Neural correlates of blink suppression and the buildup of a natural bodily urge
Open accessAbstract
Neuroimaging studies have elucidated some of the underlying physiology of spontaneous and voluntary eye blinking; however, the neural networks involved in eye blink suppression remain poorly understood. Here we investigated blink suppression by analyzing fMRI data in a block design and event-related manner, and employed a novel hypothetical time-varying neural response model to detect brain activations associated with the buildup of urge. Blinks were found to activate visual cortices while our block design analysis revealed activations limited to the middle occipital gyri and deactivations in medial occipital, posterior cingulate and precuneus areas. Our model for urge, however, revealed a widespread network of activations including right greater than left insular cortex, right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, middle cingulate cortex, and bilateral temporo-parietal cortices, primary and secondary face motor regions, and visual cortices. Subsequent inspection of BOLD time-series in an extensive ROI analysis showed that activity in the bilateral insular cortex, right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, and bilateral STG and MTG showed strong correlations with our hypothetical model for urge suggesting these areas play a prominent role in the buildup of urge. The involvement of the insular cortex in particular, along with its function in interoceptive processing, helps support a key role for this structure in the buildup of urge during blink suppression. The right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex findings in conjunction with its known involvement in inhibitory control suggest a role for this structure in maintaining volitional suppression of an increasing sense of urge. The consistency of our urge model findings with prior studies investigating the suppression of blinking and other bodily urges, thoughts, and behaviors suggests that a similar investigative approach may have utility in fMRI studies of disorders associated with abnormal urge suppression such as Tourette syndrome and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
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Sensory phenomena may be associated with urge-for-action.
“SP may be associated with urge‐for‐action (UFA) (Berman et al., 2012; Jackson et al., 2011), which is similar to the premonitory urge to tic (Botteron et al., 2019).”
From Differences in response inhibition between medication-free patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder with and without sensory phenomena (2026) · cites this paper as Berman et al., 2012
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes a buildup of the urge to blink during blink suppression. The Discussion’s Future directions section compares that urge and the relief after blinking with uncomfortable sensations before tics and relief after a tic. This supports a sensory-urge connection, but the paper does not establish an association between the specific sensory phenomena (SP) in the citing sentence and urge-for-action. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe insula and sensorimotor cortex are common regions involved in urge-for-action (UFA).
“The insula and sensorimotor cortex in particular are common regions involved in UFA (Berman et al., 2012; Jackson et al., 2011; Lerner et al., 2009).”
From Differences in response inhibition between medication-free patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder with and without sensory phenomena (2026) · cites this paper as Berman et al., 2012
The Results (Activation analyses; page unavailable) report insular and primary motor and somatosensory cortex activation during blink suppression. But the Discussion (Buildup of urge during blink suppression; page unavailable) says motor-region activity did not steadily track the buildup of urge, so the paper does not establish sensorimotor cortex as a common region for urge-for-action itself. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNeuroimaging studies report activation in the insula, parietal somatosensory regions, and motor/premotor regions during build-up and suppression of urges-for-action, with mid-posterior insula and cingulate motor area active during urges-for-action and the urge to tic.
“Neuroimaging studies report activation in the insula, parietal somatosensory regions and motor/premotor regions to be involved in the build-up and suppression of urges-for-action [80–82], with a common region of mid-posterior insula and cingulate motor area (CMA) active during urges-for-action in non-psychiatric participants and the urge to tic in TS [81, see also 83–84].”
From Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [80]
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- Authors
- Berman, B. D., Horovitz, S. G., Morel, B., & Hallett, M.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Emory University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Berman, Brian D.
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-01
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1441-1450
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3230735
- OpenAlex
- W1976115811
- Cited by
- 91
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (Z99 NS999999)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- blink suppression, blinking, insula, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, middle occipital gyrus, visual cortex, interoception, inhibitory control, Tourette syndrome, obsessive-compulsive disorder
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blinking, Brain, Brain Mapping, Electrooculography, Eye Movements, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neural Inhibition, Volition
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