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Resting-state fMRI functional connectivity and mindfulness in clinical and non-clinical contexts: A review and synthesis
Open accessAbstract
This review synthesizes relations between mindfulness and resting-state fMRI functional connectivity of brain networks. Mindfulness is characterized by present-moment awareness and experiential acceptance, and relies on attention control, self-awareness, and emotion regulation. We integrate studies of functional connectivity and (1) trait mindfulness and (2) mindfulness meditation interventions. Mindfulness is related to functional connectivity in the default mode (DMN), frontoparietal (FPN), and salience (SN) networks. Specifically, mindfulness-mediated functional connectivity changes include (1) increased connectivity between posterior cingulate cortex (DMN) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (FPN), which may relate to attention control; (2) decreased connectivity between cuneus and SN, which may relate to self-awareness; (3) increased connectivity between rostral anterior cingulate cortex region and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMN) and decreased connectivity between rostral anterior cingulate cortex region and amygdala region, both of which may relate to emotion regulation; and lastly, (4) increased connectivity between dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (SN) and anterior insula (SN) which may relate to pain relief. While further study of mindfulness is needed, neural signatures of mindfulness are emerging.
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“Studies have shown that trait anxiety is associated with pathological eating behaviors2”
From Neural correlates of a mindfulness-based intervention in anorexia nervosa (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
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Psychologists’ Role in Promoting Brain Health Equity in an Aging and Increasingly Diverse Society
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Fialoke, S., Tripathi, V., Thakral, S., Dhawan, A., Majahan, V., & Garg, R. D. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.09.15.557655 · Cited by 2
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Striatal functional connectivity associated with Sahaja Yoga meditation
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Static-dynamic functional connectivity fusion via cross-attention for ASD identification
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“Connectivity between the DLPFC and these DMN regions is thought to be inversely related to mind-wandering [73, 74].”
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“A recent proliferation of scientific inquiry corroborating many of the long-known benefits of these and many other traditional practices is legitimizing religious, spiritual, and Indigenous knowledge-based interventions for healing and inner transformation [64–66].”
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“Furthermore, trait mindfulness has been found to correlate with a broad spectrum of health-related benefits, including reduced emotional reactivity, increased life satisfaction, and reduced depression and anxiety symptoms (Keng et al., 2011; Mesmer-Magnus et al., 2017; Sezer et al., 2022).”
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Meditation attenuates Default-mode activity: a pilot study using ultra-high strength MRIPreprint
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“Consistent with evidence linking meditation-related brain changes to improve emotional and cognitive function (77), time-frequency microstate analysis may offer a practical approach for monitoring meditative development (41) and its potential benefits for mental health and human flourishing (76).”
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“The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex has been implicated in a wide array of functions, including mindfulness (Sezer et al., 2022), conflict reduction by biasing behavior (Nakao et al.”
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“Emerging research is mapping both trauma and resilience signatures in the brain, guiding interventions to target regions involved such as DMN connectivity (Zhu et al., 2022).”
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“Functional connectivity refers to the temporal dependency of patterns of neuronal activity in spatially distinct (from an anatomical perspective) brain regions (20).”
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Effect of Qi-based mindfulness therapy for mild-to-moderate depression
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The Mediator Role of Mindfulness Between Social Emotional Learning and Mental Health Problems
Kaşıkçı, F., & Korkmaz, B. C. (2025) · Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17556/erziefd.1582370
“Mindfulness is defined as a skill that involves present-moment awareness and acknowledging one's thoughts and emotions without judgment (Sezer et al., 2022).”
Functional Neuroimaging of Cognitive Enhancement and Brain Plasticity
Gallen, C. L., & D’Esposito, M. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197677131.013.10
He, Y., Lei, S. H., Che, W. S., Sacchet, M. D., Yin, A. J.-W., Gao, W., Gu, A., Chan, N., Xiao, X., Li, J., et al. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.07.29.25331685
Self-citationWang, W., Tang, B., Yuan, S., Luan, H., Xiao, H., Liang, J., & Chen, J. R. (2025) · The World Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.5534/wjmh.250060
“The cu-neus, a crucial component of the primary visual cortex (V1 area), may participate in the psycho-physiological transformation of sexual function through visual information processing and interactions with the default mode network (DMN) [26].”
