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Migration of neutrophils targeting amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease mouse model
Open accessAbstract
Immune responses in the brain are thought to play a role in disorders of the central nervous system, but an understanding of the process underlying how immune cells get into the brain and their fate there remains unclear. In this study, we used a 2-photon microscopy to reveal that neutrophils infiltrate brain and migrate toward amyloid plaques in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. These findings suggest a new molecular process underlying the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease.
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“neutrophils have been shown to modulate Alzheimer’s disease pathology [52, 53].”
From IL-1β-driven amyloid plaque clearance is associated with an expansion of transcriptionally reprogrammed microglia (2019) · cites this paper as [52]
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“However, controversial findings regarding the toxic properties of infiltrated immune cells in the central nervous system diseases have been reported (Halle et al., 2008; Heneka et al., 2013).”
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Alzheimer’s disease and age-related macular degeneration: Shared and distinct immune mechanisms
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“However, in contrast to transgenic mouse models of AD, which display neutrophil accumulation surrounding Aβ plaques [21], there is limited evidence of extensive neutrophil trafficking into the brain in AD.”
BackgroundNeutrophil swarming: Is a good offense the best defense?
Brown, L., & Yipp, B. G. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.107655 · Cited by 19
“Brain Sterile injury Extravascular Baik et al.(41), Roth et al.”
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Neutrophil Granule Proteins Inhibit Amyloid Beta Aggregation and Neurotoxicity
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Klyushnik, T. P., Андросова, Л. В., Mikhaylova, N. M., Колыхалов, И. В., Zozulya, S. A., & Am, D. (2017) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro20171177174-79 · Cited by 15
Inflammatory Chemokines Expression Variations and Their Receptors in APP/PS1 Mice
Jorda, A., Aldasoro, M., Aldasoro, C., & Vallés, S. L. (2021) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-210489 · Cited by 16
“On the other hand, it is known that neutrophils migrate to the amyloid plaques in some AD mouse model [8].”
Immunothrombosis in neurovascular disease
Denorme, F., Ajanel, A., & Campbell, R. A. (2023) · Research and Practice in Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1016/j.rpth.2023.102298 · Cited by 15
“Importantly, the increase in neutrophil adhesion in the brain during AD is associated with alterations in cerebral blood fl ow, reducing perfusion to areas of the brain and increasing memory de fi cits in murine models [105,107].”
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Aprile, D., Marchi, F. D., Menegon, F., Comi, C., & Tondo, G. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26115157 · Cited by 14
Fighting fire with fire: The immune system might be key in our fight against Alzheimer’s disease
Dujardin, P., Vandenbroucke, R. E., & Hoecke, L. V. (2022) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2022.01.004 · Cited by 14
Immunotherapy targeting plasma ASM is protective in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease
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Self-citationNeutrophil extracellular traps as therapeutics target in vascular aging
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“Neutrophil infiltration into the spinal cord and brain tissue has been observed in mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) [59, 60] and multiple sclerosis (MS) [61, 62].”
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Immune cells in Alzheimer’s disease: insights into pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets
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Selecting Multitarget Peptides for Alzheimer’s Disease
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Age-linked suppression of lipoxin A4 associates with cognitive deficits in mice and humans
Pamplona, F. A., Vitória, G., Sudo, F. K., Ribeiro, F. C., Isaac, A. R., Moraes, C. A., Chauvet, M. G., Ledur, P. F., Karmirian, K., Ornelas, I. M., et al. (2022) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-02208-1 · Cited by 10
“Infiltration of immune cells, such as neutrophils [75], into the brain may shift cellular responses towards reduced LXA4 production and, consequently, increased neurotoxicity in AD.”
BackgroundNeutrophils linking periodontitis and Alzheimer's disease
Li, J., Liu, L., Xu, C., Zhang, J., & Wang, F. (2025) · Oral Science and Homeostatic Medicine · doi:10.26599/oshm.2025.9610022 · Cited by 8
Recent advances in Alzheimer’s disease: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic strategies
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“As such,whilewe did not investigate the involvement of peripheral immune cells like for example neutrophils, the latter are known to migrate towards Aβ plaques where they cause extensive remodeling of the tissue (Baik et al., 2014).”
Fella, E., Sokratous, K., Papacharalambous, R., Kyriacou, K. C., Phillips, J. A., Sanderson, S. D., Panayiotou, E., & Kyriakides, T. (2017) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2017.00138 · Cited by 8
“This decrease is even more substantial following the administration of the full agonist molecule which recruits both macrophages and neutrophils (Baik et al., 2014).”
InfluentialHodgson, L. M., Li, Y., Iturria‐Medina, Y., Stratton, J. A., Wolf, G., Krishnaswamy, S., Bennett, D. A., & Bzdok, D. (2024) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-024-06273-8 · Cited by 7
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“The migration of neutrophils to Aβ could impair cognitive function [36,37].”
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“Other types of immune cells, including monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and T cells from the peripheral blood, were found to be broadly involved in the pathogenesis of AD (Polfliet et al., 2001; Ziegler-Heitbrock, 2007; Baik et al., 2014; Gate et al., 2020).”
BackgroundRao, R., Verma, H., Gangwar, P., Yadav, A., Yadav, B., Patel, A., Kaur, S., Dhiman, M., & Mantha, A. K. (2025) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-025-05435-x · Cited by 5
“In the AD mouse model, neutrophils were found to enter the brain parenchyma at an early stage and were involved in cognitive impairment [13, 127].”
