The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 34 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli
Open accessAbstract
Meditation training can improve mood and emotion regulation, yet the neural mechanisms of these affective changes have yet to be fully elucidated. We evaluated the impact of long- and short-term mindfulness meditation training on the amygdala response to emotional pictures in a healthy, non-clinical population of adults using blood-oxygen level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging. Long-term meditators (N = 30, 16 female) had 9081 h of lifetime practice on average, primarily in mindfulness meditation. Short-term training consisted of an 8-week Mindfulness- Based Stress Reduction course (N = 32, 22 female), which was compared to an active control condition (N = 35, 19 female) in a randomized controlled trial. Meditation training was associated with less amygdala reactivity to positive pictures relative to controls, but there were no group differences in response to negative pictures. Reductions in reactivity to negative stimuli may require more practice experience or concentrated practice, as hours of retreat practice in long-term meditators was associated with lower amygdala reactivity to negative pictures - yet we did not see this relationship for practice time with MBSR. Short-term training, compared to the control intervention, also led to increased functional connectivity between the amygdala and a region implicated in emotion regulation - ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) - during affective pictures. Thus, meditation training may improve affective responding through reduced amygdala reactivity, and heightened amygdala-VMPFC connectivity during affective stimuli may reflect a potential mechanism by which MBSR exerts salutary effects on emotion regulation ability.
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63 Own result · 26 Not checked yet · 22 Own interpretation · 14 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Long-term meditators had significantly lower right amygdala activation than meditation-naïve participants for the contrast NEGPOS > NEU (t(145)=2.66, b=0.09, p=0.01, CI=[0.02,0.15], 1 LTM and 3 MNP outliers removed, partial r = 0.20).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Long-term mindfulness meditation practice and amygdala reactivity.
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In the paper
“we found that the LTM categorized significantly more pictures as neutral than MNP for the negative IAPS pictures (t(119)=- 2.18, b=−0.04, p=0.03, CI=[−0.08, −0.004], 2 MNP and 1 LTM outliers removed)”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Long-term mindfulness meditation practice and amygdala reactivity.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“nor with total FFMQ scores (t(148)=−0.33, b=−1.92, p=0.74, CI=[−13.44, 9.60])”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Relation between amygdala activation and self-reported reactivity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Long-term meditators had significantly lower right amygdala activation for POS > NEU than meditation-naïve participants (t(147)=3.86, b=0.13, p=0.001, CI=[0.06,0.21], 2 MNP outliers removed, partial r = 0.26; Figure 1b)”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Long-term mindfulness meditation practice and amygdala reactivity.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“however there was only a marginal, non-significant difference for the contrast NEG > NEU (t(145)=1.65, b=0.06, p=0.10, CI=[−0.01,0.14], 1 LTM and 3 MNP outliers removed, partial r = 0.11; Figure 1a).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Long-term mindfulness meditation practice and amygdala reactivity.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There were no significant differences in activation for the left amygdala (Table 2).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Short-term mindfulness meditation practice and amygdala reactivity.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“this relationship remained significant when controlling for social desirability as measured with the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability questionnaire (MCSD; Figure 3a; t(147)=−3.05, b=−4.79, p<0.01, CI=[- 7.88,−1.69])”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Relation between amygdala activation and self-reported reactivity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Including all the available data, LTM categorized a significantly higher proportion of the pictures as neutral compared to MNP (t(122)=−2.52, b=−0.07, p=0.01, CI=[−0.12, −0.02]).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Long-term mindfulness meditation practice and amygdala reactivity.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“nor with amygdala activation for POS > NEU (t(28)=0.17, b<0.01, p=0.87, CI=[0.00,0.00], 1 outlier removed), while controlling for pre-treatment baseline.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Practice duration and amygdala reactivity.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported lifetime meditation hours are accurate measures of their actual practice.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was no relationship between amygdala activation for NEG > NEU with FFMQ non-reactivity (t(148)=−1.33, b=−2.19, p=0.19, CI=[−5.43,1.06])”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Relation between amygdala activation and self-reported reactivity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“however there were no differences in BOLD activation to faces following negative and positive pictures compared to faces following neutral pictures.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Methods > Automatic Emotion Regulation Task