Vago, D. R., & Matwin, S. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-91451-5_9
Mechanisms of Mindfulness Interventions: Perspectives from Monitor and Acceptance Theory (MAT)
Lindsay, E. K., Berry, D. R., & Dutcher, J. M. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-91451-5_6
Brown, O., Smith, A., Cairncross, M., Dodd, A. B., Goldfield, G. S., Gray, C., Harris, A. D., Jaworska, N., Saab, B. J., Sicard, V., et al. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7715247/v1
Luo, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhai, Y., Lu, Z., Shou, L., Hu, L., He, W., Qin, Y., Anwar, N., Zhong-fu, Z., et al. (2025) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076251388138
“19 Research has also found that reduced cerebral blood fl ow in the superior temporal gyrus, cingulate cortex, and pre-frontal cortex during FA meditation is signi fi cantly associated with increased alpha power.”
Mindfulness and the Addictive Process: Psychological Models and Neurobiological Mechanisms
Brewer, J. A., Houlihan, S. D., Yetter, K. M., & Davis, J. H. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-91451-5_17
Liu, S., Lin, H., Ding, B., & Shen, Y. (2025) · Chinese Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/cm9.0000000000003905
“[1] Increasing evidence suggests that brain functional connectivity may influence peripheral physiological processes, including immune surveillance and endocrine function—both of which are implicated in cancer development.”
Buddhism and Western Psychology
Segall, S. Z. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-70581-6_249-1 · Cited by 1
Zhai, Q., Gong, W., Shen, A., Wang, Y., Zou, H., Huang, Y., Shi, K., Zhao, S., Yan, R., Yao, Z., et al. (2026) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2026.111613
Childs, K., Minnick, C., Martorella, G., & Hanley, A. W. (2026) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/82362
“Central to this process is a reduction in self-referential processing, a shift supported by neuroimaging evidence showing decoupling between the thalamus and DMN hubs such as the precuneus and medial prefrontal cortex during mindfulness practice [9,15,18,19].”
Yang, Z., Liang, X., Ji, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., & Zhou, F. (2026) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-026-01093-2
“The core subsystem had been demonstrated to play a crucial role in attention control and pain stimulus processing (Sezer et al., 2022), while the MTL subsystem is crucial for pain prolongation and emotion modulation (Schreiber et al., 2017).”
Zou, X., Gu, H., Chen, Y., Li, X., & Zhang, X. (2026) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-026-02789-8
Li, J., Ma, S., Liao, Y., Wang, W., & Fu, L. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6431887
Buddhism and Western Psychology
Segall, S. Z. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-70581-6_249-2
Unveiling the robustness and utility of nonlinear functional connectivity in resting-state fMRI
Zhang, D., Guan, S., Zhang, Q., Meng, C., & Biswal, B. B. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.121743
He, G., Huang, X., Xing, Y., Yang, L., Shi, H., Haihua, S., Liu, W., Zhou, Y., & Pan, P. (2026) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2026.1769488
“Future clinical interventions—such as targeted neuromodulation (Koch et al., 2025; Mao et al., 2025) or psychotherapy (Sezer et al., 2022; Gasión et al., 2023)—could consider focusing on the DMN (particularly the precuneus) in male PD patients and the SN (particularly the insula) in female PD…”
Neuroplasticity and the Breath
Valappil, I. N. K., Korol, A., Vasanthi, G., Elayaraja, M., & Govindasamy, K. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-4187-3.ch003
Zheng, S., Hou, H., Cao, Y., Mao, G., Li, S., Jin, J., Tang, L., Zhang, Z., & Wei, F. (2026) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2026.112254
Wang, W., Shen, X., Jia, L., Yau, D. K. W., Wu, Y., Tang, X., & Leong, H. T. (2026) · Advances in Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.aimed.2026.100681
Wang, R., Zhang, J.-Z., Si-mao, X., Chen, J., & He, B. (2026) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2026.116197
“49 It also reduces cognitive interference related to rumination and anxiety.”
Francois, T. L., Hilberdink, C. E., Guillery‐Girard, B., Leroux, E., Delamillieure, P., Tréhout, M., Chételat, G., Razafimandimby, A., & Bui, É. (2026) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2026-0019
“…brain regions (e.g., Seewoo et al. 2021; van den Heuvel and Hulsho ff Pol 2010) within and between these three resting-state networks have been examined (e.g., Chen et al. 2021; Fam et al. 2020; Hölzel et al. 2013; King et al. 2016; Lifshitz et al. 2019; Sezer et al. 2022; Zimmerman et al. 2019).”
