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Resting-state fMRI functional connectivity and mindfulness in clinical and non-clinical contexts: A review and synthesis
Open accessAbstract
This review synthesizes relations between mindfulness and resting-state fMRI functional connectivity of brain networks. Mindfulness is characterized by present-moment awareness and experiential acceptance, and relies on attention control, self-awareness, and emotion regulation. We integrate studies of functional connectivity and (1) trait mindfulness and (2) mindfulness meditation interventions. Mindfulness is related to functional connectivity in the default mode (DMN), frontoparietal (FPN), and salience (SN) networks. Specifically, mindfulness-mediated functional connectivity changes include (1) increased connectivity between posterior cingulate cortex (DMN) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (FPN), which may relate to attention control; (2) decreased connectivity between cuneus and SN, which may relate to self-awareness; (3) increased connectivity between rostral anterior cingulate cortex region and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMN) and decreased connectivity between rostral anterior cingulate cortex region and amygdala region, both of which may relate to emotion regulation; and lastly, (4) increased connectivity between dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (SN) and anterior insula (SN) which may relate to pain relief. While further study of mindfulness is needed, neural signatures of mindfulness are emerging.
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“Studies have shown that trait anxiety is associated with pathological eating behaviors2”
From Neural correlates of a mindfulness-based intervention in anorexia nervosa (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
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BackgroundSelf-citationInteroceptive awareness: MBSR training alters information processing of salience network
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“The functional roles of DMN and ECN in mindful breathing and body-scan await further investigations.”
BackgroundInfluentialDefault Mode Network Functional Connectivity As a Transdiagnostic Biomarker of Cognitive Function
Tripathi, V., Batta, I., Zamani, A., Atad, D. A., Sheth, S. K. S., Zhang, J., Wager, T. D., Whitfield, S., Uddin, L. Q., Prakash, R. S., et al. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.12.016 · Cited by 32
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“…brain networks widely implicated in self-referential processing (default-mode network), awareness of bodily sensations (salience network), and attentional control (control network) during other meditation techniques involving focused attention (Ganesan, Beyer, et al., 2022; Sezer et al., 2022).”
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Self-citationIntermediate effects of mindfulness practice on the brain activity of college students: An EEG study
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“…in the thalamus, amygdala, PCC, periaqueductal gray, and hippocampus ( Tang et al., 2015; Wipplinger et al., 2023), as well as enhanced cortico-thalamic regulation ( Riegner et al., 2023) and increased within-SN connectivity between the anterior insula and dorsal ACC ( Sezer et al., 2022).”
InfluentialSelf-citationMindfulness-based neurofeedback: A systematic review of EEG and fMRI studies
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Exploring the Embodied Mind: Functional Connectome Fingerprinting of Meditation Expertise
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Meditation attenuates default-mode activity: A pilot study using ultra-high field 7 Tesla MRI
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Self-citationNeural correlates of a mindfulness-based intervention in anorexia nervosa
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Electroencephalography microstates highlight specific mindfulness traits
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“…in particular that mindfulness practices induce connectivity changes between SN, DMN and CEN in experienced meditators (Brewer et al., 2011; Sezer et al., 2022), as well as in novice meditators after training (Bremer et al., 2022; Creswell et al., 2016; Farb et al., 2007, 2013; Kral et…”
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“Additionally, studies on the neurophysiological mechanisms have shown that mindfulness can influence default mode (DMN), frontoparietal (FPN), and salience (SN) networks, explaining its favorable effects (70).”
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Risk Factors for Emergence of Sudden Unusual Mental or Somatic Experiences and Subsequent Suffering
Wright, M., Cha, V. L., Streifert, M. R., Ingram, D. M., & Sacchet, M. D. (2025) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026251330250 · Cited by 8
“…positive effects of meditation, including the roles of self-awareness, attentional control, and emotion regulation (Abellaneda-Pérez et al., 2024; Sezer et al., 2022), and have informed theoretical accounts of how traditional descriptions of meditative phenomena can be reconciled with…”
Self-citationTransdiagnostic prevention in youth mental health, Part II: interventions
DeTore, N. R., Balogun‐Mwangi, O., Choi, K. W., & Holt, D. J. (2025) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-025-02234-9 · Cited by 8
“…have also been observed in the functional connectivity between: 1) the default mode network, which is involved in self-awareness and introspection, and 2) brain networks that support cognitive control and interoceptive awareness (the central executive control and salience networks) [142, 143].”
