Cited by 287Cannabis and Cannabinoid ResearchSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesPrenatal Substance Exposure Effects

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Grey matter alterations associated with cannabis use: Results of a VBM study in heavy cannabis users and healthy controls

Cousijn, Janna, Wiers, Reinout W., Ridderinkhof, K. Richard, van den Brink, Wim, Veltman, Dick J., Goudriaan, Anna E.·2012·NeuroImage

DOI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.09.046

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Abstract

Cannabis abuse is related to impairments in a broad range of cognitive functions. However, studies on cannabis abuse in relation to brain structure are sparse and results are inconsistent, probably due to differences in imaging methodology, severity of cannabis abuse, and use of other substances. The goal of the current MRI study was to investigate brain morphology related to current and lifetime severity of cannabis use and dependence in heavy cannabis users without intensive use of other illicit drugs. Voxel-based morphometry was used to assess differences in regional grey and white matter volume between 33 heavy cannabis users and 42 matched controls. Within heavy cannabis users, grey and white matter volume was correlated with measures of cannabis use and dependence. Analyses were focused a priori on the orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, striatum, amygdala, hippocampus, and cerebellum, regions implicated in substance dependence and/or with high cannabinoid receptor-1 concentrations. Regional grey matter volume in the anterior cerebellum was larger in heavy cannabis users. Within the group of heavy cannabis users, grey matter volume in the amygdala and hippocampus correlated negatively with the amount of cannabis use or dependence. No associations were found between white matter volume and measures of cannabis use or dependence. These findings indicate that associations between heavy cannabis use and altered brain structure are complex. Differential patterns of structural changes for various cannabis use levels imply that alterations in brain structure are associated with specific characteristics of cannabis use and dependence.

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Background
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“(2012) reported negative associations between amygdala/hippocampus grey matter volume and amount of cannabis use but no associations of cannabis with ACC and striatum in a voxel-based morphometry study (Cousijn et al., 2012).”
Background
Gray matter volume showed dynamic alterations in methamphetamine users at 6 and 12 months abstinence: A longitudinal voxel-based morphometry study
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“Partial volume effect was one of the frequently addressed shortcomings in VBM, while the VMB8toolbox possessed distinct advantages in compensating it, as described in a previous study (Cousijn et al., 2012).”
Result
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Self-citation
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Background
A Review of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Studies in Marijuana using Adolescents and Adults
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“Nevertheless, contradictions exist as the connection between cannabis use and cognitive alterations is complex [147].”
Background
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Self-citation
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“In contrast, another consistent finding was increased gray matter volume in the cerebellum (Battistella, 2014, Cousijn, 2012, Koenders, 2016), but the functional significance of this adaptation remains uncertain.”
Result
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Self-citation
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“which correlated with amount of cannabis used and dependence severity (70, 73).”
Background
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“Duration of heavy use may have played a role in the discrepancy of these findings, with longer duration of heavy use driving reduced hippocampi.(2,10,12,60,61) This is unsurprising given the direct association between cannabinoid exposure and receptor organization on the hippocampus.”
Background
The ANTs Longitudinal Cortical Thickness PipelinePreprint
Tustison, N. J., Holbrook, A. J., Avants, B., Roberts, J. M., Cook, P. A., Reagh, Z. M., Duda, J., Stone, J. R., Gillen, D. L., Yassa, M. A., et al. (2017) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/170209 · Cited by 25
“This preprocessing step has been used in a variety of imaging studies for enhancing segmentation-based protocols including hippocampal and ventricle segmentation [60], voxel-based morphometry in cannabis users [61], and anterior temporal lobe gray matter volume in bilingual adults [62].”
Method
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Unterrainer, ., Hiebler‐Ragger, M., Koschutnig, K., Fuchshuber, J., Ragger, K., Perchtold‐Stefan, C. M., Papousek, I., Weiss, E. M., & Fink, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00667 · Cited by 26
“This is in clear contrast to previous research, where disrupted GM was observed to be related with several SUD, for example alcoholism (63), cocaine use (20), and cannabis use (23).”
