The DOI matches its Crossref record; 107 of the 107 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 47 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation—an ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis
Open accessAbstract
Cognitive regulation of emotions is a fundamental prerequisite for intact social functioning which impacts on both well being and psychopathology. The neural underpinnings of this process have been studied intensively in recent years, without, however, a general consensus. We here quantitatively summarize the published literature on cognitive emotion regulation using activation likelihood estimation in fMRI and PET (23 studies/479 subjects). In addition, we assessed the particular functional contribution of identified regions and their interactions using quantitative functional inference and meta-analytic connectivity modeling, respectively. In doing so, we developed a model for the core brain network involved in emotion regulation of emotional reactivity. According to this, the superior temporal gyrus, angular gyrus and (pre) supplementary motor area should be involved in execution of regulation initiated by frontal areas. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex may be related to regulation of cognitive processes such as attention, while the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex may not necessarily reflect the regulatory process per se, but signals salience and therefore the need to regulate. We also identified a cluster in the anterior middle cingulate cortex as a region, which is anatomically and functionally in an ideal position to influence behavior and subcortical structures related to affect generation. Hence this area may play a central, integrative role in emotion regulation. By focusing on regions commonly active across multiple studies, this proposed model should provide important a priori information for the assessment of dysregulated emotion regulation in psychiatric disorders.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This paper quantitatively integrates fMRI/PET studies of conscious cognitive emotion regulation using activation likelihood estimation, meta-analytic connectivity modeling, and BrainMap functional decoding. It proposes a three-stage network model in which VLPFC supports appraisal/salience detection, DLPFC initiates regulation, and STG, angular gyrus, and pre-SMA execute regulation, with aMCC as a central integrator.
Key findings
- Across 23 studies, 47 experiments, 479 subjects, and 505 foci, the ALE meta-analysis found eight significant clusters: bilateral inferior frontal gyrus/VLPFC extending into anterior insula, a large SMA/pre-SMA cluster extending into aMCC, bilateral precentral/DLPFC clusters, left middle temporal cortex, and bilateral angular gyri.
- MACM showed distinct co-activation patterns for these regions: the IFG/VLPFC seed co-activated with insula, middle frontal, precentral, aMCC/SMA, parietal, thalamus, temporal, striatal, and amygdala regions; DLPFC co-activated with aMCC, angular gyri, insula, and left middle frontal gyrus; aMCC and SMA seeds showed broad sensorimotor, insular, parietal, thalamic, and striatal co-activation; angular gyrus co-activated with parietal, cingulate, left IFG, and left SMA; STG co-activated with left IFG/precentral, temporal, SMA, parietal, insular, striatal, and thalamic regions.
- Functional decoding linked DLPFC to working memory, reasoning, social cognition, and action inhibition rather than emotion processing; VLPFC to language, social cognition, emotion, and action inhibition; aMCC to language, working/explicit memory, and action inhibition; SMA to language and memory; STG to language, social cognition, and audition; and angular gyrus to social cognition, imagery, and deception tasks.
- The authors propose a three-stage model: VLPFC as a hub for affective evaluation and salience detection, DLPFC for initiating regulation via “cold” cognitive control, STG/angular gyrus/pre-SMA for executing regulation, and aMCC as a mediator integrating these steps.
Methods
- ALE meta-analysis of fMRI and PET studies selected from BrainMap and manual PubMed/Google Scholar searches; inclusion required whole-brain coverage, standard-space group analysis, no pharmacological treatment or mental/neurological disorder, and antecedent-focused, conscious, cognitive regulation strategies. The final sample comprised 23 studies, 47 experiments, 479 subjects, and 505 foci; Talairach coordinates were converted to MNI.
- ALE modeled activation foci as Gaussian probability distributions weighted by sample size, with a family-wise error-corrected threshold of p = 0.05.
- MACM was performed on six volumes of interest from the ALE clusters using BrainMap co-activation searches; functional decoding used BrainMap Behavioral Domain and Paradigm Class metadata with forward and reverse inference, binomial and chi-square tests, and Bonferroni correction at p < .05.
Limitations
- Stated by the authors: five included studies did not report participants’ mental health status or assessment methods, describing them only as “normal”; a sensitivity analysis excluding these studies did not change the general activation pattern.
- Stated by the authors: the data cannot establish causal relationships within the network, and the study was not designed to test mediation versus direct-pathway hypotheses.
