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Inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain in brain of rats subjected to an experimental model of depression
Abstract
Depressive disorders, including major depression, are serious and disabling. However, the exact pathophysiology of depression is not clearly understood. Life stressors contribute in some fashion to depression and are an extension of what occurs normally. In this context, chronic stress has been used as an animal model of depression. Based on the hypothesis that metabolism impairment might be involved in the pathophysiology of depression, in the present work we evaluated the activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes and creatine kinase in brain of rats subjected to chronic stress. After 40 days of mild stress, a reduction in sweet food ingestion was observed, as well as increased adrenal gland weight, when compared to control group. We also verified that control group gained weight after 40 days, but stressed group did not. Moreover, our findings showed that complex I, III and IV were inhibited in stress group only in cerebral cortex and cerebellum. On the other hand, complex II and creatine kinase were not affected in stressed group. Although it is difficult to extrapolate our findings to the human condition, the inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain by chronic stress may be one mechanism in the pathophysiology of depressive disorders.
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“Preclinical models of MDD suppress mitochondrial function223.”
From Comorbidity between major depressive disorder and physical diseases: a comprehensive review of epidemiology, mechanisms and management (2023) · cites this paper as [223]
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“Intriguingly, our data opposed against previous studies in which anxious mice revealed inhibition of some ETC components (Rezin et al. 2008; Yan et al. 2007).”
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“CMS rats showed decreased activity of the prefrontal cortex mitochondrial complexes I and IV (Liu and Zhou, 2012), and cerebral cortex and cerebellum complexes I, III, and IV (Rezin et al., 2008, 2010).”
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“…pathological changes in oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory, glutamatergic, and plasticity mechanisms during stress are inter-related, and metabolic/ mitochondrial regulations can be viewed as pivotal in these dysregulatory cascades (Hussain et al., 2016; Picard & McEwen, 2018; Rezin et al., 2008).”
BackgroundEffects of olanzapine, fluoxetine and olanzapine/fluoxetine on creatine kinase activity in rat brain
Agostinho, F. R., Scaini, G., Ferreira, G. K., Jeremias, I. C., Réus, G. Z., Rezin, G. T., de Castro, A. A., Zugno, A. I., Quevedo, J., & STRECK, E. L. (2009) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.09.002 · Cited by 26
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“Studies using a rodent model of depression have shown impairment of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) possibly caused by changes in mitochondrial membrane integrity (Rezin et al., 2008; Gong et al., 2011) which ultimately can lead to apoptosis (Wang, 2001) and neuronal cell death and thereby structural brain changes.”
BackgroundHyperforin promotes mitochondrial function and development of oligodendrocytes
Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., He, J., Zhang, H., Xiao, L., Nazarali, A. J., Zhang, Z., Zhang, D., Tan, Q., Kong, J., et al. (2011) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07433.x · Cited by 24
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“Mitochondrial mediation of calcium ion flux, ATP production, and ROS signalling in neural tissue are at the core of neural signal transmission as well as synaptic plasticity in response to changing conditions and/or stressors (Massaad & Klann, 2011; Morava & Kozicz, 2013), and changes to mitochondrial form and functio…”
BackgroundStrekalova, T. V., Svirin, E. P., Вячеславовна, Г. А., Sheveleva, E., Burova, A., Khairetdinova, A. H., Sitdikova, K., Zakharova, E., Dudchenko, A. M., Lyundup, A. V., et al. (2023) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom13121782 · Cited by 24
Gene Expression Profile in Major Depressive Disorder Shows Reduced Mitochondrial Biogenesis
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“Consistent with these findings, mitochondrial dysfunction biomarkers have been described in patients with MDD and animal models such as mitochondrial chain dysfunction, decreased levels of ATP, or reduced levels of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) [3,7,8].”
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Abuelezz, S. A., Hendawy, N., & Magdy, Y. (2017) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2017.12.018 · Cited by 23
“The increase in adrenal gland weight present in cases of chronic stress reflects the release of glucocorticoid hormones by the adrenals in response to psychological and physical stressors (Rezin et al., 2008).”
Backgroundde Mello, A. H., Souza, L. D. R., Cereja, A. C. M., Schraiber, R. D. B., Florentino, D., Martins, M. M., Petronilho, F. C., Quevedo, J., & Rezin, G. T. (2015) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.12371 · Cited by 22
“Studies have shown that major depression is associated with impairments in brain energy metabolism.(1,2,13) Mitochondrial dysfunction causes an increased production of ROS,(14,41) and the excess of ROS can cause more damage in mitochondria, undermining the ability of mitochondria to meet cell energy demand and may lea…”
BackgroundSelf-citationTeranishi, M., Ito, M., Huang, Z., Nishiyama, Y., Masuda, A., Mino, H., Tachibana, M., Inada, T., & Ohno, K. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms252011315 · Cited by 22
“…glycolysis and mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) in the ventral hippocampus [23]; decreased mitochondrial ETC activities in the PFC, cortex, and cerebellum [24,25]; and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential/oxygen consumption in the cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus [26].”