BackgroundResult
Distress intolerance moderation of motivated attention to cannabis and negative stimuli after induced stress among cannabis users: An ERP study
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Method
Discriminative Properties of Hippocampal Hypoperfusion in Marijuana Users Compared to Healthy Controls: Implications for Marijuana Administration in Alzheimer’s Dementia
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Background
Association between age of cannabis initiation and gray matter covariance networks in recent onset psychosis
Penzel, N., Antonucci, L. A., Betz, L. T., Sanfelici, R., Weiske, J., Pogarell, O. M., Cumming, P. D., Quednow, B. B., Howes, O. D., Falkai, P., et al. (2021) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-021-00977-9 · Cited by 23
Role of orbitofrontal sulcogyral pattern on lifetime cannabis use and depressive symptoms
Chye, Y., Solowij, N., Ganella, E. P., Suo, C., Yücel, M., Batalla, A., Cousijn, J., Goudriaan, A. E., Martín‐Santos, R., Whittle, S., et al. (2017) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.07.017 · Cited by 21
“Scanner details are documented in the Supplementary Table 1, and by the original research groups (Batalla et al., 2013; Cousijn et al., 2012; Yücel et al., 2016, 2008).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Common abnormality of gray matter integrity in substance use disorder and obsessive‐compulsive disorder: A comparative voxel‐based meta‐analysis
Klugah‐Brown, B., Jiang, C., Agoalikum, E., Zhou, X., Zou, L., Yu, Q., Becker, B., & Biswal, B. B. (2021) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25471 · Cited by 24
“…gray matter indi- ces in SUDs (see cocaine; Crunelle et al., 2014; Ide et al., 2014; Rando, Tuit, Hannestad, Guarnaccia, & Sinha, 2013), Cannabis; (Cousijn et al., 2012; Wetherill et al., 2015), Alcohol; (Xiao et al., 2015; Yang et al., 2016), and Nicotine; (Hanlon et al., 2016; Zubieta et al.,…”
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“…in the ventral tegmental area (VTA), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), orbital frontal cortex (OFC), striatum, insula, cerebellum, thalamus, pre- and postcentral gyri, inferior parietal lobe, and superior temporal gyrus (Cousijn et al., 2012; Filbey, Schacht, Myers, Chavez, & Hutchison, 2009).”
Background
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“Cannabis use has also been linked with volume differences in subcortical regions such as the amygdala, hippocampus, and cerebellum (Ashtari et al., 2011; Battistella et al., 2014; Cousijn et al., 2012; Demirakca et al., 2011; Gilman et al., 2014; Jarvis et al., 2008; Koenders et al., 2016; Matochik et al., 2005; McQue…”
Background
Interaction of Cannabis Use and Aging: From Molecule to Mind
Yoo, H. B., DiMuzio, J. M., & Filbey, F. M. (2019) · Journal of Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1080/15504263.2019.1665218 · Cited by 21
“users independent of aging effects (Chye et al., 2017; Cousijn et al., 2012; Y€ ucel et al., 2008, 2016).”
BackgroundInfluential
A multimodal investigation of cerebellar integrity associated with high‐risk cannabis use
Sweigert, J., Pagulayan, K. F., Greco, G., Blake, M., Larimer, M. E., & Kleinhans, N. M. (2019) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12839 · Cited by 18
“Additionally, higher self‐reported craving was associated with higher connectivity to the medial prefrontal cortex, lateral orbital frontal cortex, and putamen, regions that are part of the putative neural substrates of craving(44) and have been shown to be altered by cannabis use.(45,46) This suggests that the cerebe…”
Background
Impact of Cannabis Use on Brain Structure and Function in Suppressed HIV Infection
Kallianpur, K. J., Birn, R. M., Ndhlovu, L. C., Souza, S. A., Mitchell, B. I., Paul, R. H., Chow, D. C., Kohorn, L. B., & Shikuma, C. M. (2020) · Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science · doi:10.4236/jbbs.2020.108022 · Cited by 19
“Chronic or heavy consumption was related to hippocampal and amygdalar volume reductions [18] [27] [70] [71] [72].”
Background
Cognition and Cortical Thickness in Heavy Cannabis Users
Wittemann, M., Brielmaier, J., Rubly, M., Kennel, J., Werler, F., Schmitgen, M. M., Kubera, K. M., Hirjak, D., Wolf, N. D., Reith, W., et al. (2020) · European Addiction Research · doi:10.1159/000509987 · Cited by 20
Cortical thickness, cortical surface area and subcortical volumes in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients with cannabis use
Hartberg, C. B., Lange, E. H., Lagerberg, T. V., Haukvik, U. K., Andreassen, O. A., Melle, I. S., & Agartz, I. (2017) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.11.019 · Cited by 18
High Self-Control Reduces Risk Preference: The Role of Connectivity Between Right Orbitofrontal Cortex and Right Anterior Cingulate Cortex
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“The VBM method can predict individual differences in cognitive processes by comparing a voxel-wise of GMV, or neuronal density, and has been increasingly applied in pathological research (Cousijn et al., 2012).”