Pandya, S. P. (2023) · Body Movement and Dance in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/17432979.2023.2242444 · Cited by 7
“Lines of treatment include standard pharmacological treatments with the following treatment options – rehabilitation, therapy, restoration, maintenance, and surgery (Sezer et al., 2022).”
BackgroundInfluentialLaubacher, C. M., Imhoff‐Smith, T., Klaus, D. R., Frye, C. J., Esnault, S. J., Busse, W. W., & Rosenkranz, M. A. (2024) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2024.07.042 · Cited by 6
ENIGMA-Meditation: Worldwide Consortium for Neuroscientific Investigations of Meditation Practices
Ganesan, S., Barrios, F. A., Batta, I., Bauer, C. C. C., Braver, T. S., Brewer, J. A., Brown, K. W., Cahn, B. R., Cain, J. A., Calhoun, V. D., et al. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.10.015 · Cited by 7
“Emerging evidence also highlights inter-individual variations in self-report measures of dispositional mindfulness (33,39,42 – 44) and differences in meditation experience between adept practitioners and novices (33,34,39,45 – 48) that in fl uence functional connectivity (FC) and activation changes…”
InfluentialSelf-citationZhu, Y., Wang, C., Xu, Z., Guo, F., Chang, Y., Liu, J., Liu, W., Fang, P., & Zheng, M. (2024) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.70087 · Cited by 8
Tripathi, V., Devaney, K. J., Lazar, S. W., & Somers, D. C. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02316-7 · Cited by 7
“…in turn impact myriad functions including enhanced cognitive and emotional functioning; reduction of clinical symptoms like anxiety, depression, and PTSD; and increases in compassion (Schuman-Olivier et al., 2020; Seppälä et al. 2014; Sezer et al., 2022; Whitfield et al., 2022; Young et al., 2018).”
Long-term mindfulness meditation increases occurrence of sensory and attention brain states
Panitz, D. Y., Mendelsohn, A., Cabral, J., & Berkovich‐Ohana, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2024.1482353 · Cited by 11
Jande, J., Treves, I. N., Ely, S. L., Gowatch, L. C., Carpenter, C., Shampine, M. M., Webb, C. A., Sacchet, M. D., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Marusak, H. A. (2025) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-025-00989-9 · Cited by 5
“These brain regions are core nodes of large-scale neurocognitive networks, suggesting that mindfulness training affects activity in a set of distributed brain regions operating within larger networks (Sezer et al., 2022).”
Self-citationTang, Y., Tang, Z., Zhou, Y., Luo, Y., Wen, X., Yang, Z., Jiang, T., & Luo, N. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.04.142 · Cited by 6
Kim, Y., Lee, J., Tegethoff, M., Meinlschmidt, G., Yoo, S., & Lee, J. (2023) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2023.106001 · Cited by 5
Liu, P., Liu, N., Jia, G., Li, H., Wang, Y., Liu, L., Niu, H., & Qian, Q. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02178-5 · Cited by 6
“Since the high heritability of structural and functional brain connectivity in families with a history of ADHD (Sudre et al., 2017) and for consistent results with weaker FC in DMN-FPN and DMN-VAN among subjects with ADHD symptoms (Castellanos & Aoki, 2016), we might infer that an increase in FC in DMN-FPN and DMN-VAN…”
Backgroundla Peña‐Arteaga, V. D., Cano, M., Casteràs, D. P., Vicent-Gil, M., Miquel-Giner, N., Martínez‐Zalacaín, I., Mar‐Barrutia, L., López‐Solà, M., Andrews‐Hanna, J. R., Soriano‐Mas, C., et al. (2024) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.02.011 · Cited by 6
Closed-Loop Systems and Real-Time Neurofeedback in Mindfulness Meditation Research
Chen, J., & Ziegler, D. A. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2024.10.012 · Cited by 6
“The interaction of these 3 networks (and their constituent brain regions) contributes to mindfulness meditative states that have been explored more in recent reviews (21,22).”
