 · Cited by 1
“Neuroimaging studies have revealed scattered changes in frontoparietal control areas, secondary sensory processing areas, and thalamic areas in patients with SD, as compared with controls, suggesting alterations in cognitive function (Lowe et al. 2017).”
Relationship between sleep characteristics, motor development, and sensory processing in late preterm infants
Zorlular, R., Zorlular, A., & Elbasan, B. (2025) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2025.106851 · Cited by 1
Commonality and diversity of impairments in inhibitory tasks after total sleep deprivation: evidence from drift diffusion model
Cao, Y., Luo, J., Li, J., Wang, L. E., & Ma, N. (2025) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaf355 · Cited by 1
Quick Returns: A Quasi‐Experimental Field Study on the Effects on Sleep, Fatigue and Cognitive Performance
Öster, K., Söderström, M., Tucker, P., Axelsson, J., Kecklund, G., & Dahlgren, A. (2025) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.70244 · Cited by 1
“The less sleep people get, and the more days with restricted sleep, the greater the decline (Lowe et al. 2017).”
Sleep assessment technologies for premature infants: a comprehensive review of traditional methods and emerging innovations
Chen, Y., Xia⁃mei, S., & Gao, H. (2025) · Interdisciplinary Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/nr9.0000000000000098 · Cited by 1
Hydrogen‐Mediated Activation of the Nrf2/ HO ‐1 Signaling Pathway Improves Cognitive Impairment in Sleep‐Deprived Mice
Xiao, Q., Zhou, S., Tang, B., & Zhu, Y. (2026) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cns.70770 · Cited by 3
Sleep deprivation alters early event-related potentials during emotional face processing in adults with ADHD
Dan, O., Haimov, I., Harel, A., Asraf, K., Saveliev, J., Raz, S., & Cohen, A. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-38376-z · Cited by 1
“…employing oddball tasks with emotional-faces stimuli 29,58,59 , mean amplitudes of these ERP components were quantified at the frontal scalp location (average of channels 4, 10, 11, 16, 18, and 19) and at the posterior-parietal scalp location (average of channels 59, 66, 71, 76, 84, and 91).”
Neurobehavioral functions and sleep architecture during polyphasic and monophasic short sleep schedules
Koa, T. B., & Lo, J. C.-Y. (2026) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsag031 · Cited by 1
“Since neurobehavioral responses to both sleep restriction [56], as well as split sleep without sleep deficiency (sleep:wake ratio=1:2) [57] differ across age groups,future studies should explore the possibility that polyphasic short sleep may differentially affect young and older individuals.”
Mind–body exercise and anxiety in middle-aged and older adults: a sequential mediation model of emotion regulation and sleep quality
Zheng, Y., Liang, H., & Ma, X. (2026) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1763761 · Cited by 2
From high-dimensional EEG to robust sleep deprivation detection via optimal feature selection and ensemble learning
Khan, S., Noorani, S. H., Raheel, A., Arsalan, A., & Hassan, S. R. (2026) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110078 · Cited by 1
Depth Perception Cues in VR Under Sleep Deprivation
Zaman, A. R. T., Baumeister, J., Kruijff, E., Veas, E. E., Krajnc, A., & ElSayed, N. (2026) · IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces (VR) · doi:10.1109/vr67842.2026.00053 · Cited by 1
“We expected blur to be less vulnerable to fatigue related reductions in response probability than text or color, because explicit cues require symbolic decoding that becomes more fragile under reduced attentional stability [50, 53, 29].”
Melatonin alleviates retrieval-induced forgetting deficits in acute sleep deprivation mice
Zhu, H., Li, Y., Li, Y., & Wang, W. (2026) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2026.116315 · Cited by 1
Meditative practices, stress and sleep among students studying complementary and integrative health: a cross-sectional analysis
Sadowski, A., Wexler, R. S., Hanes, D. A., Buttolph, L., Torrens, T., Moehle, J., Sarrar, H., Harnett, J., Zava, D. T., & Bradley, R. D. (2022) · BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12906-022-03582-5 · Cited by 4
Sommeil et performances
Rabat, A. (2022) · Revue Défense Nationale · doi:10.3917/rdna.hs07.0025 · Cited by 1
QUALIDADE DO SONO DE UNIVERSITÁRIOS: ASSOCIAÇÃO COM O ESTADO NUTRICIONAL E HÁBITOS ALIMENTARES
Gonçalves, B., & França, V. F. (2021) · Acta Elit Salutis · doi:10.48075/aes.v5i1.28546 · Cited by 1
The Relationship between Excessive Daytime Sleepiness and Cumulative Achievement Index of Medical Student in Atma Jaya Faculty of Medicine Batch 2018
Andriani, J. C., & Barus, J. F. A. (2022) · Journal of Urban Health Research · doi:10.25170/juhr.v1i1.3857 · Cited by 1
“Students were considered to have mild EDS if the total score was more than 10, which further classified into mild EDS (11-12), moderate EDS (13-15), and severe EDS (1624).”
Background
Wireless Sensors Measure the Neural Effects of Sleep Debt on Prospective Memory for Pilots
Guirguis, M., Benthem, K. V., & Herdman, C. M. (2023) · IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS) · doi:10.1109/sas58821.2023.10254049 · Cited by 1