Qin, Q. Q., Wang, W., & Wang, A. (2026) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-026-02887-7
“The effect sizes for functional connectivity changes in this study ( d = 0.96) were larger than those reported in a recent meta-analysis by (Sezer et al., 2022), though this discrepancy may partly reflect the methodological inflation factors discussed above, which found modest effects ( d = 0.42)…”
InfluentialTlizamova, F. A., Efimtsev, A. Y., Труфанов, Г. Е., Ivanova, N. E., Литус, А., Феськов, Г., & Levchuk, A. G. (2026) · Cifra LLC Journals · doi:10.60797/irj.2026.168.39.4
Tlizamova, F. A., Efimtsev, A. Y., Труфанов, Г. Е., Ivanova, N. E., Литус, А., Феськов, Г., & Levchuk, A. G. (2026) · Cifra LLC Journals · doi:10.60797/irj.2026.168.39.6
Tlizamova, F. A., Efimtsev, A. Y., Труфанов, Г. Е., Ivanova, N. E., Литус, А., Феськов, Г., & Levchuk, A. G. (2026) · Cifra LLC Journals · doi:10.60797/irj.2026.168.39.2
Tlizamova, F. A., Efimtsev, A. Y., Труфанов, Г. Е., Ivanova, N. E., Литус, А., Феськов, Г., & Levchuk, A. G. (2026) · Cifra LLC Journals · doi:10.60797/irj.2026.168.39
Tlizamova, F. A., Efimtsev, A. Y., Труфанов, Г. Е., Ivanova, N. E., Литус, А., Феськов, Г., & Levchuk, A. G. (2026) · Cifra LLC Journals · doi:10.60797/irj.2026.168.39.3
Tlizamova, F. A., Efimtsev, A. Y., Труфанов, Г. Е., Ivanova, N. E., Литус, А., Феськов, Г., & Levchuk, A. G. (2026) · Cifra LLC Journals · doi:10.60797/irj.2026.168.39.5
Tlizamova, F. A., Efimtsev, A. Y., Труфанов, Г. Е., Ivanova, N. E., Литус, А., Феськов, Г., & Levchuk, A. G. (2026) · Cifra LLC Journals · doi:10.60797/irj.2026.168.39.1
Treves, I. N., Shaffer, C., Decker, A. L., Jaffe, N., Tierney, A. O., Auerbach, R. P., & Webb, C. A. (2026) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-026-01467-5
Li, J., Ni, F., Tao, Y., Xie, Y., Tang, E., Wu, Z., Liang, M., Zhang, P. X., Rodriguez, M., Glasenapp, J., et al. (2026) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-026-08316-2
Psychosoziale Hilfe und therapeutische Versorgung
Steffes-Holländer, S. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-51183-8_8
Ahemaitijiang, N., Fang, H., & Cheung, R. Y. M. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-90465-4_143-1
Kolomeets, N. S., & Uranova, N. A. (2026) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-026-02314-x
Zhou, K., Kang, Z., Chen, B., Nie, D., & Fan, L. (2026) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.70466
Zhong, J., Ci, B., & Zhang, S. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1887948
“Acceptance training (e.g., mindfulness) enhances the top-down regulatory coupling of the prefrontal cortex over the limbic system (especially the amygdala), reducing reactivity (Barrett, 2017a,b; Pastwa-Wojciechowska et al., 2021; Sezer et al., 2022).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Sezer, I., Pizzagalli, D. A., & Sacchet, M. D.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sacchet, Matthew D.
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-04
- Volume
- 135
- Pages
- 104583
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9083081
- OpenAlex
- W4213207397
- Cited by
- 214
- References
- 214
- Citations by year
- 2026: 52 · 2025: 66 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 5
- FWCI
- 5.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (am, 337 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH095809, R37MH068376)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Mind wandering and attention
- Keywords
- mindfulness, resting-state functional connectivity, trait mindfulness, mindfulness meditation, default mode network, frontoparietal network, salience network, posterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, rostral anterior cingulate cortex, amygdala, anterior insula, attentional control, self-awareness, emotion regulation, analgesia
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Brain Mapping, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Prefrontal Cortex, Mindfulness
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