Method
Cannabis Use and Consequences
Mashhoon, Y., Sagar, K. A., & Gruber, S. A. (2019) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2019.08.004 · Cited by 21
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“Evidence already exists demonstrating volumetric impairments in the amygdala, a brain region central to affective and addictive disorders, in cannabis users during early[39] and late[40] adolescence.”
Background
Neurologic Complications of Illicit Drug Abuse
Brust, J. C. M. (2014) · CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.con.0000450971.99322.cd · Cited by 17
Volumetric Differences in Cerebellar Lobes in Individuals from Multiplex Alcohol Dependence Families and Controls: Their Relationship to Externalizing and Internalizing Disorders and Working Memory
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Brain Anatomical Alterations in Young Cannabis Users: Is it All Hype? A Meta-Analysis of Structural Neuroimaging Studies
Lorenzetti, V., Kowalczyk, M., Duehlmeyer, L., Greenwood, L.-M., Chye, Y., Yücel, M., Whittle, S., & Roberts, C. A. (2023) · Cannabis & Cannabinoid Research · doi:10.1089/can.2021.0099 · Cited by 17
Marijuana: A systems-based primer of adverse effects associated with use and an overview of its therapeutic utility
Kichloo, A., Albosta, M. S., Aljadah, M. M., El‐amir, Z., Goldar, G., Khan, M. Z., Dahiya, D. S., Vallabhaneni, S., Wani, F., & Singh, J. (2021) · SAGE Open Medicine · doi:10.1177/20503121211000909 · Cited by 18
Effect of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis co-use on gray matter volume in heavy drinkers.
Grodin, E. N., Burnette, E. M., Towns, B., Venegas, A., & Ray, L. A. (2021) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000743 · Cited by 16
Impact of Adolescent Cannabis Use on Neurocognitive and Brain Development
Scott, J. C. (2022) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2022.06.002 · Cited by 16
The effects of nicotine and cannabis co-use during adolescence and young adulthood on white matter cerebral blood flow estimates
Courtney, K. E., Baca, R. E., Doran, N., Jacobson, A., Liu, T. T., & Jacobus, J. (2020) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-020-05640-7 · Cited by 19
Executive function deficit in betel-quid-dependent chewers: Mediating role of prefrontal cortical thickness
Zhu, X., Liu, S., Liao, W., Kong, L., Jiang, C., & Yuan, F. (2018) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881118806299 · Cited by 15
“…et al., 2012; Sim et al., 2007 ), heroin (Liu et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2012; Yuan et al., 2009, 2010), opiates (Lyoo et al., 2006), cannabis (Cousijn et al., 2012), nicotine (Brody et al., 2004; Liao et al., 2012), alcohol (Benegal et al., 2007; Mechtcheriakov et al., 2007), ketamine (Liao…”
Background
HIV infection and age effects on striatal structure are additive
O’Connor, E. E., Zeffiro, T., López, O. L., Becker, J. T., & Zeffiro, T. A. (2019) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-019-00747-w · Cited by 15
Prefrontal cortex and putamen grey matter alterations in cannabis and tobacco users
Daniju, Y., Faulkner, P., Brandt, K., & Allen, P. (2022) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811221117523 · Cited by 14
“Email: Paul.allen@roehampton.ac.uk across cannabis-using and non-cannabis-using groups (e.g. Cousijn et al., 2012; Yücel et al., 2008).”
Method
Recent cannabis use is associated with smaller hippocampus volume: High‐resolution segmentation of structural subfields in a large non‐clinical sample
Owens, M. M., Sweet, L. H., & MacKillop, J. M. (2020) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12874 · Cited by 16
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as a potential treatment approach for cannabis use disorder
Kearney-Ramos, T. E., & Haney, M. (2021) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110290 · Cited by 12
Age- and Sex-Related Cortical Gray Matter Volume Differences in Adolescent Cannabis Users: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Voxel-Based Morphometry Studies
Allick, A., Park, G. S. H., Kim, K., Vintimilla, M., Rathod, K., Lebo, R. A., Nanavati, J., & Hammond, C. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.745193 · Cited by 14
Distinct cerebellar regions related to motor and cognitive performance in SCA6 patients
Rentiya, Z., Khan, N.-S., Ergun, E., Ying, S. H., & Desmond, J. E. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.10.036 · Cited by 14
Should oncologists trust cannabinoids?