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“participants who trained in MBSR had only marginally, and non-significantly lower right amygdala activation to the contrast NEG > NEU compared to HEP training (t(57)=−1.84, b=−0.06, p=0.07, CI=[−0.13,0.01], 4 MBSR and 3 HEP outliers removed], partial r = 0.37), while controlling for pre-treatment baseline.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Short-term mindfulness meditation practice and amygdala reactivity.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no baseline differences in right amygdala activation for POS > NEU in the same set of participants (t(59)=−0.38, b=- 0.01, p=0.71, CI=[−0.09,0.06]).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Short-term mindfulness meditation practice and amygdala reactivity.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Long-term meditators with greater total lifetime hours of retreat practice had the lowest amygdala activation for the contrast NEG > NEU (t(25)=−2.10, b=−0.03, p=0.05, CI=[−0.07,−0.001]).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Practice duration and amygdala reactivity.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported lifetime meditation hours are accurate measures of their actual practice.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the long-term meditators reported greater non-reactivity on the FFMQ than the meditation naïve participants while controlling for social desirability from MCSD (Figure 3b; t(151)=−7.25, b=−5.36, p<0.001, CI=[−6.83,−3.90], 1 LTM outlier removed, partial r = 0.53)”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Relation between amygdala activation and self-reported reactivity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“total FFMQ scores, which served as a measure of “mindfulness”, were not associated with amygdala activation for the contrast POS > NEU (t(148)=−1.57, b=−9.70, p=0.12, CI=[- 21.9,2.54])”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Relation between amygdala activation and self-reported reactivity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When outliers were included in the model the group difference for NEG > NEU was non-significant (p=0.46).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Short-term mindfulness meditation practice and amygdala reactivity.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants (across LTM and MNP groups) with greater self-reported emotional non-reactivity had lower amygdala activation for the contrast POS > NEU (t(148)=−3.20, b=−5.38, p<0.01, CI=[−8.70,−2.06], partial r = 0.24)”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Relation between amygdala activation and self-reported reactivity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Greater total lifetime hours of OM retreat practice was negatively associated with amygdala activation for the contrast NEG > NEU (t(23)=−2.62, b=−0.04, p=0.02, partial r=−0.47, CI=[−0.06,−0.01]; Figure 1c)*.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Practice duration and amygdala reactivity.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported lifetime meditation hours are accurate measures of their actual practice.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Short-term training, compared to the control intervention, also led to increased functional connectivity between the amygdala and a region implicated in emotion regulation – ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) – during affective pictures.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Abstract
plaindirectn = 32- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no significant relationships between amygdala activation for the contrast POS > NEU and any of the measures of lifetime practice (Table 2).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Practice duration and amygdala reactivity.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported lifetime meditation hours are accurate measures of their actual practice.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The percent of negative and positive pictures that LTM categorized as neutral did not relate to the intensity of amygdala activation for NEGPOS > NEU (t(20)=0.87, b=0.15, p=0.39, CI=[−0.21, 0.52]).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Long-term mindfulness meditation practice and amygdala reactivity.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This relationship was not significant for total lifetime hours of daily practice (t(25)=−0.48, b=−0.02, p=0.64, CI=[−0.09,0.05]).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Practice duration and amygdala reactivity.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported lifetime meditation hours are accurate measures of their actual practice.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When outliers were included in the model the group difference for NEG > NEU was significant (p=0.05).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Long-term mindfulness meditation practice and amygdala reactivity.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there was no post-intervention group difference in right amygdala activation between MBSR and HEP (t(64)=−1.45, b=−0.06, p=0.15, CI=[−0.01,0.47], partial r = 0.23; controlling for pre-treatment baseline).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Short-term mindfulness meditation practice and amygdala reactivity.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and positive IAPS pictures (t(122)=−3.77, b=−0.14, p<0.001, CI=[−0.22, −0.07]).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Long-term mindfulness meditation practice and amygdala reactivity.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The total minutes of MBSR training (during class and at home) was not associated with amygdala activation for NEG > NEU following training (t(26)=−1.19, b<0.01, p=0.24, CI=[0.00,0.00], 3 outliers removed)”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Practice duration and amygdala reactivity.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported lifetime meditation hours are accurate measures of their actual practice.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“though the difference between the groups was not significant (t(145)=−1.29, b=−0.09, p=0.20, CI=[−0.23,0.05], 2 LTM and 2 MNP outliers removed)”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Long-term practice and amygdala functional connectivity.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This effect was stronger when looking specifically at retreat practice in OM meditation.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“however we did not find a difference in self-reported emotional reactivity following MBSR compared to HEP.