Joss, D., Datko, M., Washington, C. I., Tresvalles, M. A., Mete, M., Lazar, S. W., Schuman‐Olivier, Z., & Hoge, E. A. (2024) · Journal of Mood and Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.xjmad.2024.100096 · Cited by 8
“Similar analysis with LEC did not find significant differences on score changes of SCS and SCS-SJ between those above and below median LEC scores.”
Camera, V., Mariano, R., Messina, S., Menke, R., Griffanti, L., Craner, M. J., Leite, M. I., Calabrese, M., Meletti, S., Geraldes, R., et al. (2023) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcad107 · Cited by 6
Juul, L., Bonde, E. H., & Fjorback, L. O. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1154277 · Cited by 6
Cosgrove, K. T., Tsuchiyagaito, A., Cohen, Z. P., Cochran, G., Yu, X., Misaki, M., Aupperle, R. L., Singh, M. K., Paulus, M. P., & Kirlić, N. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2024.1397234 · Cited by 5
EEG oscillations reveal neuroplastic changes in pain processing associated with long-term meditation
Yordanova, J., Nicolardi, V., Malinowski, P., Simione, L., Aglioti, S. M., Raffone, A., & Kolev, V. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-94223-7 · Cited by 7
“Extensive mindfulness practice also leads to changes in the functional connectivity of the default mode and salience networks associated with enhanced self-awareness and attention/ emotion regulation 49,51 .”
Ganesan, S., Dam, N. T. V., Kamboj, S. K., Tsuchiyagaito, A., Sacchet, M. D., Misaki, M., Moffat, B. A., Lorenzetti, V., & Zalesky, A. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02671-z · Cited by 12
“…on resting-state FC. Resting-state FC effects of meditation typically include PCC-DLPFC positive coupling (Creswell et al., 2016; King et al., 2016; Kral et al., 2019; Sezer et al., 2022) mediated by a positive integration with the awareness-related SN (Bremer et al., 2022; Rahrig et al., 2022).”
Self-citationEhmann, S., Sezer, I., Keller, A. S., Treves, I. N., & Sacchet, M. D. (2025) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121602 · Cited by 8
Self-citationMa, R., Sheng, R., Tao, Y., & Xu, W. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120719 · Cited by 5
Psychoneuroimmunology of Mindfulness: What works, how it works, and for whom?
Burić, I. (2025) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2025.101022 · Cited by 6
van Lutterveld, R., Cahaly, T., van Herk, L., Ingram, D. M., & Sacchet, M. D. (2026) · IBRO Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ibneur.2026.07.011 · Cited by 5
Self-citationLaubacher, C. M., Kral, T. R. A., Imhoff‐Smith, T., Klaus, D. R., Goldman, R. I., Sachs, J., Davidson, R. J., Busse, W. W., & Rosenkranz, M. A. (2023) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2023.10.026 · Cited by 6
Tian, B., Chen, Q., Zou, M., Xu, X., Liang, Y., Liu, Y., Hou, M., Zhao, J., Liu, Z., & Jiang, L. (2024) · Global Health & Medicine · doi:10.35772/ghm.2023.01043 · Cited by 5
Dagnino, P. C., Galadí, J. A., Càmara, E., Deco, G., & Escrichs, A. (2024) · Network Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/netn_a_00366 · Cited by 5
“Reduced functional connectivity within the salience network has been associated with experiential acceptance and present-moment awareness (Sezer et al., 2022).”
