Cognitive Reappraisal of Emotion: A Meta-Analysis of Human Neuroimaging Studies
Open accessAbstract
In recent years, an explosion of neuroimaging studies has examined cognitive reappraisal, an emotion regulation strategy that involves changing the way one thinks about a stimulus in order to change its affective impact. Existing models broadly agree that reappraisal recruits frontal and parietal control regions to modulate emotional responding in the amygdala, but they offer competing visions of how this is accomplished. One view holds that control regions engage ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), an area associated with fear extinction, that in turn modulates amygdala responses. An alternative view is that control regions modulate semantic representations in lateral temporal cortex that indirectly influence emotion-related responses in the amygdala. Furthermore, while previous work has emphasized the amygdala, whether reappraisal influences other regions implicated in emotional responding remains unknown. To resolve these questions, we performed a meta-analysis of 48 neuroimaging studies of reappraisal, most involving downregulation of negative affect. Reappraisal consistently 1) activated cognitive control regions and lateral temporal cortex, but not vmPFC, and 2) modulated the bilateral amygdala, but no other brain regions. This suggests that reappraisal involves the use of cognitive control to modulate semantic representations of an emotional stimulus, and these altered representations in turn attenuate activity in the amygdala.
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Claims the paper makes
12 of 35 cited sources checked · 4 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Findingown data
Reappraisal does not rely on vmPFC-mediated emotional control.
“However, in contrast to several prominent theories, the present results indicate that reappraisal does not rely on vmPFCmediated emotional control (Ochsner andGross 2005, 2007;Schiller and Delgado 2010;Diekhof et al. 2011;Etkin et al. 2011), but instead may act though the lateral temporal cortex, an area associated with semantic and perceptual representation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites Ochsner andGross 2005, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Schiller and Delgado 2010 source
In “A general neural mechanism for changing fear” (page unavailable), the review reports increased vmPFC responses when fear is regulated with cognitive strategies and suggests that dlPFC regulation may act through vmPFC connections. The citing sentence presents the absence of vmPFC-mediated control as its own result, in contrast to the theories it cites; Schiller and Delgado support the contrasting view, not that result. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Diekhof et al. 2011 source
- Rests on an assumption: Absence of vmPFC activation in the meta-analysis indicates that reappraisal does not rely on vmPFC-mediated emotional control.
- Interpretationown data
The null finding of no consistent vmPFC recruitment contradicts the hypothesis that vmPFC provides a necessary link by which frontal and parietal regions modulate emotion-related activity in the amygdala.
“This null finding contradicts the hypothesis that vmPFC provides a necessary link by which frontal and parietal regions modulate emotion-related activity in the amygdala (Ochsner andGross 2005, 2007;Schiller and Delgado 2010;Diekhof et al. 2011;Etkin et al. 2011).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites Ochsner andGross 2005, 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Schiller and Delgado 2010 source
In “A general neural mechanism for changing fear” (page not provided), the review proposes that dlPFC might affect the amygdala indirectly through vmPFC connections. It does not establish vmPFC as a necessary link or extend that proposed pathway to parietal regions. The citing authors’ null finding is their own result, not a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Diekhof et al. 2011 source
- Premisecitation
More studies have recently attempted to examine reappraisal of phobogenic stimuli in phobic populations or social stimuli in populations characterized by unstable social relationships, such as borderline personality disorder.
“More studies have attempted to do this recently with work examining reappraisal of phobogenic stimuli in phobic populations (Hermann et al. 2009) or social stimuli in populations characterized by unstable social relationships, such as borderline personality disorder (Koenigsberg et al. 2009).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
The ventral striatum responds both to positive and negative stimuli.
“Although the ventral striatum is involved in reward, prior research has shown that the ventral striatum responds both to positive and negative stimuli (Roitman et al. 2005) and that stimulation of this region can result in both approach and avoidance (Reynolds and Berridge 2001, 2002, 2003).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites Roitman et al. 2005 source
- Findingcitation
The implementation of reappraisal consistently activated domain-general cognitive control regions, including dmPFC, dlPFC, vlPFC, and posterior parietal lobe.
“In line with existing models, the implementation of reappraisal consistently activated domain-general cognitive control regions, including dmPFC, dlPFC, vlPFC, and posterior parietal lobe (Ochsner andGross 2005, 2008;Kalisch 2009;Schiller and Delgado 2010;Diekhof et al. 2011;Ochsner et al. 2012).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites Ochsner andGross 2005, 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Kalisch 2009 source
- cites Schiller and Delgado 2010 source
The “Regulation of fear” section reports increased dlPFC activity during reappraisal and identifies the dlPFC with cognitive control. It does not identify dmPFC, vlPFC, or the posterior parietal lobe as consistently activated by reappraisal; it notes that the specific prefrontal areas recruited vary across studies. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingown data
When identical analyses were performed using a 10-mm kernel, all peaks identified using the 8-mm kernel were included within the clusters identified using the 10-mm kernel.
“When identical analyses were performed using a 10-mm kernel, all peaks identified using the 8-mm kernel were found to be included within the clusters identified using the 10-mm kernel.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The meta-analysis included 116 contrasts from 48 studies of healthy individuals.
“This analysis included 116 contrasts from 48 studies of healthy individuals, allowing us to identify brain regions that consistently support reappraisal (show increases in activity during reappraisal) as well as those that that are modulated by reappraisal (show decreases in activity during reappraisal when the goal is to downregulate affect).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
In an ROI analysis using a 15-mm radius sphere centered on a vmPFC peak reported by Diekhof et al. (2011; 6, 40, -22), only 1 of the 838 coordinates included in the analysis fell within this sphere.