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants randomly assigned to MBSR had greater post-treatment amygdala-VMPFC PPI than HEP participants during NEG > NEU (t(62)=3.99, b=0.29, p<0.001, CI=[0.15,0.44], 2 MBSR outliers removed, partial r = 0.42; Figure 2b)”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Short-term practice and amygdala functional connectivity.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants naïve to meditation who were randomly assigned to short-term mindfulness training showed a similar pattern: a reduction in amygdala reactivity specifically in response to positive images but not negative images when compared to HEP and controlling for the pre-treatment baseline activation.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“as well as for POS > NEU (t(58)=2.57, b=0.16, p=0.01, CI=[0.04,0.29], 4 MBSR and 2 HEP outliers removed, partial r = 0.30; Figure 2c), while controlling for pre-treatment baseline.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Short-term practice and amygdala functional connectivity.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was no relationship between amygdala-VMPFC PPI connectivity and total practice with MBSR (Table 2).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Short-term practice and amygdala functional connectivity.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“or for POS > NEU (t(59)=−1.92, b=−0.14, p=0.06, CI=[−0.28,0.01]).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Short-term practice and amygdala functional connectivity.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Long and short-term mindfulness meditation training were associated with lower amygdala activation while viewing affective pictures.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Short-term mindfulness meditation training with MBSR was also associated with a stronger amygdala-VMPFC PPI effect during negative and positive pictures (versus neutral) compared to the active control condition (HEP), while controlling for pre-treatment baseline.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When outliers were included in the model the group difference for PPI effect of NEG > NEU was significant (p=0.05).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Long-term practice and amygdala functional connectivity.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since there was a significant difference in the POS > NEU PPI effect by gender (at baseline), and a significant difference in change in the NEG > NEU PPI effect by age, we also tested for group differences controlling for these variables in each model (respectively), and there were no changes in the results.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Short-term practice and amygdala functional connectivity.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, none of the groups had amygdala activation for the contrast NEGPOS > NEU during the face period with which we could examine group differences.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In an exploratory analysis we also found that the LTM categorized more affective pictures as neutral compared to MNP.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there was only a trend-level effect for percentage of negative IAPS categorized as neutral and the PPI effect for NEG > NEU (t(19)=1.73, b=0.12, p=0.099, CI=[−0. 02,0.27]; 1 outlier removed).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Long-term practice and amygdala functional connectivity.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while for MNPs the right amygdala-VMPFC PPI for this contrast was not significant (t(118)=1. 17, b=0.04, p=0.25, CI=[−0.03,0.10], 2 outliers removed)”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Long-term practice and amygdala functional connectivity.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Emotional reactivity, as assessed via right amygdala activation to affective pictures (combined across positive and negative), was lower in participants who engaged in long-term mindfulness meditation training compared to controls.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“nor MNP (t(120)=−1.47, b=−0.04, p=0.14, CI=[−0.10,0.02])”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Long-term practice and amygdala functional connectivity.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Long-term meditators had a significantly positive right amygdala-VMPFC PPI during NEG > NEU (t(27)=2.17, b=0.13, p=0.04, CI=[0.01,0.24], 2 outliers removed)”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Long-term practice and amygdala functional connectivity.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was no relationship between long-term meditators’ amygdala-VMPFC PPI and any of the measures of lifetime practice (Table 2).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Long-term practice and amygdala functional connectivity.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The LTM also reported less emotional reactivity than MNP on a questionnaire measure (FFMQ)”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was also no group difference in amygdala-VMPFC PPI for the contrast of POS > NEU (t(149)=−0.71, b=−0.05, p=0.48, CI=[−0.17,0.08])”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Long-term practice and amygdala functional connectivity.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The post-training amygdala activation for the contrast POS > NEU in MBSR and HEP participants did not predict post-training self-reported non-reactivity (FFMQ; t(53)=1.67, b=2.81, p=0.10, CI=[−0.57,6.20], 4 MBSR and 5 HEP outliers removed)”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Relation between amygdala activation and self-reported reactivity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“nor was there significant amygdala-VMPFC PPI for this contrast for either LTM (t(29)=0.04, b=0.002, p=0.97, CI=[−0.10,0.10])”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Long-term practice and amygdala functional connectivity.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nor was there a group difference between MBSR and HEP in self-reported non-reactivity following training while controlling for baseline (t(57)=−0.28, b=−0.28, p=0.64, CI=[−1.48,0.91 ], 3 MBSR and 3 HEP outliers removed).