Deciphering the mechanism underlying late-onset Alzheimer disease
Open accessAbstract
Drug development efforts for late-onset Alzheimer disease (AD) have met with disappointing results. Krstic and Knuesel argue for a re-evaluation of pathological mechanisms underlying the disease, with a shift of focus away from amyloid-β as the key therapeutic target. Through integration of their own research with the wider literature, they present a model that places inflammation and impairments in axonal functions and integrity at the heart of AD pathology. Despite tremendous investments in understanding the complex molecular mechanisms underlying Alzheimer disease (AD), recent clinical trials have failed to show efficacy. A potential problem underlying these failures is the assumption that the molecular mechanism mediating the genetically determined form of the disease is identical to the one resulting in late-onset AD. Here, we integrate experimental evidence outside the 'spotlight' of the genetic drivers of amyloid-β (Aβ) generation published during the past two decades, and present a mechanistic explanation for the pathophysiological changes that characterize late-onset AD. We propose that chronic inflammatory conditions cause dysregulation of mechanisms to clear misfolded or damaged neuronal proteins that accumulate with age, and concomitantly lead to tau-associated impairments of axonal integrity and transport. Such changes have several neuropathological consequences: focal accumulation of mitochondria, resulting in metabolic impairments; induction of axonal swelling and leakage, followed by destabilization of synaptic contacts; deposition of amyloid precursor protein in swollen neurites, and generation of aggregation-prone peptides; further tau hyperphosphorylation, ultimately resulting in neurofibrillary tangle formation and neuronal death. The proposed sequence of events provides a link between Aβ and tau-related neuropathology, and underscores the concept that degenerating neurites represent a cause rather than a consequence of Aβ accumulation in late-onset AD.
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Growing evidence supports chronic inflammation as a major cause or contributor to Alzheimer's pathology.
“Growing evidence supports chronic inflammation as a major cause or contributor to Alzheimer's pathology.16”
From Whole-genome sequencing suggests a chemokine gene cluster that modifies age at onset in familial Alzheimer's disease (2015) · cites this paper as [16]
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Alzheim(i)R: MicroRNAs in Alzheimer’s Disease
Barbato, C. (2014) · Journal of Cytology & Histology · doi:10.4172/2157-7099.1000e113 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Krstic, D., & Knuesel, I.
- Affiliations
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Neurology
- Published
- 2012-11-27
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 25-34
- ISSN
- 1759-4758 (ISSN-L)
- 1759-4766
- OpenAlex
- W1964117773
- Cited by
- 457
- References
- 143
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 52 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 4.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- other-oa
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Neurology (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (310030)
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (132629, 310030)
- Olga Mayenfisch Stiftung
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- late-onset Alzheimer's disease, amyloid-beta, tau hyperphosphorylation, neuroinflammation, axonal integrity, axonal transport, mitochondrial accumulation, neurofibrillary tangles, neurite degeneration, amyloid precursor protein, drug development failure
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Brain, Disease Models, Animal, Humans, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Neurites, Neurofibrillary Tangles, tau Proteins, Cell Death, Disease Progression, Inflammation Mediators, Mice, Proteostasis Deficiencies
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