BackgroundMindful Meditation: A Potential Effective Therapeutic in Clinical Practice
Cho, K. (2024) · Science Insights · doi:10.15354/si.24.re1026 · Cited by 5
Kogias, N., Geurts, D. E. M., Krause, F., Speckens, A. E. M., & Hermans, E. J. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01220-4 · Cited by 7
“Third, the default mode network (DMN) is associated with self-referential and social-cognitive processing [27].”
BackgroundInfluentialJing, S., Xin, Y., Dai, Z., Wang, Y., Yang, T., Lin, Q., Shan, T., Zhu, L., Hu, H., & Su, X. (2025) · International Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.2147/ijwh.s549509 · Cited by 4
“71 However, this study found that mindfulness was negatively associated with depression, rather than anxiety.”
Ruther, S., Jackson, E., & vanSonnenberg, E. (2025) · European Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2025.112619 · Cited by 4
Augmentation of Interstitial Cystitis–Bladder Pain Syndrome Treatment With Meditation and Yoga
Dao, A., Komesu, Y. M., Jansen, S. M., Petersen, T. R., & Meriwether, K. V. (2025) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000005820 · Cited by 4
“26,27 Meditation also is associated with change in brain functional connectivity or plasticity on functional resonance imaging, 28,29 perhaps suggesting that meditation reverses maladaptive plasticity through cortical reorganization.”
Rayani, K., Grabovac, A. D., Chan, P., Montgomery, S., Ghovanloo, M., & Sacchet, M. D. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1494567 · Cited by 7
Self-citationWickens, S., Gummersall, T., & Brown, T. (2025) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2025.106307 · Cited by 4
Mindfulness-based stress reduction intervention during pregnancy changes maternal brain
Gomez, Y., Nakaki, A., Conti, A., Castro‐Barquero, S., Gambosi, B., Casas, I., Genero, M., Youssef, L., Benítez, L., Encabo, N., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-07787-9 · Cited by 6
“MBSR has been reported to improve the activation and connectivity of the areas including the frontal cortex, which are involved in emotion regulation and self-referential processing 30–33 .”
Lu, Y.-Q., Liu, Y.-S., Zhou, X., Wu, H., Zhou, Y., Hu, L.-Y., Zhang, H., Long, Y., Pang, C., Xi, J., et al. (2025) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877251372953 · Cited by 3
Effects of Cortisol Administration on Resting-State Functional Connectivity in Women with Depression
Runyan, A. C., Cassani, A., Reyna, L., Walsh, E. C., Hoks, R. M., Birn, R. M., Abercrombie, H. C., & Philippi, C. L. (2023) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2023.111760 · Cited by 4
Kander, T. N., Lawrence, D. M., Fox, A. M., Houghton, S. J., & Becerra, R. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2024.100807 · Cited by 5
Li, Y., Yan, J., Cui, L., Chu, J., Wang, X., Huang, X., Li, Y., & Cui, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.938103 · Cited by 4
Bang, M., Kim, B., Lee, K. S., Choi, T. K., & Lee, S. (2023) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13544 · Cited by 6
“Functional MRI studies have shown that mindfulness does not simply increase or decrease brain activity, but rather modulates brain connectivity of the corticolimbic circuits, resulting in well-organized functioning in clinical samples.(66) Therefore, mindfulness, which helps patients reestablish the ability to navigat…”
BackgroundFan, L., Li, Y., Huang, Z., Zhang, W., Wu, X., Liu, T., & Wang, J. (2023) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhad228 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Sezer, I., Pizzagalli, D. A., & Sacchet, M. D.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sacchet, Matthew D.
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-04
- Volume
- 135
- Pages
- 104583
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9083081
- OpenAlex
- W4213207397
- Cited by
- 214
- References
- 214
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 66 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 5
- FWCI
- 5.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (am, 337 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH095809, R37MH068376)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Mind wandering and attention
- Keywords
- mindfulness, resting-state functional connectivity, trait mindfulness, mindfulness meditation, default mode network, frontoparietal network, salience network, posterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, rostral anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala, anterior insula, attentional control, self-awareness, emotion regulation, analgesia
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Brain Mapping, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Prefrontal Cortex, Mindfulness
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