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Relation between amygdala activation and self-reported reactivity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was no relationship between the percentage of positive IAPS categorized as neutral and the amygdala-VMPFC PPI effect for POS > NEU (t(20)=−1.05, b=−0.13, p=0.31, CI=[−0.37,0.13])”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Long-term practice and amygdala functional connectivity.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“nor for NEG > NEU (t(60)=1.51, b=3.10, p=0.14, CI=[−0.99,7.00], 1 MBSR and 1 HEP outlier removed), while controlling for baseline activation and baseline self-reported non-reactivity.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Relation between amygdala activation and self-reported reactivity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reductions in reactivity to negative stimuli may require more practice experience or concentrated practice, as hours of retreat practice in long-term meditators was associated with lower amygdala reactivity to negative pictures – yet we did not see this relationship for practice time with MBSR.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Abstract
hedgedconditionaln = 30- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported lifetime meditation hours are accurate measures of their actual practice.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, meditation training may improve affective responding through reduced amygdala reactivity”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“heightened amygdala–VMPFC connectivity during affective stimuli may reflect a potential mechanism by which MBSR exerts salutary effects on emotion regulation ability.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Automatic emotion regulation occurs without volitional attention and without explicit instructions.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings are consistent with other evidence in suggesting that engagement of prefrontal regulatory resources may be more pronounced in the earlier stages of mindfulness training and dissipate with longer-term practice.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A subsequent study in our lab has shown that conscious awareness of affective stimuli dampens affective spillover onto subsequent neutral stimuli (Lapate et al., 2014).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lapate et al., 2014 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Prior research has found associations between self-reported dispositional mindfulness and reduced amygdala activation during affect labeling tasks (Creswell et al., 2007).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Creswell et al., 2007 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Importantly, decreased non-reactivity of the amygdala to positive stimuli does not preclude increased pleasure or liking of positive stimuli, similar to that found in prior work showing increased positive mood with mindfulness training (Jain et al., 2007).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jain et al., 2007 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“These results are consistent with prior work that meditation training decreased amygdala reactivity to positive pictures (Desbordes et al., 2012).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Desbordes et al., 2012 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, our findings of decreased amygdala activation to positive stimuli are most consistent with a decreased desire to approach (or grasp at) a stimulus rather than a change in pleasure or appreciation.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Over time the practice of observing thoughts non-reactively may lead to greater automatic emotion regulation similar to extinction processes that recruit VMPFC (Phelps et al., 2004; Hölzel et al., 2011).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The current study was limited to inferring that regulation occurred, as there were no measures of participants’ emotional experience or regulation strategies during the task.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 39
- Probably not a substantial claim. 31
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The long-term meditator group had considerable variability in self-reported total lifetime daily practice (mean=4,281(2,817) hours, range=954 – 13,605 hours) and in total lifetime retreat practice (mean=4,658 hours, range=258 – 29,710 hours)”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Practice duration and amygdala reactivity.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Participants' self-reported lifetime meditation hours are accurate measures of their actual practice.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a whole-brain, voxelwise analysis did not reveal any regions in which there were differences between groups (neither for LTM versus MNP, nor MBSR versus HEP post-intervention controlling for baseline).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Mindfulness meditation practice and amygdala reactivity: Analytic strategy.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was no difference between groups in the percentage of neutral IAPS pictures categorized as neutral (t(120)=−0.45, b=−0.02, p=0.65, CI=[−0.11, 0.07], 2 LTM outliers removed).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Long-term mindfulness meditation practice and amygdala reactivity.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“LTM had an average of 9,081 lifetime hours of meditation practice, ranging from 1,439 to 32,612 total hours, and which primarily consisted of mindfulness-based practices (focused attention and OM; 86 % of daily practice hours), in addition to some practice with compassion/loving kindness meditations (14% of daily practice hours).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Methods > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no significant differences in baseline PPI measures between groups in the same sample of participants for NEG > NEU (t(63)=−.53, b=−0.05, p=0.60, CI=[−0.23,0.13])”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Short-term practice and amygdala functional connectivity.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We tested separately by valence to decompose this effect and found that LTM had lower amygdala activation than MNP specifically to positive pictures, but not negative pictures (for which there was only a marginal difference between groups).