- Evident from the text: the meta-analysis aggregates published coordinates and cannot resolve causality; inclusion was restricted to conscious, antecedent-focused, functional regulation strategies in fMRI/PET with whole-brain group analyses, so findings may not generalize to automatic, response-focused, dysfunctional, or clinical populations; functional decoding depends on BrainMap metadata and reverse inference.
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Claims the paper makes
31 Own interpretation · 29 Not checked yet · 23 Own result · 5 Own method · 1 Partly supported · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“By simulating motor, somatosensory and language processes via imagination of scenes and congruent verbalization, pre-motor areas, angular gyrus and STG may initiate a reenacting of an emotional scene (Johnson-Frey et al., 2005; Niedenthal, 2007), which represents the execution of regulation (C).”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Discussion > Process of emotion regulation
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Johnson-Frey et al., 2005 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Frontal Cortex, Posterior Parietal Cortex, and Posterior Temporal Cortex passages (pages unavailable) associate premotor areas, the angular gyrus, and STG with planning or executing tool-use gestures and with information about tools and actions. They do not examine imagined emotional scenes, congruent verbalization, or whether these regions initiate emotional reenactment; that extension is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked yetcites Niedenthal, 2007 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Co-activation maps for the MCC included bilateral insula, bilateral middle frontal (BA 45) and bilateral precentral gyrus (BA 44,6), bilateral SMA, bilateral superior parietal lobe, bilateral thalamus, bilateral fusiform gyrus, bilateral putamen and pallidum (see Fig. 2c).”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Results > MACM analysis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PCs recruiting this area were word generation, phonological discrimination, flanker tasks, mental rotation, n-back, Sternberg, Deception, Stroop and arithmetic tasks.”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Results > Functional characterization
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The VOI in the aMCC was associated to BDs related to language, working and explicit memory, as well as action inhibition.”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Results > Functional characterization
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PCs on theory of mind, covert reading, semantic monitoring and discrimination, passive listening and phonological discrimination.”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Results > Functional characterization
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The STG VOI from the MA was associated with BDs language (different subcategories), social cognition, perception: audition”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Results > Functional characterization
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our DLPFC VOI was significantly recruited in BDs action inhibition, working memory, reasoning, social cognition and cognition in general.”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Results > Functional characterization
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MACM analysis for the DLPFC VOI from the ER meta-analysis revealed convergent co-activation in aMCC, bilateral angular gyrus, bilateral anterior insula and left middle frontal gyrus (see Fig. 2b).”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Results > MACM analysis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PCs most often involved were anti-saccades, word generation, Stroop, go/no-go and n-back tasks.”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Results > Functional characterization
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another activation focus was located in left middle temporal cortex (163 voxels; peak MNI: 38/22/44).”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Results > Meta-analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
- It may state two separate claims as one. 30
- Probably not a substantial claim. 11
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ER reliably led to activation in bilateral inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) (right: p. triangularis and orbitalis; BA 44/45; peak MNI: 50/30/−8; 678 voxels, left: p. triangularis, opercularis and orbitalis, BA 44/45; peak MNI: −42/22/−6; 781 voxels), extending into bilateral anterior insula, which we will refer to as VLPFC VOI.”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Results > Meta-analysis
plaincorrelationaln = 479- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Co-activation maps for the SMA were significant for bilateral insula, bilateral middle frontal (BA 45) and bilateral precentral gyrus (BA 44,6), bilateral aMCC, bilateral superior parietal lobe, bilateral thalamus, bilateral fusiform gyrus, bilateral putamen, pallidum and caudate nucleus, bilateral middle frontal gyrus and bilateral inferior temporal gyrus (see Fig. 2d).”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Results > MACM analysis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PCs were associated with the IFG during deception tasks, word generation, reading, episodic recall, different monitor and discrimination tasks, and PCs related to nutrition and memory recall.”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Results > Functional characterization
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The IFG VOI from the ER meta-analysis showed convergent co-activation for bilateral insula, bilateral middle frontal (BA 45) and bilateral precentral gyrus (BA 44,6), bilateral aMCC and SMA, bilateral superior parietal lobe, bilateral thalamus, bilateral middle temporal gyrus, bilateral putamen, pallidum and caudate nucleus, left fusiform gyrus, left amygdala and left middle frontal gyrus (see Fig”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Results > MACM analysis
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The IFG was strongly associated with language, social cognition, emotion, and action inhibition.”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Results > Functional characterization
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“PCs on chewing/swallowing, imagined objects or scenes, and deception tasks.”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Results > Functional characterization