Frontiers of Neurodegenerative Disease Treatment: Targeting Immune Cells in Brain Border Regions
Satyanarayanan, S. K., Han, Z., Xiao, J., Yuan, Q., Yung, W., Ke, Y., Chang, R. C., Zhu, M. H., Su, H., Su, K. P., et al. (2024) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2024.10.007 · Cited by 5
Systemic Inflammatory Markers in Age-Associated Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease
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Inflammation as a Universal Pathophysiological Mechanism of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases
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“Overall, research has demonstrated [19] that immune cells may interact with senile plaques in the brain to impact the course of Alzheimer ’ s disease.”
BackgroundThe role of neutrophils, red blood cells, and platelets in the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease
Xu, Y., Li, X., Zhao, Q., & Xu, X. (2025) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2025.2575110 · Cited by 3
“…blood cells, which recognized as crucial regulators in the pathological cascade of AD, play a significant role in the pathology of the AD disease by regulating systemic inflammatory response, blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, and central nervous system (CNS)-peripheral interaction [11,12].”
Rapamycin treatment reduces CD11c+ microglia and increases amyloid plaque load in 5xFAD mice
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“In the AD mouse model, neutrophils are found to actively migrate toward A β plaques, exhibiting increased vascular adhesion and motility, and become activated, contributing to neurovascular inflammation and disease progression (Baik et al., 2014).”
Stromal Amyloid β drives Neutrophil extracellular trap formation to augment tumour growthPreprint
Munir, H., Jones, J. O., Janowitz, T., Martins, C. P., Welsh, S. J., & Shields, J. D. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.01.10.901686 · Cited by 2
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MethodAge-linked suppression of lipoxin A4 mediates cognitive deficits in mice and humansPreprint
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“There have been conflicting reports regarding the ability of peripheral leukocytes, including neutrophils, monocytes, and T-lymphocytes, to infiltrate brain parenchyma in AD patients and mouse models [4, 37, 57].”
White Blood Cells in Neurodegenerative Diseases in the Context of Neuroinflammation
Wełnicka, A., & Gołąb-Janowska, M. (2025) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-025-05476-2 · Cited by 1
“Moreover, when inside the CNS, in the mouse model at least, migrated neutrophils show target Aβ plaques specifically [79].”
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“20 In recent years, neutrophils have been linked with AD pathology, 21 primarily through the pathological breakdown of the blood–brain barrier 6,22 in association with an increase in tau hyperphosphorylation in animal models.”
Bellver‐Sanchís, A., Ralchev, N., Romanska, P. R., Dyakova, N. K., Ivanova, K. I., Griñán‐Ferré, C., & Marchev, A. S. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27177833 · Cited by 1
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“These cells are thought to aid directly or indirectly in clearing Aβ (Baik et al., 2014; Itagaki et al., 1988; Vogel et al., 2015; Zenaro et al., 2015).”
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Additional file 1 of Cellular transcriptional alterations of peripheral blood in Alzheimer’s disease
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Integration of Peripheral and Central Immune Alteration in Neurodegeneration
Wali, Z., Pinky, Neha, & Parvez, S. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-5088-3_4
Association between NPAR and cognitive impairment in peritoneal dialysis patients
Liu, C., Shao, F., Wang, X., Cai, J., & Li, Z. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1752923
“Previous studies reported that an increase in peripheral neutrophils is associated with neuroinflammation, cerebral microvascular obstruction, and amplified oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases (15–17).”
Implication des polynucléaires neutrophiles au cours de la maladie d’Alzheimer et des tauopathies
Dong, Y. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/0542df04zd02ez4a58za844z605f237e8f0b
Role of T-cell immunity in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease and other Tauopathies
Matta, K. (2024) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/cea4fe5ez67c3z4445z92f7z39af62ba059b
Shibata, T., Bhat, S. A., Cao, D., Saito, S., Bernstein, E. A., Okwan-Duodu, D. K., Tourtellotte, W. G., Bernstein, K. E., & Khan, Z. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1674330
Wang, X., Liu, X., Wang, Z., & Jia, C. (2026) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2026.1872617
“…neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby triggering and amplifying neuroinflammation, which contributes to neuronal dysfunction and cognitive impairment (Baik et al., 2014; Bawa et al., 2020; Aries and Hensley-McBain, 2023; Wu et al., 2020).”
Targeting the peripheral immune system for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease
Almasarani, E., Fog, M. H., Vorup‐Jensen, T., & Juul‐Madsen, K. (2026) · Molecular Neurodegeneration Advances · doi:10.1186/s44477-026-00054-9
“AD mouse models have shown that neutrophils are recruited to Aβ-rich regions of the brain [183].”
Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease: chemokines produced by astrocytes and chemokine receptors.
(2014) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 177
Metadata
- Authors
- Baik, S. H., Cha, M.-Y., Hyun, Y.-M., Cho, H., Hamza, B., Kim, D. K., Han, S.-H., Choi, H., Kim, K. H., Moon, M., Lee, J., Kim, M., Irimia, D., & Mook-Jung, I.
- Affiliations
- Seoul National University (KR)
- University of Rochester Medicine (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neurobiology of Aging
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-06
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1286-1292
- ISSN
- 0197-4580 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4248665
- OpenAlex
- W2023641365
- Cited by
- 181
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 6.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neurobiology of Aging (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- YUHSpace (Yonsei University Medical Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation of Korea (2012R1A2A1A01002881)
- MRC (2011–0030738)
- Korea National Institute of Health ROAD R&D Program Project (A092058)
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology Institutional Program (2E24242-13–135)
- Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development (PJ009103)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Keywords
- neutrophils, amyloid plaques, Alzheimer's disease, neutrophil migration, brain immune response, neuroinflammation, two-photon microscopy, mouse model
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Brain, Cell Movement, Cells, Cultured, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Mice, Transgenic, Microscopy, Neutrophils, Mice, Molecular Imaging, Plaque, Amyloid
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