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since there was a significant difference in the POS > NEU PPI effect by gender we also tested for group differences controlling for gender, and there were no changes in the result.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Long-term practice and amygdala functional connectivity.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, we did not find a relationship between the percent of negative and positive pictures that LTM categorized as neutral and the amygdala activation, and there was only a trend-level relationship with amygdala-VMPFC connectivity during negative versus neutral pictures.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interestingly, long term meditators’ total lifetime practice while on retreat predicted reduced amygdala activation to negative pictures, while total hours of non-retreat practice (i.e. totally daily practice hours over the lifetime) was not associated with amygdala reactivity.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were no scans with greater than 25% of the data censored for motion, and thus no participants or scans were excluded for excessive motion.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Methods > Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The LTM did not differ from the MNP in terms of age, gender, motion during the fMRI task, level of education, or socio-economic status measured with the Hollingshead index (Hollingshead, 1975), nor were there statistically significant effects of any of these demographic factors on any of the outcome variables, except in 2 cases as described in the Results section.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Methods > Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hollingshead, 1975
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The intervention and randomization procedures were identical to that detailed by MacCoon et al. (2012)”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Methods > Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites MacCoon et al., 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Improvements in affective responses following mindfulness meditation training have also been shown in non-clinical populations, including reductions in emotional interference (Ortner et al., 2007) and decreased negative mood (Jha et al., 2010).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ortner et al., 2007 source
- Not checked yetcites Jha et al., 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All findings remain consistent when outliers are included in the model, except in 3 cases as noted in the text.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moreover, research in non-human primates indicates functional specificity of VMPFC for value updating (Rudebeck et al., 2013), providing evidence that VMPFC automatically processes information regarding the changing salience of stimuli.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rudebeck et al., 2013 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Non-human primate research reveals a specific mechanism for these effects whereby monosynaptic input to basolateral amygdala from MPFC inhibits activity from the central nucleus of the amygdala (Kim et al., 2011).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kim et al., 2011 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we compared post-training right amygdala activation in participants randomized to MBSR with the active control condition (HEP), while controlling for pre-treatment baseline activation (i.e. an analysis of covariance approach - ANCOVA).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Short-term mindfulness meditation practice and amygdala reactivity.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All the results remained the same when age was not included as a covariate.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Practice duration and amygdala reactivity.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ; Baer et al., 2006), which includes a sub-scale that was used as a self-report measure of non-reactivity.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Methods > Participants
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Baer et al., 2006 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“a validated, active control condition (the health enhancement program; HEP) that was matched for intervention effects non-specific to mindfulness meditation (MacCoon et al., 2012).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites MacCoon et al., 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Functional amygdala ROIs were identified from the contrast of Negative>Neutral IAPS pictures during a 4 s picture presentation period (analogous to the task used in the current study except participants did not make a button press response) and using data from an independent sample of 90 participants enrolled in a separate study (mean age(SD)=45.1(10.0) years, 52 female) (Grupe et al., 2017).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Methods > Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Grupe et al., 2017
plainn = 90- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The amygdala is central to emotion generation (Phelps and LeDoux, 2005) and regulation (Buhle et al., 2014), and VMPFC is implicated in automatic emotion regulation (Phelps et al., 2004; Urry et al., 2006), possibly through functional coupling with the amygdala (Banks et al., 2007; Lee et al., 2012).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Introduction
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Experimenters were blind to the group assignment of meditation-naïve participants during data collection for the RCT.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Methods > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“using a-priori amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) regions of interest (ROIs).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We included a covariate to control for whether participants’ behavioral data was collected concurrently in the scanner, or online afterward, and the results are consistent whether or not this covariate is included.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Long-term mindfulness meditation practice and amygdala reactivity.