Creangă-Murariu, I., Filipiuc, L.-E., Cuciureanu, M. D., Tamba, B.-I., & Alexa‐Stratulat, T. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1211506 · Cited by 13
“• Long-term brain functional and structural alterations (Cousijn et al., 2012; Broyd et al., 2016; Meier et al., 2022)”
Background
A preliminary study of the effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on brain structure in patients with epilepsy
Sharma, A. A., Nenert, R. E., Allendorfer, J. B., Gaston, T. E., Grayson, L. E., Hernando, K. A., & Szaflarski, J. P. (2019) · Epilepsy & Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ebr.2019.100341 · Cited by 13
Growing Concerns: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis of cannabis use and mental health risks in youth
Sanz-Pérez, A., Serrano, D. R., Fraguas‐Sánchez, A. I., Pardo, M. D. C., de León, J. M. R. S., Estupiñá, F. J., Pérez, T., & González‐Burgos, E. (2025) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108528 · Cited by 13
T-cell immunophenotype correlations with cortical thickness and white matter microstructure in bipolar disorder
Escelsior, A., Inuggi, A., Sterlini, B., Bovio, A., Marenco, G., Bode, J., Favilla, L., Tardito, S., Altosole, T., da Silva, B. P., et al. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.12.054 · Cited by 12
Is there a specific memory signature associated with Aβ-PET positivity in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment?
Tomadesso, C., Gonneaud, J., Egret, S., Perrotin, A., Pèlerin, A., de Florès, R., Sayette, V. D. L., Desgranges, B., Chételat, G., & Joie, R. L. (2019) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.01.017 · Cited by 14
Neurodevelopmental Effects of Cannabis Use in Adolescents and Emerging Adults with ADHD: A Systematic Review
Cawkwell, P. B., Hong, D. S., & Leikauf, J. E. (2021) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000303 · Cited by 14
“In young-adult heavy cannabis users, gray matter volume in the hippocampus and amygdala is negatively correlated with the amount of cannabis use.(45) Cerebral blood flow has been observed to be reduced in several cortical regions in otherwise healthy adolescent cannabis users, including left superior and middle tempor…”
Background
Aberrant hippocampal shape development in young adults with heavy cannabis use: Evidence from a longitudinal study
Xu, H., Li, Y., & Yin, B. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.06.037 · Cited by 13
Variation of cerebrospinal fluid in specific regions regulates focality in transcranial direct current stimulation
Kashyap, R., Bhattacharjee, S., Bharath, R. D., Venkatasubramanian, G., Udupa, K., Bashir, S., Oishi, K., Desmond, J. E., Chen, S. A., & Guan, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.952602 · Cited by 12
“However, studies have reported that age and sex can influence the volumetric results (Cousijn et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMethod
Effects of prenatal synthetic cannabinoid exposure on the cerebellum of adolescent rat offspring
Pinky, P. D., Majrashi, M., Fujihashi, A., Bloemer, J., Govindarajulu, M., Ramesh, S., Reed, M. N., Moore, T., Suppiramaniam, V. D., & Dhanasekaran, M. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06730 · Cited by 12
“This is in line with other studies which showed absence of volumetric reductions in the cerebellum (Cousijn et al., 2012).”
Result
Structural correlates of sensorimotor dysfunction in heavy cannabis users
Wolf, R. C., Werler, F., Wittemann, M., Schmitgen, M. M., Kubera, K. M., Wolf, N. D., Reith, W., & Hirjak, D. (2021) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.13032 · Cited by 12
Cannabis, Cannabinoids, and the Association with Psychosis
Radhakrishnan, R., Addy, P. H., Sewell, R. A., Skosnik, P. D., Ranganathan, M., & D’Souza, D. C. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-418679-8.00014-9 · Cited by 12
Adolescent Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol exposure induces differential acute and long-term neuronal and molecular disturbances in dorsal vs. ventral hippocampal subregions
Felice, M. D., Chen, C., Rodríguez-Ruiz, M., Szkudlarek, H. J., Lam, M., Sert, S., Whitehead, S. N., Yeung, K. K. ‐., Rushlow, W. J., & Laviolette, S. R. (2022) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-022-01496-x · Cited by 11
“Indeed, considerable evidence indicated that chronic THC exposure can induce profound morphological abnormalities in the Hipp similar to those observed in schizophrenia patients, such as a reduction of gray matter, volumetric changes [6, 7], and impairments in axonal connectivity [8].”