“Post sleep deprivation, the cerebral glucose metabolic rate was found to be reduced in the prefrontal cortex, which is evidence of the underlying biological sequelae of sleep debt [20].”
Background
Sleep in everyday life – relationship to mood and performance in young and older adults: a study protocol
Schwarz, J., Freidle, M., van Leeuwen, W., Åkerstedt, T., & Kecklund, G. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1264881 · Cited by 2
Acute effects of a simulated quick return on subjective sleepiness, mood, and cognitive performance: A laboratory crossover controlled trial
Holmelid, Ø., Harris, A., Pallesen, S., Bjorvatn, B., Vedaa, Ø., Waage, S., Nielsen, M. B., Djupedal, I. L. R., & Sunde, E. (2024) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2024.2380736 · Cited by 2
“Meta-analyses have further shown that the effects of sleep restriction vary across different cognitive domains, where tests within the simple attention domain, such as the PVT, tend to be particularly vulnerable to sleep restriction (Lowe et al. 2017; Wickens et al. 2015; Wüst et al. 2024).”
Sleep Parameters of Breathing and Cognitive Function in a Diverse Hispanic/Latino Cohort
González, K. A., Tarraf, W., Sultana, S. A., Junco, B., Kosik, E. L., Voytek, B., González, H. M., & Ramos, A. R. (2024) · CHEST Pulmonary · doi:10.1016/j.chpulm.2024.100102 · Cited by 1
“19 Most participants in this sample had low levels of OSA (based on REI), and thus these breathing markers could help create a more comprehensive picture of SDB and sleep health, as well as better characterize how these factors relate to cognition.”
Hunting safety
Schwebel, D. C., & Thomson, N. D. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95272-9.00036-x · Cited by 1
Sleep Health
Vorster, A. P. A., Someren, E. J. W. V., Pack, A. I., Huber, R., Schmidt, M. H., & Bassetti, C. L. (2025) · Ural Medical Journal · doi:10.52420/umj.24.1.159 · Cited by 2
The REM effect: How sleep stages influence learning strategies in complex reward-based decision-making
Kavaliotis, E., Mahlberg, J., Bennett, D., Verdejo-García, A., Ogeil, R. P., & Drummond, S. P. A. (2025) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2025.108072 · Cited by 1
“…in disorders characterised by compulsive reward behaviour via the negative impact of sleep loss on relevant cognitive domains (Banks & Dinges, 2007; Lowe, Safati, & Hall, 2017), such as impaired cognitive flexibility (Honn, Hinson, Whitney, & Van Dongen, 2019; Whitney et al., 2017), and attention…”
Sleep Health and Risk of Psychiatric Symptoms
(2020) · AAP Grand Rounds · doi:10.1542/gr.43-4-39 · Cited by 1
Effort during prolonged wakefulness is associated with performance to attentional and executive tasks but not with cortical excitability in late-middle-aged healthy individuals.
Mouraux, C., Egroo, M. V., Chylinski, D., Narbutas, J., Phillips, C. L. M., Salmon, É., Maquet, P., Bastin, C., Collette, F., & Vandewalle, G. (2022) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000868 · Cited by 2
The Correlation of Sleep Quality and Cognitive Function In Students Of the Faculty Medicine during the Covid-19 Pandemic
Felicia, C., & Hawari, I. (2023) · Contagion Scientific Periodical Journal of Public Health and Coastal Health · doi:10.30829/contagion.v5i1.14989 · Cited by 2
“Other previous studies have discussed about the correlation between sleep deprivation and cognitive function with varying results (Lowe et al., 2017).”
Background
The effectiveness and persistence of LTP on synaptic plasticity during sleep and sleep deprivation
Zhuang, Y. (2023) · Theoretical and Natural Science · doi:10.54254/2753-8818/27/20240748 · Cited by 1
Investigation into the neurocognitive mechanisms underlying self-regulatory processes in eating behaviours
Lowe, C. J. (2017) · UWSpace (University of Waterloo)
Self-citation
Recovery Sleep Attenuates Impairments in Working Memory Following Total Sleep DeprivationPreprint
Peng, Z., Wang, Y., Dai, C., Wang, L.-T., Xie, S., Li, J., Zeng, L., Shao, Y., & Fu, W. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-88727/v1
Healthy sleep: basic sleep tips
Yuen, K. M. (2021) · Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822963-7.00002-5

Authors: Lowe, C. J., Safati, A., & Hall, P. A.
Affiliations: University of Waterloo (CA)
Corresponding author: Lowe, Cassandra J.
ORCID: Lowe, Cassandra J.
Safati, Adrian
Hall, Peter A.
Venue: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2017-09
Volume: 80
Pages: 586-604
ISSN: 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.07.010
OpenAlex: W2741266150
Cited by: 520
References: 221
Citations by year: 2026: 63 · 2025: 86 · 2024: 75 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 2
FWCI: 4.41
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Keywords: sleep restriction, neuropsychological performance, executive function, sustained attention, long-term memory, sleep deprivation, subjective sleepiness, sleep latency, age differences, sex differences, time of day
MeSH terms: Cognition, Humans, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation

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The neurocognitive consequences of sleep restriction: A meta-analytic review

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