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The neurocognitive consequences of sleep restriction: A meta-analytic review
Abstract
The current meta-analytic review evaluated the effects of experimentally manipulated sleep restriction on neurocognitive functioning. Random-effects models were employed to estimate the overall effect size and the differential effect size across cognitive domains. Age, time of day, age-adjusted sleep deficit, cumulative days of restricted sleep, sleep latency, subjective sleepiness, and biological sex were examined as potential moderators of the effect. Based on a sample of 61 studies, from 71 different populations, findings revealed a significant negative effect of sleep restriction on cognitive processing across cognitive domains (g=-0.383, p<0.001). This effect held for executive functioning (g=-0.324, p<0.001), sustained attention (g=-0.409, p<0.001), and long-term memory (g=-0.192, p=0.002). There was insufficient evidence to detect an effect within the domains of attention, multitask, impulsive decision-making or intelligence. Age group, time of day, cumulative days of restricted sleep, sleep latency, subjective sleepiness, and biological sex were all significant moderators of the overall effect. In conclusion, the current meta-analysis is the first comprehensive review to provide evidence that short-term sleep restriction significantly impairs waking neurocognitive functioning.
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“Sleep disruption is a symptom of TBI that can affect other known outcomes of injury because a lack of proper sleep disrupts healthy living.10–15”
From Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury on the Orexin/Hypocretin System (2025) · cites this paper as [12]
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“20 Additionally, a 2018 study on chronic sleep deprivation found it impaired neurobehavioral performance and self-assessment of alertness.”
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“These scales exhibit an inverse Brain Sci. 2025 , 15 , 423 2 of 15 relationship between sleepiness scores and sleep duration, regardless of the number of nights of sleep restriction or deprivation [7].”
Lanièpce, A., Segobin, S. H., André, C., Bertran, F., Boudehent, C., Lahbairi, N., Maillard, A., Mary, A., Urso, L., Vabret, F., et al. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12062440 · Cited by 4
“However, sleep problems may exacerbate psychoaffective symptoms such as irritability and depression [18] and contribute to cognitive deficits, including executive [19] and memory deficits [19].”
BackgroundThe Impact of Multisession Sleep-Hygiene Strategies on Sleep Parameters in Elite Swimmers
Pasquier, F., Pla, R., Bosquet, L., Sauvet, F., Nédélec, M., & _, _. (2023) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2023-0018 · Cited by 4
Energy intake, hydration status, and sleep of world-class male archers during competition
Esen, Ö., Walshe, I. H., & Goodall, S. (2024) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2024.2345358 · Cited by 4
“Furthermore, insufficient sleep can lead to impaired cognitive performance such as sustained attention [15], psychomotor performance [16], as well as sport-specific accuracy skills [17].”
BackgroundEffects of Transition from Remote to In-Person Learning in University Students: A Longitudinal Study
Siteneski, A., de la Cruz-Velez, M., Escobar, K. M., Ospina, P. D., Fonseca–Restrepo, C., Barreiro-Linzán, M. D., García, G. A. C., & Gil‐Mohapel, J. (2024) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe14060118 · Cited by 5
Tian, M., Lin, L., Liu, Y., Qiu, S., Yang, Y., & Xu, Z. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06574-5 · Cited by 6
“The prefrontal cortex vulnerability hypothesis proposes that sleep loss causes a reversible functional lesion in the prefrontal cortex, which impairs neurocognitive functioning during wakefulness (Lowe et al., 2017).”
Fitzgerald, E. S., Manousakis, J. E., Glikmann‐Johnston, Y., Rankin, M., Anderson, C., Stout, J. C., & Jackson, M. L. (2024) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2024.08.026 · Cited by 4
Falck, R. S., Stein, R. G., Davis, J. C., Eng, J. J., Middleton, L. E., Hall, P. A., & Liu-Ambrose, T. Y. L. (2024) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glae264 · Cited by 9
“Sleep is critical to performance in multiple domains of cognitive function (51), including learning and memory (52).”
Self-citationThe effect of Sleep Deprivation on Cognitive Performance
Ansari, I. I., Ijaaz, F., Aslam, R., Fatima, A., Hayat, U., Sohail, M., & Sohail, M. (2025) · Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) · doi:10.61506/01.00577 · Cited by 6
Chronobiologische Interventionen zur Prävention und Therapie von Delirien bei Intensivpatienten
Schmidt, S., Hancke, L., Haußmann, R., & Luetz, A. (2022) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-022-01348-5 · Cited by 4
Falck, R. S., Best, J. R., Barha, C. K., Davis, J. C., & Liu-Ambrose, T. Y. L. (2022) · Maturitas · doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2022.08.007 · Cited by 4
Sommeil, cognition et apprentissage chez l’enfant et l’adolescent
Mazza, S., Royant‐Parola, S., Schroder, C. M., & Rey, A. E. (2024) · Bulletin de l Académie Nationale de Médecine · doi:10.1016/j.banm.2024.02.020 · Cited by 5
Associations between sleep habits and different impulsivity facets in adolescence
Panjeh, S., Pompéia, S., & Cogo‐Moreira, H. (2025) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2025.104962 · Cited by 5
Attention Regulation Among Sleep‐Deprived Air‐Force Pilots
Dolev, T., Maoz, I., Zubedat, S., Aga‐Mizrachi, S., Levkovsky, A., Nakdimon, I., Ben‐Ari, O., Grinstein, D., Gordon, B., & Avital, A. (2025) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.70052 · Cited by 4
“…that reviewed a sample of 61 studies, reveals significant negative effects of cognitive processing mainly across the following domains: executive and sustained attention as well as long-term memory (Lowe et al. 2017); hence the importance of adequate sleep in optimal cognitive functioning.”