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The localization of our (pre)SMA VOI corresponds to the localization of both the anterior and posterior cluster of the SMA identified by functional characterization (Eickhoff et al., 2011), which were associated to cognitive and executive aspects of motor behavior, respectively.”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Eickhoff et al., 2011 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The AG VOI is associated with social cognition and paradigms in which scenes or objects have to be imagined, as well as deception tasks and chewing or swallowing.”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We here identified core regions of the brain network involved in regulation of emotional reactivity and provide information on the relative contribution of these brain areas to the stages of the regulatory process.”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Conclusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is strongly involved in monitoring reward response behavior (Haber, 2009b) and punishment avoidance (Vogt, 2009).”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Haber, 2009b
- Not checked yetcites Vogt, 2009
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is also anatomically connected to the STG (Ongür et al., 2003), which processes higher order multi-modal integration and also regulates amygdala activity (Müller et al., 2012).”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, the VLPFC VOI may play a central part in emotion processing, which is supported by previous meta-analysis and our functional characterization, additionally it seems to play a role in regulatory processes as it is associated to action inhibition, which seems highly plausible given its anatomical position.”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thus, the aMCC has been termed a limbic motor control cortex and is involved in regulation of motor output systems for reward approach and punishment avoidance, and also in cognitive processes including selections, which do not require movement and employ the MCC to this end (Vogt, 2009).”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Vogt, 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The aMCC plays a crucial role in intentional motor control (Hoffstaedter et al., 2012).”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hoffstaedter et al., 2012
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Anatomically, the VLPFC possesses direct efferent anatomical connections to the amygdala, while afferent projections from the amygdala most likely reach the VLPFC via the anterior insula (Ray and Zald, 2012).”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ray and Zald, 2012
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It is not overrepresented in emotion processing in general, which supports the notion that the dorsal ACC may more strongly be associated with cognitive control and therefore reflects the “cognitive division” of the ACC (Bush et al., 2000).”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bush et al., 2000 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The recruitment of both clusters in emotion regulation may reflect crucial involvement of both cognitive and executive aspects and indicate that different subregions of the SMA cluster might be engaged in different stages of emotion regulation.”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The angular gyrus is in general recognized as an associative cortex for semantic processes (Seghier et al., 2011), emotional stimuli (Kohn et al., 2011), episodic memory (Mazoyer et al., 2001; Anticevic et al., 2010; Yang et al., 2010), mental arithmetic (Grabner et al., 2009) and self-relevant internal cognitive processes (Andrews-Hanna et al., 2010).”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Anatomically, the AG has projections to the aMCC (Vogt, 2009) and DLPFC (Haber, 2009b), which is in line with the functional characteristics as the aMCC as limbic motor control center and the DLPFC as cognitive control center are related to mental imagery and thus AG functionality.”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Vogt, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Haber, 2009b
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Because all studies of our meta-analysis focus on reconceptualization (changing the appraisal) we would argue that the (pre)SMA VOI in the meta-analysis reflects the execution of this reconceptualization by reformulating mental representations relying on language and memory processing, possibly also in the sense of embodied cognition (Barsalou, 2008; Niedenthal, 2007; Smith and Semin, 2007).”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Anatomically, the aMCC receives projections from the parietal cortex and interfaces skeletomotor systems via projections to the spinal cord, striatum, (pre)SMA and other motor cortices”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Vogt, 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It computes higher order multimodal integrative processes and also affects amygdala activity (Müller et al., 2012), which may reflect its association to social cognition.”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Müller et al., 2012 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In both processes a complex set of semantic and motor representations is engaged leading to an automatized motor procedure or an automatized affect regulation procedure.”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In general, subcortical brain structures, such as the amygdala and the ventral striatum are thought to play a major role in generation of an emotion (Lindquist et al., 2011; Phan et al., 2002; Wager et al., 2003).”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Discussion > Process of emotion regulation
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In summary, the STG may play a role in verbalization of social scenes or mental imagery and additionally is in a position to modulate affective arousal via effective connectivity to the amygdala.”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Additionally, there is evidence that the VLPFC is a detector of salience rather signals when to inhibit and what to feel, than reflects the inhibitory process itself (Hampshire et al., 2010).”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Discussion > Process of emotion regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hampshire et al., 2010 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The anatomical connectivity of the DLPFC and our functional characterization underscore its involvement in “cold” regulatory processes, which may process information from the VLPFC and relay processed information to a brain network involved in (emoto-) motor control.”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Discussion > Process of emotion regulation
