The architecture of the bilingual word recognition system: From identification to decision
Open accessAbstract
The paper opens with an evaluation of the BIA model of bilingual word recognition in the light of recent empirical evidence. After pointing out problems and omissions, a new model, called the BIA+, is proposed. Structurally, this new model extends the old one by adding phonological and semantic lexical representations to the available orthographic ones, and assigns a different role to the so-called language nodes. Furthermore, it makes a distinction between the effects of non-linguistic context (such as instruction and stimulus list composition) and linguistic context (such as the semantic and syntactic effects of sentence context), based on a distinction between the word identification system itself and a task/decision system that regulates control. At the end of the paper, the generalizability of the BIA+ model to different tasks and modalities is discussed.
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The languages of an active bilingual are activated simultaneously and influence each other reciprocally.
“the nature of bilingualism is such that the languages of an active bilingual are activated simultaneously (Dijkstra and Van Heuven, 2002; Schwartz and Kroll, 2006) and influence each other reciprocally (Grosjean, 1989; Cook, 1999, 2003; Flege et al., 2003).”
From Plasticity, Variability and Age in Second Language Acquisition and Bilingualism (2018) · cites this paper as Dijkstra and Van Heuven, 2002
Cites
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On the role of competing word units in visual word recognition: The neighborhood frequency effect
Grainger, J., O’regan, J. K., Jacobs, A. M., & Segui, J. (1989) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03210696 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
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Jacobs, A. M., & Grainger, J. (1994) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.20.6.1311 · Cited by 319 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Nevertheless, it seems useful to begin with a more simple model and then work towards a more complex one, and to build more complex models on the basis of earlier ones (nested modeling, see Jacobs and Grainger, 1994).”
BackgroundHulstijn, J. (2002) · Second Language Research · doi:10.1191/0267658302sr207oa · Cited by 250 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This model incorporates an account of second-language acquisition not present in the BIA+ model, and several of the questions raised by Thomas could be answered in terms of the RHM (see Hulstijn, 2002 for further considerations on second-language acquisition).”
MethodNeighborhood effects in visual word recognition: Facilitatory or inhibitory?
Snodgrass, J. G., & Mintzer, M. (1993) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03202737 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
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Plasticity, Variability and Age in Second Language Acquisition and Bilingualism
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Comprehension exposures to words in sentence contexts impact spoken word production
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- Authors
- Dijkstra, T., & van Heuven, W. J. B.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- ORCID
- Dijkstra, Ton
- Venue
- Bilingualism: Language and Cognition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2002-12
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 175-197
- ISSN
- 1366-7289 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-1841
- OpenAlex
- W2011035448
- Cited by
- 1,730
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 98 · 2025: 123 · 2024: 87 · 2023: 103 · 2022: 127 · 2021: 118 · 2020: 96 · 2019: 163 · 2018: 124 · 2017: 83 · 2016: 87 · 2015: 89 · 2014: 49 · 2013: 62 · 2012: 64
- FWCI
- 21.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Bilingualism Language and Cognition (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Second Language Acquisition and Learning
- Keywords
- bilingual word recognition, BIA+ model, lexical access, phonological representation, semantic representation, task control, decision-making systems, orthographic representation, cross-lingual generalization
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