BackgroundAcute stress delays brain mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening
Batandier, C., Poulet, L., Hininger‐Favier, I., Couturier, K., Fontaine, E. M., Roussel, A., & Canini, F. (2014) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.12811 · Cited by 21
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Behavioral Neurobiology of Bipolar Disorder and its Treatment
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“Chronic stress, for example, caused mitochondrial damage in the brain, in mice models, by blocking respiratory chain complexes I-III and reducing mitochondrial membrane potential (Gong et al., 2011; Madrigal et al., 2001; Rezin et al., 2008).”
Horváth, E., Máté, Z., Takács, S., Pusztai, P., Sápi, A., Kónya, Z., Nagymajtényi, L., & Papp, A. (2012) · The Scientific World JOURNAL · doi:10.1100/2012/520632 · Cited by 18
“The decreased body weight gain in rats exposed to Mn NPs (oral + intratracheal treatment: groups MnL33 and MnH33) is also an indication of stress (as suggested in [25]) especially in combination with the increased weight of the adrenals in these groups (see Tables 2 and 3).”
Couturier, K., Hininger‐Favier, I., Poulet, L., Anderson, R. A., Roussel, A., Canini, F., & Batandier, C. (2015) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.10.016 · Cited by 19
“This result differs from that obtained by Usta [22] who found an inhibition of Complex I in connection with cinnamaldehyde but is closer to the results reported in an experimental model of depression [39] or a chronic mild stress [40].”
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“The high demand for energy is mainly achieved by the production of ATP during metabolism of glucose or oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria (6-8).”
BackgroundRezin, G. T., Gonçalves, C. L., Daufenbach, J. F., Carvalho‐Silva, M., Borges, L. S., Vieira, J. S., Hermani, F. V., Comim, C. M., Quevedo, J., & STRECK, E. L. (2010) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1601-5215.2010.00500.x · Cited by 16
“Several studies showed that chronic stress induced significant reduction in body weight gain, increased adrenal weight, as well as induced anhedonia (16,25,26).”
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“Preclinical studies in male rodents found that chronic stress reduced mitochondrial function in the cortex and cerebellum (Madrigal et al., 2001; Rezin et al., 2008).”
Effects of omega-3 on behavioral and biochemical parameters in rats submitted to chronic mild stress
de Mello, A. H., Gassenferth, A., Schraiber, R. D. B., Souza, L. D. R., Florentino, D., Danielski, L. G., Soares, E. D. C. C., Fortunato, J. J., Petronilho, F. C., Quevedo, J., et al. (2014) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-014-9577-5 · Cited by 15
“Chronic mild stress (CMS) model CMS protocol was adapted from the procedure described by Gamaro et al. (2003) and Rezin et al. (2008) (Table 1).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationYuan, Q., Li, Y., Deng, X., Shi, H., Zhao, Z., Wang, C., Feng, X.-G., Guo, J., & Guo, R. (2019) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2019/6054926 · Cited by 16
“[30] reported that complex I, III, and IV activities were inhibited in cerebral cortex and cerebellum of depressed model rats, and complex II was not affected.”
BackgroundOxidative metabolism alterations in the emotional brain of anxiety-prone rats
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Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Bipolar Disorder
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“For instance, it was reported that chronic mild stress inhibited the mitochondrial respiratory chain ( Rezin et al. 2008 ).”
BackgroundStress increases sperm respiration and motility in mice and men
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“It has been also reported that brain Na+, K+ATPase and activities of respiratory chain complexes I, III and IV are inhibited after chronic variate stress in rats (53,54) and that complexes I–III and II–III”
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“demonstrated that complex I, III, and IV of ETC as well as creatine kinase were inhibited in depression rats’ cerebral cortex and cerebellum [53].”
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“Moreover, animal models for depression reported similar decreased mitochondrial function (Gong, Chai, Ding, Sun, & Hu, 2011; Madrigal et al., 2001; Rezin et al., 2008).”
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“In comparison to a control group, the mitochondrial electron transfer system (ETS) of depressed patients has been found to have inhibited complexes [7,8], possibly”
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“In addition, chronic mitochondrial alterations in cerebellum could be involved in occurrence of depression in rats [36].”