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“She assumes that eulaminate, lateral prefrontal cortices (mainly Brodmann Area 46 and 8, which strongly overlap to the portion of the DLPFC observed in our meta-analysis) have a laminar connectivity pattern that implies a feed-forward function, while the laminar connectivity pattern of the orbitofrontal cortex and VLPFC implies a stronger involvement in feed-back functionality.”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Discussion > Process of emotion regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barbas (2000)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In depressed patients the DLPFC did not show such an association, which according to our model may relate to global cognitive deficits in the patient population, rather than deficits in emotion regulation per se.”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Discussion > Process of emotion regulation
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This may in turn influence activity in the ventral striatum and amygdala either directly or via the aMCC.”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Discussion > Process of emotion regulation
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our study is not designed to test these alternative hypotheses, but one can infer from our analyses and the literature, that a highly plausible candidate structure in the direct pathway model would be the VLPFC as it detects salience, is a core structure for appraisal processes (Hampshire et al., 2010; Wager et al., 2008) and would also be in a good position to initiate higher order cognitive proc”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Discussion > Process of emotion regulation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Similarly, the finding of reduced ACC activation in Borderline patients (Koenigsberg et al., 2009) would according to our model be explainable in terms of disconnection of important relay centers connecting salience detection, assessment/judgments and execution.”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Discussion > Process of emotion regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Koenigsberg et al., 2009 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We would argue, that the current findings on brain areas robustly engaged in emotion regulation may provide important a priori information for the hypothesis-driven investigation of emotion-regulatory circuits in clinical populations.”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Discussion > Process of emotion regulation
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The DLPFC might be related to higher order “cold” regulatory processes; based on its anatomical connections it is not in an ideal position to directly regulate emotions and therefore might have a more indirect, initiatory influence.”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This dual role of the VLPFC in emotion regulation may be reflected in positive amygdala-VLPFC associations which negatively predict regulation success and positive VS-VLPFC associations which positively predict regulation success (Wager et al., 2008).”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Discussion > Process of emotion regulation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wager et al., 2008 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results from our meta-analysis, MACM and functional decoding may aid in investigating psychiatric disease.”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Discussion > Process of emotion regulation
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The STG, angular gyrus and (pre)SMA are involved in execution of regulation initiated by the DLPFC, while the aMCC may serve as a mediator for integrating these steps.”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Emotion evaluation is associated with the VLPFC as core hub, initiation of regulation with the DLPFC.”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Conclusion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We identified a cluster in the aMCC as a region which is anatomically and functionally in an ideal position to influence behavior and subcortical structures related to affect generation and therefore this area may play a central, integratory role in the regulation of emotional reactivity.”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Conclusion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Subcortical brain areas are involved in signaling affective arousal or excitation.
“It can therefore be assumed that these brain areas will be involved in signaling affective arousal or excitation (Wager et al., 2008).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Subcortical areas project affective arousal to the VLPFC via the anterior insula and the aMCC.
“We assume that subcortical areas project affective arousal to the VLPFC (via the anterior insula and the aMCC).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Regulation of emotional reactivity is mediated by an influence of cortical networks on subcortical affect generation structures.
“Our line of argument implicitly assumes regulation of emotional reactivity to be mediated by an influence of (cortical) networks on subcortical affect generation structures.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The majority of work in this area supports these hypotheses (e.g., Dörfel et al., 2014;Frank et al., 2014;Kohn et al., 2014;Lee et al., 2012;Phillips et al., 2008).”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Kohn et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The dlPFC is thought to be an important driver of emotion regulation and hypothesized to be involved in the manipulation of appraisals of stimuli in working memory [121–123].”
From Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: implications for PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [122]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Meta-analyses of cognitive reappraisal alone have consistently found increased BOLD signal in the dlPFC, vlPFC, and dmPFC [93, 121, 122] and decreased BOLD signal in the amygdala [93, 121].”
From Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: implications for PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [122]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In addition, these regions are involved in face processing ( Hahn and Perrett, 2014 ) and attractiveness rating, which is also related to emotion processing where both regions (e.g., anterior insula, ACC) play a central role ( Kohn et al., 2014 ).”