Background
Functional correlates of neurological soft signs in heavy cannabis users
Wolf, R. C., Werler, F., Schmitgen, M. M., Wolf, N. D., Wittemann, M., Reith, W., & Hirjak, D. (2023) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.13270 · Cited by 11
Structural imaging for addiction medicine
Brown, G. G., Jacobus, J., & McKenna, B. S. (2015) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.07.029 · Cited by 11
Is there sufficient evidence that cannabis use is a risk factor for psychosis?
Colizzi, M., & Bhattacharyya, S. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813201-2.00016-8 · Cited by 11
Reduction in hippocampal volumes subsequent to heavy cannabis use: a 3-year longitudinal study
Wang, Y., Zuo, C., Wang, W., Xu, Q., & Lei, H. C. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113588 · Cited by 13
THC improves behavioural schizophrenia-like deficits that CBD fails to overcome: a comprehensive multilevel approach using the Poly I:C maternal immune activation
Lamanna‐Rama, N., Romero‐Miguel, D., Casquero‐Veiga, M., MacDowell, K. S., Santa-Marta, C., Torres-Sánchez, S., Berrocoso, E., Leza, J. C., Desco, M., & Soto‐Montenegro, M. L. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115643 · Cited by 10
Psycho-Behavioral Spiral of Disturbances in Prosocial Behavior, Stress Response, and Self-Regulation inSubstance-Related and Addictive Disorders
Nakagawa, Y. (2017) · Journal of Drug and Alcohol Research · doi:10.4303/jdar/236017 · Cited by 10
Effects of Co‐occurring marijuana use and anxiety on brain structure and functioning: A systematic review of adolescent studies
Cancilliere, M. K., Yusufov, M., & Weyandt, L. L. (2018) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.03.013 · Cited by 10
Cerebellar thickness changes associated with heavy cannabis use: A 3‐year longitudinal study
Wang, Y., Zuo, C., Xu, Q., & Lei, H. C. (2020) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12931 · Cited by 10
“For more detailed information about the participants, see Cousijn et al.19”
BackgroundInfluential
Widespread and interrelated gray matter reductions in child sexual offenders with and without pedophilia: Evidence from a multivariate structural MRI study
Klöckner, M. S., Jordan, K., Kiehl, K. A., Nyalakanti, P. K., Harenski, C. L., & Müller, J. L. (2021) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/pcn.13292 · Cited by 9
Sex-specificities in anxiety and depressive symptoms across the lifespan and their links with multimodal neuroimaging
Moulinet, I., Landeau, B., Touron, E., Sayette, V. D. L., Desgranges, B., Vivien, D., Marchant, N. L., Poisnel, G., & Chételat, G. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.004 · Cited by 11
Sensation seeking correlates with increased white matter integrity of structures associated with visuospatial processing in healthy adults
Escelsior, A., Inuggi, A., Amadeo, M. B., Engel‐Yeger, B., Trabucco, A., Esposito, D., Campus, C., Bovio, A., Comparini, S. E., da Silva, B. P., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1267700 · Cited by 9
How do cannabis users mentally travel in time? Evidence from an fMRI study of episodic future thinking
Rafei, P., Rezapour, T., Batouli, S. A. H., Verdejo‐García, A., Lorenzetti, V., & Hatami, J. (2021) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-021-06002-7 · Cited by 9
Neuroimagem na dependência de jogos eletrônicos: uma revisão sistemática
Lemos, I. L., Diniz, P. R. B., Peres, J. F. P., & Sougey, É. B. (2014) · Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/0047-2085000000008 · Cited by 9
Canabis-induced Moto-cognitive Dysfunction in Wistar Rats: Ameliorative Efficacy of Nigella Sativa
Aminu, I., Ajao, M. S., Abdulbasit, A., Imam, A. W., Ibrahim, A., Olajide, O. J., Iyiola, A. M., Abdulmusawir, A.-O., & Balogun, W. G. (2016) · Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.21315/mjms2016.23.5.3 · Cited by 9
“The hippocampal pathologies observed in this study following cannabis administration in the CA1 and CA3 pyramidal neurons and the Nissl granulation can be supported by studies reporting distinct hippocampal morphological alterations in rats and humans following cannabis toxicity, including the presence of dark neurons…”
Background
Cannabis Use Disorders and Altered Brain Morphology: Where Is the Evidence?