BackgroundBrain energy metabolism is increased by chronic administration of bupropion
Ferreira, G. K., Rezin, G. T., Cardoso, M. R., Gonçalves, C. L., Borges, L. S., Vieira, J. S., Gomes, L. M., Zugno, A. I., Quevedo, J., & STRECK, E. L. (2011) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1601-5215.2011.00597.x · Cited by 9
“(45) also demonstrated that mitochondrial respiratory chain is inhibited in brain of rats after chronic variable stress (40 days), suggesting that energy metabolism impairment may occur in depressive disorders.”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe role of inflammation and oxidative stress in depression and cardiovascular disease
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Glutamate-Glutamine Transfer and Chronic Stress-Induced Sex Differences in Cocaine Responses
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“Particularly, earlier studies have revealed an inhibition of the mitochondrial respiratory chain in the cortex of a rat model for MD that was reversed by ketamine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist (Rezin et al., 2008; Rezin et al., 2009b).”
Common aspects of neuroplasticity, stress, mood disorders and mitochondrial functions
Hroudová, J., & Karlovu, K. (2010) · Cited by 6
Mitochondrial DNA m.13514G>A heteroplasmy is associated with depressive symptoms in the elderly
Tranah, G. J., Maglione, J. E., Yaffe, K. S., Katzman, S. M., Manini, T. M., Kritchevsky, S. B., Newman, A. B., Harris, T. B., Cummings, S. R., & for the Health, A. A. B. C. S. (2018) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4928 · Cited by 8
“This work demonstrated that mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I, III, and IV were inhibited in the stress group but that complex II was not affected.(24) These results suggest that the impact of chronic stress on the pathophysiology on depressive disorders may be mediated through the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA),…”
BackgroundMendonça, A. P. M., Hoppe, L. Y., Gaviraghi, A., de Araújo-Jorge, T. C., de Oliveira, G. M., Mélo, R. M. F., de Oliveira, M. F., & Fragoso, V. M. D. S. (2019) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2019.03.017 · Cited by 7
“In rodent models of acute and chronic stresses, altered mitochondrial function, including inhibition of electron transport system (ETS), was associated to redox imbalance and apoptosis (Aboul-Fotouh, 2013; Filipović et al., 2011; Garabadu et al., 2015; Hollis et al., 2015; Picard et al., 2018; Rezin et al., 2008; van…”
Michels, S., Dolga, A. M., Braun, M. D., Kisko, T. M., Sungur, A. Ö., Witt, S. H., Rietschel, M., Dempfle, A., Wöhr, M., Schwarting, R. K. W., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2019.00483 · Cited by 5
Rappeneau, V., Koti, P. S., Wilmes, L., Widner-Andrä, R., Busch, K. B., & Touma, C. (2023) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.16044 · Cited by 5
“In the SAGE study, we extended the gene expression analysis even more and found significant differences in a number of genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation, again supporting previous observations on chronic stress models (Rezin et al., 2008; Weger et al., 2020).”
Brain mitochondria as key drivers of cognition and behaviour
Sandi, C., Lobo, M. K., Hollis, F., Hirabayashi, Y., de Juan‐Sanz, J., & Bolaños, J. P. (2026) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-026-01061-1 · Cited by 5
Mitochondrial function and stress resilience
Morató, L., & Sandi, C. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813983-7.00009-4 · Cited by 5
Targeting ferroptosis as a novel strategy for depressive mental disorders
Qian, L., Yao, Q., Jiang, Y., Liu, W., Xiong, L., Shi, H., & Shi, Y. (2025) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-025-06934-4 · Cited by 3
Verbal, F., Espinoza-Rubilar, N., Marileo, A. M., Fierro, H., Ramírez-Molina, O., Pinto-León, A., Yévenes, G. E., Fuentealba, J., & Panes-Fernández, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2026.1723748 · Cited by 3
“Experimental models of depression in rats have demonstrated reduced activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes, particularly Complexes I and IV (Rezin et al., 2008).”
Integrative Interventions for Improving Outcomes in Depression: A Narrative Review
Halma, M. T. J., Plothe, C., & Marik, P. E. (2024) · Psychology International · doi:10.3390/psycholint6020033 · Cited by 2
“In a rat model of depression, vital steps in the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were inhibited in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum [347].”