From Male brain processing of the body odor of ovulating women compared to that of pregnant women (2021) · cites this paper as Kohn et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Neuroimaging studies in healthy individuals investigating neural activation patterns during emotion regulation have demonstrated that successful cognitive reappraisal is accompanied by increased activation in prefrontal areas, which exert an inhibitory influence on limbic structures such as the bilateral amygdala and thus modulate excessive bottom-up emotional responses (Kohn et al., 2014, Ochsner”
From Rt-fMRI neurofeedback-guided cognitive reappraisal training modulates amygdala responsivity in posttraumatic stress disorder (2020) · cites this paper as Kohn et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In contrast, two more recent meta-analyses favor the second hypothesis [121, 122].”
From Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: implications for PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [122]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The vlPFC is hypothesized to support choosing and inhibiting appraisals of stimuli [121, 124, 125] or potentially may signal salience and the need to reappraise [122].”
From Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: implications for PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [122]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This is largely in accordance with previous neuroimaging studies of the voluntary regulation of emotional responses (Kohn et al., 2014).”
From Rt-fMRI neurofeedback-guided cognitive reappraisal training modulates amygdala responsivity in posttraumatic stress disorder (2020) · cites this paper as Kohn et al., 2014
In the citing paper
“deficits in cognitive control underlie transdiagnostic risk via effects on the regulation of emotion and cognition (Kohn et al., 2014; McTeague et al., 2016, 2017; White et al., 2017)”
From Adolescent cognitive control and mediofrontal theta oscillations are disrupted by neglect: Associations with transdiagnostic risk for psychopathology in a randomized controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as Kohn et al., 2014
In the citing paper
“ERP seems to be mediated, at least in part, by modulation of amygdala-vmPFC connectivity, while cognitive reappraisal appears to dampen fronto-limbic activity via the engagement of top-down dorsal prefrontal regions [35–36, 39, 51].”
From Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“The cognitive reappraisal component of CBT (Table 3) trains patients to change their thoughts and emotional responses to OCD symptoms and is known to engage dorsal prefrontal regions [35–36, 39, 51].”
From Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [35]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Material and methods > Meta-analytic connectivity modeling (MACM)
“Therefore we created six different volumes of interest (VOIs) reflecting the six significant clusters obtained from the meta-analysis.”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Results > Meta-analysis
“The ALE-meta-analysis across all included studies for emotion regulation (ER) revealed eight clusters of significant activation compared to low-level baseline or emotion perception (compare Table 2 and Fig. 1).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Results > Meta-analysis
“Another activation focus was located in left middle temporal cortex (163 voxels; peak MNI: 38/22/44).”
§ Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation — An ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis > Material and methods > Meta-analytic connectivity modeling (MACM)
“MACM analyses were thus performed for the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), the dorsolateral prefrontal gyrus (DLPFC) and the anterior middle cingulate gyrus (aMCC), the (pre-) supplementary motor area (SMA), the superior temporal gyrus (STG) and the angular gyrus (AG).”
Citations
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Meta-Analyses in Basic and Clinical Neuroscience: State of the Art and Perspective
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Clinical Application of Real-Time fMRI-Based Neurofeedback for Depression
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Cingulum and abnormal psychological stress response in schizophrenia
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The Neural Underpinnings of Emotional Conflict Control in Pilots
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Dynamic Relational Group Psychotherapy: A Neurobiologically Informed Model of Change
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Causal interactions with an insular-cortical network in mild traumatic brain injury
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Nature exposure impacts affect and brain activation in health and major depression
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kohn, N., Eickhoff, S. B., Scheller, M., Laird, A. R., Fox, P. T., & Habel, U.
- Affiliations
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (DE)
- Forschungszentrum Jülich (DE)
- Florida International University (US)
- The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kohn, N.
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-02
- Volume
- 87
- Pages
- 345-355
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4801480
- OpenAlex
- W2088242772
- Cited by
- 956
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 83 · 2024: 99 · 2023: 90 · 2022: 102 · 2021: 106 · 2020: 80 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 78 · 2017: 50 · 2016: 52 · 2015: 51 · 2014: 21
- FWCI
- 3.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2015-05-01)
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University (138/09)
- German Research Foundation
- IZKF Aachen
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01-MH074457)
- Helmholtz Alliance on Systems Biology
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- cognitive emotion regulation, neural network model, emotional reactivity, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, supplementary motor area, angular gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, meta-analytic connectivity modeling, activation likelihood estimation, mental illness
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Cognition, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Nerve Net, Likelihood Functions
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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