Brain potentials reveal semantic priming in both the ‘active’ and the ‘non-attended’ language of early bilinguals
Abstract
A key question in the study of bilingual functioning is whether both the languages known are active at all times or whether one language can be selectively inactivated when bilingual individuals are tuned to the other language. Psycholinguistic and neuroscientific investigations have provided inconsistent data regarding the level of semantic activation of the two languages, even in the case of highly proficient bilinguals. In the present study, highly proficient, early Welsh/English bilinguals were presented with words in both their languages and were required to make word length decisions on words in one language while disregarding words in the other. Participants were not explicitly told about the organization of the word stream in pairs manipulating (a) semantic relatedness, (b) language of the prime and (c) language of the target in a fully counterbalanced two-by-two-by-two design. We observed significant semantic priming for both English and Welsh target words, irrespective of the active language, and independent of performance in the low-level letter counting task. We conclude that accessing the meaning of a written word is automatic in the two languages even when fluent bilingual adults are instructed to disregard words in one of their languages.
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Neuroimaging work shows the non-target language is engaged during a linguistic task performed in the chosen language.
“imaging studies indicating involvement of the non-target language while performing a linguistic task in the selected language [54–56].”
From Bilingualism: consequences for mind and brain (2012) · cites this paper as [54]
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- Authors
- Martin, C. D., Dering, B., Thomas, E. M., & Thierry, G.
- Affiliations
- Bangor University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Martin, Clara D.
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-08
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 326-333
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2051431873
- Cited by
- 124
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 3.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Bangor University
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/E024556/1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Keywords
- semantic priming, bilingualism, early bilinguals, semantic activation, automatic semantic processing, event-related potentials
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Brain, Cognition, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Female, Humans, Male, Reading, Semantics, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Multilingualism, Young Adult
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