BackgroundComplete mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis in patients with major depressive disorder
Yin, X., Fu, Y., Yu, H., Wang, F., Zhang, Q., Xu, Y., Cao, M., Mei, X., & Pan, J. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120206 · Cited by 3
Réus, G. Z., Stringari, R. B., Rezin, G. T., Pezente, D. P., Scaini, G., Maggi, D. D., De-Nês, B. T., STRECK, E. L., Quevedo, J., & Feier, G. (2011) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1601-5215.2011.00629.x · Cited by 3
Self-citationMitochondrial dysfunction and affective disorders: Focus on diet, exercise, and aging
Allen, J., Kalynchuk, L. E., & Caruncho, H. J. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85666-9.00017-6 · Cited by 3
Jin, M., Ji, X., Zhu, X., Shou, Y., Ge, Z., & Wang, H. (2022) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871527322666220922112955 · Cited by 3
Mesripour, A., MUSAVİE, K., & Hajhashemi, V. (2021) · Hacettepe University Journal of the Faculty of Pharmacy · doi:10.52794/hujpharm.902264 · Cited by 2
Asif, A., Batool, R., Arhum, S., Ashraf, A., Iqbal, M. Z., Mehmood, A., Klar, A. S., & Mustafa, M. (2025) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000550173 · Cited by 1
Impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics in psychiatric disorders
Petschner, P., Gál, Z., & Gonda, X. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819621-2.00008-5 · Cited by 1
Antidepressants, mood-stabilizing drugs, and mitochondrial functions: For better or for worse
Preston, G. J., Sabbagh, D. E. S. E., Emmerzaal, T. L., Morava, É., Andreazza, A. C., Rahman, S., & Kozicz, T. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-88462-4.00016-x · Cited by 1
Metabolic Syndrome as a Risk Factor for Depression
Farooqui, A. A. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7318-3_9
Lawford‐Smith, H. (2015)
Peñagarikano, O. (2016) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aal3703
A new index of psychological stress reaction: Mitochondrial DNA
Suo, L., & Liu, Z. (2019) · Psychology of China · doi:10.35534/pc.0107028
Cyrino, L. A. R., de Lima, D. D., Rezin, G. T., Ferreira, G. K., Ramos, S. A., Magro, D. D. D., Cavichioli, N., Ullmann, O. M., Mayer, Y., de Oliveira, M. P., et al. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1264378/v1
Self-citationCrackle sounds and lung recruitment
Szalay, B. (2012) · doi:10.14232/phd.1422
Zhao, Y., Shen, L., Zhang, Y., Zhang, L., Jin, L., Chen, S., Song, C., Hu, C., & Liu, Y. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1003374/v1
Trajectories of Depressive Individual Symptoms over Time during Transcranial Photobiomodulation
Urata, M., Cassano, P., Norton, R., Sylvester, K. W., Watanabe, K., Iosifescu, D. V., & Sakurai, H. (2023) · Photonics · doi:10.3390/photonics10121324
“AC, available case; LOCF, last observation carried forward; t-PBM, transcranial photobiomodulation.”
BackgroundRodent models of posttraumatic stress disorder
Pinna, G. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29090-9.00015-5
Serum cell-free mitochondrial DNA under a highly standardized and controlled stress induction
Herhaus, B., Daubermann, C., Neuberger, E. W. I., Simon, P. D., & Petrowski, K. (2026) · Mitochondrion · doi:10.1016/j.mito.2026.102113
Baksi, N., Gökdemir, G. Ş., ALKLAY, A. A., & Karakoç, Z. (2026) · Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.24425/pjvs.2026.1267
“Rezin et al. (2008), con - sistent with the present study, found no significant changes in CK levels.”
Photobiomodulation: multifaceted therapeutic effects on disorders in the central nervous system
Xiong, W., Su, Y., Chen, H., Verkhratsky, A., & Yi, C. (2026) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20261472
杨荣娇, Tang, X., Shi, Y., Sun, J., Yin, Q., & Long, Q. (2026) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2026.111972
Naghizadeh, F., Niknazar, S., Dadseresht, A., Seidkhani, E., Alizadeh, R., & Arezo, N. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11106755/v1
Antidepressants, mood-stabilizing drugs, and mitochondrial function: For better or for worse
Preston, G. J., Sabbagh, D. E. S. E., Emmerzaal, T. L., Morava, É., Andreazza, A. C., Rahman, S., & Kozicz, T. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-45078-5.00040-3
Metadata
- Authors
- Rezin, G. T., Cardoso, M. R., Gonçalves, C. L., Scaini, G., Fraga, D. B., Riegel, R. E., Comim, C. M., Quevedo, J., & Streck, E. L.
- Affiliations
- Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Streck, Emilio L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neurochemistry International
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-12
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 6-8
- Pages
- 395-400
- ISSN
- 0197-0186 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1996982207
- Cited by
- 197
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 7.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neurochemistry International (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- depression, chronic stress, mitochondrial respiratory chain, mitochondrial complex I inhibition, complex III inhibition, complex IV inhibition, creatine kinase, brain energy metabolism, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, adrenal weight, sweets consumption, rat model of depression
- MeSH terms
- Adrenal Glands, Animals, Appetite Regulation, Body Weight, Brain, Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Chronic Disease, Creatine Kinase, Depressive Disorder, Disease Models, Animal, Electron Transport, Energy Metabolism, Male, Mitochondria, Organ Size, Oxidative Phosphorylation, Stress, Psychological, Biomarkers, Down-Regulation, Rats, Wistar, Rats
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