InfluentialKakoschke, N., Dickinson, D. L., & Drummond, S. P. A. (2025) · Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/21642850.2025.2520838 · Cited by 3
“Furthermore, recent meta-analyses have indicated large effects of insufficient sleep on inhibition, albeit general rather than food-specific, as well as on tasks that captured other cognitive functions such as attention (Lowe et al., 2017).”
Rey, A. E., Touchette, É., & Mazza, S. (2025) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5406/19398298.138.1.02 · Cited by 3
Tamm, S., Jernelöv, S., Forsell, E., Eldh, A., de Oliveira, A. H., Maurex, L., Kaldo, V., & Blom, K. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07460-5 · Cited by 3
“Experimental studies of sleep deprivation as well as sleep disruption also highlight the clear link between sleep and cognition and have consistently shown negative effects on for example reaction times, sustained attention and memory as a result of lack of sleep [25, 26].”
Velzeboer, R., Wei, S., & Lai, W. W. K. (2025) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaf396 · Cited by 5
“Chronic cannabis use has been associated with attentional deficits [96], impaired executive functioning [97, 98], and mood dysregulation [99, 100], all of which are domains sensitive to disrupted sleep continuity [94, 101–104].”
Sleep Quality in Chilean Professional Soccer Players
Jorquera-Aguilera, C., Barahona-Fuentes, G. D. F., Peña, M. J. P., Yeomans‐Cabrera, M., & Ojeda, Á. H. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18115866 · Cited by 7
“On the contrary, generating a sleep restriction below the recommended time range (7 to 9 h) could generate a poor sleep quality [11], affecting the health of both common people [12,13] and”
BackgroundEffect of Acute and Chronic Sleep Deficit on Working and Long-Term Memory in Rats
Чернышев, М. В., Guzeev, M. A., & Ekimova, I. V. (2023) · Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology · doi:10.1134/s0022093023060182 · Cited by 3
Do, A. H., Schnitker, S. A., & Scullin, M. K. (2024) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2024.2394452 · Cited by 3
“Fluid intelligence was not expected to be influenced by sleep loss (for meta-analysis, see Lowe et al., 2017), and therefore the RAPM task served as a negative control to ensure the sleep manipulation was not simply leading to response bias or differential effort.”
Temporal bisection task as a predictor of cognitive deficits
de Arruda, M. V., Reyes, M. B., Glisoi, S. F. D. N., Herrmann, F., Verzili, B., & Galduróz, R. F. (2024) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.16554 · Cited by 3
“…sleep duration, often manipulated artificially in sleep laboratories, is associated with impaired cognitive functions, including declines in sustained attention, long-term memory and executive functions (Goel et al., 2009; Hudson et al., 2020; Killgore, 2010; Lowe et al., 2017; Smith et al., 2019).”
Wan, R., Tu, J., Gao, J., Cao, L., Zhang, L., Huang, J., & Liu, Z. (2024) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877241299452 · Cited by 3
“18,25 Another study conducted by the same research team found that extreme sleep duration was associated with cognitive decline.”
Negelspach, D., Kennedy, K. E. R., Huskey, A., Cha, J., Alkozei, A., & Killgore, W. D. S. (2025) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep7010015 · Cited by 3
“This is an important consideration, as sleep loss can be a strong predictor of neurocognitive deficits as well [38,39].”
Tekdemir, R., Uygur, H., Kandeğer, A., Kaya, S., Özaltın, M. S., Ergün, M. T., Babacan, H. E., Soylemez, H., Altınbaş, K., & Selvı, Y. (2025) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2025.2478133 · Cited by 3
“Disturbances in sleep have been shown to worsen impulsivity in healthy individuals; conversely, heightened impulsivity has also been shown to worsen sleep in these samples (Gillett et al. 2021; Lowe et al. 2017; Mcgowan and Coogan 2018).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Lowe, C. J., Safati, A., & Hall, P. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Waterloo (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Lowe, Cassandra J.
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-09
- Volume
- 80
- Pages
- 586-604
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2741266150
- Cited by
- 520
- References
- 221
- Citations by year
- 2026: 63 · 2025: 86 · 2024: 75 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 4.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- sleep restriction, neuropsychological performance, executive function, sustained attention, long-term memory, sleep deprivation, subjective sleepiness, sleep latency, age differences, sex differences, time of day
- MeSH terms
- Cognition, Humans, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation
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