plainn = 84- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Affect labeling is a process which may engage automatic emotion regulation even absent an intention to volitionally regulate emotion, as affect labeling has been shown to dampen the amygdala response (Lieberman et al., 2007).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lieberman et al., 2007 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We recruited a larger sample of MNP than LTM, due to the unique study design that incorporated an RCT for which we needed at least 30 MNP participants per group following randomization.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Methods > Participants
plaindirectn = 30- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We controlled for age in the following analyses, as it was correlated with log total practice time (r=0.30 with daily practice, and r=0.15 with retreat practice), and 2 outliers were removed from all of the analyses with practice hours.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Practice duration and amygdala reactivity.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“can improve emotion regulation, ameliorate symptoms underlying anxiety and depression and boost positive mood (Goyal et al., 2014; Hofmann et al., 2010; Jain et al., 2007).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“To further address motion, high motion time points with a framewise displacement larger than 0.9 mm (Siegel et al., 2014) were modeled out of the data with an individual regressor.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Methods > Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Siegel et al., 2014 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“MBSR has been shown to lead to reduced negative experience (Goldin and Gross, 2010; Kaviani et al., 2011) and quicker recovery from a negative challenge (Britton et al., 2012; Raes et al., 2009).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Introduction
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Extinction learning is another example of and automatic emotion regulation process and involves both amygdala and VMPFC (Phelps et al., 2004).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Phelps et al., 2004 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fact that MBSR significantly increased the amygdala-VMPFC PPI effect relative to HEP training for both negative versus neutral pictures and positive versus neutral pictures lends further support to this explanation, and implies a similar emotion regulatory mechanism for reducing reactivity to affective stimuli independent of valence.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All participants in the MBSR group received the same intervention and were recruited from the same geographic community (in Madison, WI), whereas the LTM had larger variation in practice type, duration and geographic location.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the current had no direct, objective measures of emotion regulation behavior.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One mechanism that could lead to decreased emotional reactivity with practice in mindfulness meditation is through increased exposure to the arising and passing of emotions accompanied by this new habit of attending to the experience non-reactively.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The LTM likely also had greater variability in their motivations for engaging in practice.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, individual differences in factors relating to participants’ choice and ability to go on retreat may be important to consider in relation to their emotional reactivity”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“We have argued in other contexts that this form of emotion regulation is ubiquitous and is likely the most common form of emotion regulation in everyday life (Lapate et al., 2014).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lapate et al., 2014 source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results of the current study extend this literature in novel ways by demonstrating similar effects with a much stronger, RCT design combined with cross-sectional data from LTM.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The inverse relationship between OM retreat practice and reactivity to negative IAPS, combined with non-significant group differences in amygdala reactivity to negative IAPS implies that altering the response to negative affect may require more intense practice over time (specifically in OM meditation).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This pattern of behavioral results mirrors the pattern of results in the fMRI data and lends further support to the hypothesis that longterm mindfulness meditation training improves emotion regulation through a reduction in emotional reactivity.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All the long-term meditators had a daily practice that included OM meditation, and so engaging in this style of practice while on retreat appears to be particularly beneficial.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since participants in this study were instructed to make a button press to indicate the valence of the IAPS, this brought awareness to the source of affective information very explicitly. Thus, the affective experience induced from the IAPS was less likely to be misattributed to the neutral face stimuli.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, participants with mindfulness meditation training may have more easily or robustly engaged this automatic form of emotion regulation due to the affect labeling component of the task, possibly leading to lower amygdala reactivity.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Prior research has dissociated the neural basis of pleasure from that of the “wanting” associated with approach behavior (Smith et al., 2011).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Smith et al., 2011 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Furthermore, research has shown that affect labeling can serve as a form of implicit emotion regulation and result in dampening of the amygdala response, which was associated with increased ventrolateral PFC activation mediated by VMPFC (Lieberman et al., 2007).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lieberman et al., 2007 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The exploratory nature of our behavioral analysis, and the technical difficulties with recording button responses in the scanner, greatly limited inference from these results, as well as our power to detect an effect.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It is likely that the amygdala, a key node in the salience network, marks wanting more than liking whereas the work of Berridge and colleagues suggests that local circuitry within the ventral pallidum is uniquely associated with liking (Smith et al., 2011).