Neural mechanisms of dissonance: An fMRI investigation of choice justification
Abstract
Cognitive dissonance theory proposes that difficult choice produces negatively arousing cognitive conflict (called dissonance), which motivates the chooser to justify her decision by increasing her preference for the chosen option while decreasing her preference for the rejected option. At present, however, neural mechanisms of dissonance are poorly understood. To address this gap of knowledge, we scanned 24 young Americans as they made 60 choices between pairs of popular music CDs. As predicted, choices between CDs that were close (vs. distant) in attractiveness (referred to as difficult vs. easy choices) resulted in activations of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), a brain region associated with cognitive conflict, and the left anterior insula (left aINS), a region often linked with aversive emotional arousal. Importantly, a separate analysis showed that choice-justifying attitude change was predicted by the in-choice signal intensity of the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), a region that is linked to self-processing. The three regions identified (dACC, left aINS, and PCC) were correlated, within-subjects, across choices. The results were interpreted to support the hypothesis that cognitive dissonance plays a key role in producing attitudes that justify the choice.
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There are empirical reasons to suppose that a negative affective state results from the conflict between two representations.
“In short, we have empirical reasons to suppose that a negative affective state results from the conflict between two representations (Elliot & Devine, 1994, Kitayama, Chua, Tompson, & Han, 2013)”
From Conative Dissonance (2026) · cites this paper as Kitayama, Chua, Tompson, & Han, 2013
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- Authors
- Kitayama, S., Chua, H. F., Tompson, S., & Han, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Peking University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Kitayama, Shinobu
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-04
- Volume
- 69
- Pages
- 206-212
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2005045124
- Cited by
- 98
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 3.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- cognitive dissonance, attitude change, cognitive conflict, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula, posterior cingulate cortex, self-processing, music selection, decision difficulty
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Brain, Brain Mapping, Choice Behavior, Female, Humans, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Young Adult
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