Self‐image resilience and dissonance: The role of affirmational resources
Abstract
It was predicted that high self-esteem Ss (HSEs) would rationalize an esteem-threatening decision less than low self-esteem Ss (LSEs), because HSEs presumably had more favorable self-concepts with which to affirm, and thus repair, their overall sense of self-integrity. This prediction was supported in 2 experiments within the "free-choice" dissonance paradigm--one that manipulated self-esteem through personality feedback and the other that varied it through selection of HSEs and LSEs, but only when Ss were made to focus on their self-concepts. A 3rd experiment countered an alternative explanation of the results in terms of mood effects that may have accompanied the experimental manipulations. The results were discussed in terms of the following: (a) their support for a resources theory of individual differences in resilience to self-image threats--an extension of self-affirmation theory, (b) their implications for self-esteem functioning, and (c) their implications for the continuing debate over self-enhancement versus self-consistency motivation.
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This effect was found only among high self-esteem people who had first completed a self-esteem scale that made their self-resources cognitively accessible.
“this eVect was found only among those high self-esteem people who had first completed a self-esteem scale that made their self-resources cognitively accessible to them.”
From The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory (2006) · cites this paper as Steele et al., 1993
High self-esteem people were less likely to rationalize a choice they had made.
“they found that high self-esteem people were less likely to rationalize a choice they had made”
From The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory (2006) · cites this paper as Steele et al., 1993
Under the condition of accessible self-resources, those with greater affirmational resources were more resilient to threats to their self-image and less likely to engage in defensive rationalization.
“Under this condition, those with greater aYrmational resources were more resilient to threats to their self-image and less likely to engage in defensive rationalization of their behavior”
From The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory (2006) · cites this paper as Steele et al., 1993
Manipulations of mood fail to produce the same effects as self-affirmations.
“manipulations of mood fail to produce the same eVects as self-aYrmations (e.g., Steele et al., 1993; but see Raghunathan & Trope, 2002)”
From The psychology of self-defense: Self-affirmation theory (2006) · cites this paper as Steele et al., 1993
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- Authors
- Steele, C. M., Spencer, S. J., & Lynch, M.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
- Published
- 1993
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 885-896
- ISSN
- 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1315
- OpenAlex
- W1996343423
- Cited by
- 600
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 9.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- self-esteem, cognitive dissonance, self-affirmation, self-concept, self-integrity, personality feedback, self-enhancement, individual differences
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Dissociative Disorders, Feedback, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Personality Development, Personality Inventory, Self Concept, Social Support
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