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Smith et al., 2011 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Labeling experiences – including affective experiences – is also a component of mindfulness mediation training, and has been previously proposed as one possible mechanism by which such practices train emotion regulation (Lutz et al., 2008).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lutz et al., 2008 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, the lack of relationships between individual differences in amygdala reactivity and the amount of MBSR practice (e.g. variation in the degree to which participants engaged in at-home practice, or ‘homework’ during MBSR) may also indicate an important distinction between short- and long-term practice: it may be that there is a more “all-or-nothing” effect of exposure to MBSR in terms of”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Recent evidence that behavioral measures of mindfulness were associated with decreased attentional capture to rewarding stimuli provide additional evidence for this interpretation (Levinson et al., 2014).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Levinson et al., 2014 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The fact that we found a relationship between hours of retreat practice and reduced amygdala reactivity, but not with amygdala-VMPFC connectivity lends further support to the idea that increased connectivity may only occur at earlier stages of practice, and fits with the nonlinear dosage-response curve of mindfulness meditation training (Brefczynski-Lewis et al., 2007).”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brefczynski-Lewis et al., 2007 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, these findings provide novel evidence that training in mindfulness meditation alters the neural circuitry of automatic emotion regulation, which may be instantiated early on by modulating connectivity between the VMPFC and amygdala.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the valence labeling aspect of the task likely contributed to the lack of a valence effect on the subsequent neutral face response, it also likely allowed us to more easily assess individual differences in the ability to engage with automatic (i.e. implicit) emotion regulation processes during the IAPS presentations.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We attempted to minimize such variation by recruiting LTM who had similar practice that included primarily mindfulness-based meditation.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On this view, with long-term training the reduction in reactivity to affective stimuli becomes more automatic such that VMPFC recruitment is less necessary.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of course, the fact that short-term MBSR training produced alterations in amygdala-VMPFC connectivity not seen among the LTM can also be due to other factors.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The fact that short-term MBSR training affected amygdala-VMPFC functional connectivity in ways that we did not detect in participants with long-term training is revealing and implies a curvilinear trajectory in the neural changes required for learning the skill of non-reactivity.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present study provides evidence that long and short-term training in mindfulness meditation improves automatic emotion regulation and elucidates the neural correlates of this improvement.”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Automatic emotion regulation occurs without volitional attention and without explicit instructions.
“Automatic emotion regulation is assumed to be a process that occurs in the absence of volitional attention and without explicit instructions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
How mindfulness meditation training changes affective processing at the neural level, particularly in studies with active controls and connectivity analyses, remains unclear.
“Research on the neural mechanisms underlying these affective changes that utilizes active control conditions is sparse, and systematic examination of the impact of mindfulness meditation training on functional connectivity in emotion regulation networks has not been investigated.”
“Precisely how mindfulness-based meditation impacts the neural circuitry of emotion regulation remains unclear.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Participants' self-reported lifetime meditation hours are accurate measures of their actual practice.
“Lifetime hours of practice were calculated based on subjects reports of their average hours of formal meditation practice per week and their total years of practice.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The automatic emotion regulation task probes automatic responses to emotional pictures, and individual differences in amygdala response reflect automatic engagement of emotion regulation.
“The automatic emotion regulation task used in this study was designed to specifically probe participants’ automatic response to emotional pictures, whereby the degree to which emotion regulation processes were automatically engaged would be reflected by individual differences in the amygdala response to affective stimuli.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Retreats differ from daily practice in having longer practice duration, more continual focus with fewer distractions, greater social support or accountability, and release from daily work or family expectations.
“Retreats tend to differ from daily practice in many ways; the duration of practice is longer, the context promotes a continual focus on the goals of the training with fewer distractions than is typical for daily life, there is usually greater social support or accountability, and there is a release from daily work or family expectations.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Mindfulness meditation trains attention to thoughts and emotions as they arise and pass, without avoiding discomfort or grasping at pleasant experiences.
“Mindfulness meditation provides training in paying attention to thoughts and emotions as they unfold naturally and allowing them to pass without trying to avoid discomfort or to grasp onto pleasant experiences.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Our approach to the amalgamation of mindfulness-based and mindfulness-informed interventions is based on the premise that both formal and informal mindfulness practices have the capacity to modify brain function, including amygdala function, which can have a consequential impact on individuals’ daily life beyond the practice of mindfulness per se, as demonstrated by previous research (Gotink et al”
From Mindfulness-Based and Mindfulness-Informed Interventions at the Workplace: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis of RCTs (2023) · cites this paper as Kral et al., 2018
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Indeed, meditation-induced dampening of the amygdala has been found to attenuate not just negative emotions but positive ones as well [34,35].”