Lorenzetti, V., Batalla, A., & Cousijn, J. (2016) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-016-0102-2 · Cited by 8
Self-citation
Multisystemic Increment of Cortical Thickness in Congenital Blind Children
Inuggi, A., Pichiecchio, A., Ciacchini, B., Signorini, S. G., Morelli, F., & Gori, M. (2020) · Cerebral Cortex Communications · doi:10.1093/texcom/tgaa071 · Cited by 8
Visions of Cannabis Control
Heidt, J., & Wheeldon, J. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198875215.001.0001 · Cited by 9
Efectos neuropsicológicos del consumo de cannabis
Verdejo‐García, A. (2011) · Trastornos Adictivos · doi:10.1016/s1575-0973(11)70021-6 · Cited by 13
Cortical Morphology in Cannabis Use Disorder: Implications for Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Treatment
Soleimani, G., Towhidkhah, F., Saviz, M., & Ekhtiari, H. (2021) · Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal · doi:10.32598/bcn.2021.3400.1 · Cited by 8
“Structural cortical abnormalities have consistently been found in people with SUDs and CUD (Chye et al., 2021; Chye et al., 2019; Cousijn et al., 2012; Lorenzetti et al., 2019; Lorenzetti et al., 2020).”
Background
Is treated HIV infection still toxic to the brain?
O’Connor, E. E., & Zeffiro, T. A. (2019) · Progress in molecular biology and translational science · doi:10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.04.001 · Cited by 8
Chronic exposure to inhaled vaporized cannabis high in Δ9-THC alters brain structure in adult female mice
Taylor, A., Nweke, A., Vincent, V., Oke, M., Kulkarni, P., & Ferris, C. F. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1139309 · Cited by 7
“The data is most consistent around the hippocampus were males with a history of chronic cannabis use present with reduced hippocampal volume and gray matter density (Matochik et al., 2005; Yucel et al., 2008; Demirakca et al., 2011; Cousijn et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2021a).”
Background
Using UK Biobank data to establish population-specific atlases from whole body MRI
Starck, S., Sideri‐Lampretsa, V., Ritter, J. J. M., Zimmer, V. A., Braren, R., Mueller, T. T., & Rueckert, D. (2024) · Communications Medicine · doi:10.1038/s43856-024-00670-0 · Cited by 7
Personalized Dose Selection for Treatment of Patients with Neuropsychiatric Disorders Using tDCS
Bhattacharjee, S., Kashyap, R., Sreeraj, V. S., P.Sivakumar, P. S., Venkatasubramanian, G., Desmond, J. E., Chen, S. A., Sathyaprabha, T. N., & Udupa, K. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14121162 · Cited by 7
“This step corrected for individual differences in brain size [40].”

Authors: Cousijn, J., Wiers, R. W., Ridderinkhof, K. R., van den Brink, W., Veltman, D. J., & Goudriaan, A. E.
Affiliations: Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam (NL)
University of Amsterdam (NL)
Corresponding author: Cousijn, Janna
ORCID: Cousijn, Janna
Wiers, Reinout W.
Ridderinkhof, K. Richard
Veltman, Dick J.
Goudriaan, Anna E.
Venue: NeuroImage
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2012-02
Volume: 59
Issue: 4
Pages: 3845-3851
ISSN: 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.09.046
OpenAlex: W2064378998
Cited by: 287
References: 80
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 11.67
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
Funders: Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research–Health Research and Development, ZON-Mw
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
Keywords: cannabis use, cannabis use disorder, heavy cannabis users, gray matter volume, white matter volume, brain structure, orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, striatum, amygdala, hippocampus, cerebellum, CB1 receptor, substance dependence, cognitive impairment
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Brain, Marijuana Abuse, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Organ Size, Severity of Illness Index, Young Adult, Neuroimaging

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Grey matter alterations associated with cannabis use: Results of a VBM study in heavy cannabis users and healthy controls

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