From Can mindfulness be too much of a good thing? The value of a middle way (2019) · cites this paper as [35]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Relation between amygdala activation and self-reported reactivity
“t(151)=−7.25, b=−5.36, p<0.001, CI=[−6.83,−3.90], 1 LTM outlier removed”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Methods > Participants
“This left a total of 121 MNP’s (78 female, 119 right-handed) with average age of 48.3 ± 10.8 years, and an age range of 26 – 66 years. One LTM was excluded due to a dental implant which distorted the functional fMRI data, leaving a total of 30 LTM’s”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Methods > Automatic Emotion Regulation Task
“Due to a technical error the button box response was not recorded for 85 participants (19 LTM)”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Long-term mindfulness meditation practice and amygdala reactivity.
“Due to a technical error, button presses for 84 participants were not recorded during the scan: 23 participants (5 LTM) were completely missing the categorization data, and 61 participants (11 LTM) categorized the pictures online after the scan.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Short-term mindfulness meditation practice and amygdala reactivity.
“b=−0.06”
§ Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli. > Results > Short-term mindfulness meditation practice and amygdala reactivity.
“CI=[−0.01,0.47]”
Citations
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“There was no relationship between amygdala activation for NEG > NEU with FFMQ non-reactivity (t(148)=−1.33, b=−2.19, p=0.19, CI=[−5.43,1.06]), nor with total FFMQ scores (t(148)=−0.33, b=−1.92, p=0.74, CI=[−13.44, 9.60]).”
InfluentialMindfulness: A proposed operational definition.
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mindfulness Meditation and Psychopathology
Wielgosz, J., Goldberg, S. B., Kral, T. R. A., Dunne, J. D., & Davidson, R. J. (2019) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-021815-093423 · Cited by 435
“A recent meta-analysis of functional activations across multiple styles of meditation (Fox et al. 2016) found multiple clusters of consistent activation and deactivation associated with MM-style practices: Among meditation techniques, both FA and OM styles of practice were associated with increased activation in the a…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationMindfulness and Behavior Change
Schuman-Olivier, Z., Trombka, M., Lovas, D. A., Brewer, J. A., Vago, D. R., Gawande, R., Dunne, J. P., Lazar, S. W., Loucks, E. B., & Fulwiler, C. (2020) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000277 · Cited by 435
Can mindfulness be too much of a good thing? The value of a middle way
Britton, W. B. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.12.011 · Cited by 267
“Indeed, meditation-induced dampening of the amygdala has been found to attenuate not just negative emotions but positive ones as well [34,35].”
Smigielski, L., Kometer, M., Scheidegger, M., Krähenmann, R., Huber, T., & Vollenweider, F. X. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-50612-3 · Cited by 176
Studying the experience of meditation through Micro-phenomenology
Petitmengin, C., van Beek, M., Bitbol, M., Nissou, J.-M., & Roepstorff, A. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.10.009 · Cited by 155
Metadata
- Authors
- Kral, T. R. A., Schuyler, B. S., Mumford, J. A., Rosenkranz, M. A., Lutz, A., & Davidson, R. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Davidson, Richard J.
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-11
- Volume
- 181
- Pages
- 301-313
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6671286
- OpenAlex
- W2857478301
- Cited by
- 326
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 4
- FWCI
- 28.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (P01AT004952)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P30 HD003352-449015)
- John Templeton Foundation (21337)
- Fetzer Institute (2407)
- Engineering Research Centers (617739 – BRAIN, T32GM007507)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32MH018931)
- National Institute of Mental Health (P50- MH084051, R01-MH43454)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Keywords
- mindfulness meditation, amygdala reactivity, emotional stimuli, mindfulness-based stress reduction, long-term meditators, emotion regulation, practice time
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Amygdala, Emotions, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Time Factors, Prefrontal Cortex, Meditation, Functional Neuroimaging, Connectome, Mindfulness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-07, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-07 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
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