“We found that only 1 of the 838 coordinates included in this analysis fell within this sphere (Krendl et al. 2012).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Krendl et al. 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
The meta-analysis identified 1268 peaks from 116 contrasts in 48 studies that met criteria.
“We identified 1268 peaks from 116 contrasts in 48 studies that met our criteria (see Table 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Reappraisal was consistently associated with bilateral amygdala modulation.
“Lastly, reappraisal was consistently associated with bilateral amygdala modulation, but no change was observed in other regions related to emotional responding, or anywhere else in the brain.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The overwhelming majority of the studies comprising the present meta-analysis utilized visual stimuli as a means for eliciting emotion (36 utilized photographs and 3 utilized videos).
“A second possibility for why reappraisal modulated amygdala by, but not other brain regions, is that the overwhelming majority of the studies comprising the present meta-analysis utilized visual stimuli as a means for eliciting emotion (36 utilized photographs and 3 utilized videos).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
A similar trend was observed for the right amygdala (7 of 9 ROI studies vs. 10 of 24 whole-brain studies), χ2(1, N = 33) = 3.417, P = .07.
“and a similar trend was observed for the right amygdala (7 of 9 ROI studies vs. 10 of 24 whole-brain studies), χ 2 (1, N = 33) = 3.417, P = .07.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
A higher percentage of studies with ROI methods yielded peaks in the left amygdala (7 of 9 ROI studies vs. 8 of 24 whole-brain studies) than did those relying exclusively on whole-brain analyses, χ2(1, N = 33) = 5.215, P < 0.05.
“However, a higher percentage of studies with ROI methods yielded peaks in the left amygdala (7 of 9 ROI studies vs. 8 of 24 whole-brain studies) than did those relying exclusively on whole-brain analyses, χ 2 (1, N = 33) = 5.215, P < 0.05”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Of the 33 studies that contributed to the analysis of brain regions modulated by reappraisal, only 9 used an ROI analysis.
“Of the 33 studies that contributed to the analysis of brain regions modulated by reappraisal, only 9 used an ROI analysis.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The present meta-analysis is largely comprised of contrasts examining downregulation of negative affect induced by viewing aversive photographic images, with 34 of the 48 included studies using this type of contrast.
“A second limitation of the present meta-analysis is that it is largely comprised of contrasts examining downregulation of negative affect induced by viewing aversive photographic images (As seen in Table 1, 34 of the 48 studies included this type of contrast).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Anatomical work suggests that direct connections between lateral PFC regions and the amygdala are relatively sparse in comparison with connections between vmPFC and the amygdala, particularly in caudal portions of vmPFC.
“First, anatomical work suggests that direct connections between lateral PFC regions and the amygdala are relatively sparse in comparison with connections between vmPFC and the amygdala, particularly, in caudal portions of vmPFC (Ghashghaei et al. 2007).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Ghashghaei et al. 2007 source
- Interpretationown data
The homogeneity of research practices in the included studies makes it difficult to formally test which brain regions support reappraisal regardless of methodological practices and which vary as a function of variables such as stimulus valence, stimulus type, tactic, and reappraisal goal.
“This homogeneity in research practices makes it difficult to formally test what brain regions support reappraisal regardless of methodological practices and which vary as a function of variables such as stimulus valence ( positive or negative), stimulus type ( pictures, videos, memories, etc.), tactic (reinterpretation or distancing), and reappraisal goal (increase or decrease affective response).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Reappraisal may act through the lateral temporal cortex, an area associated with semantic and perceptual representation.
“However, in contrast to several prominent theories, the present results indicate that reappraisal does not rely on vmPFCmediated emotional control (Ochsner andGross 2005, 2007;Schiller and Delgado 2010;Diekhof et al. 2011;Etkin et al. 2011), but instead may act though the lateral temporal cortex, an area associated with semantic and perceptual representation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The lateral temporal cortex is associated with semantic and perceptual representation.
- Interpretationown data
The robust results observed in the amygdala reflect in part the selective targeting of this region with ROI analyses.
“Indeed, the robust results observed in the amygdala reflect in part the selective targeting of this region with region of interest (ROI) analyses.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
By relying heavily on the subtraction approach for identifying brain regions related to reappraisal, the meta-analysis may sometimes overlook brain regions that are commonly involved in both reappraisal and either emotion generation or spontaneous emotion regulation.
“Yet, by relying heavily on the subtraction approach for identifying brain regions related to reappraisal, we may sometimes overlook brain regions that are commonly involved in both reappraisal and in either emotion generation or spontaneous (i.e., not driven by an external goal) emotion regulation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Stimulation of the ventral striatum can result in both approach and avoidance.
“Although the ventral striatum is involved in reward, prior research has shown that the ventral striatum responds both to positive and negative stimuli (Roitman et al. 2005) and that stimulation of this region can result in both approach and avoidance (Reynolds and Berridge 2001, 2002, 2003).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Reynolds and Berridge 2001, 2002, 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 6
- May combine two claims. 13
- The quote only partly states this claim. 4
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationMany other regions are involved in emotion, including ventral striatum, insula, and brainstem regions such as periaqueductal gray.
“However, many other regions are involved in emotion (Kober et al. 2008;Vytal and Hamann 2010;Lindquist et al. 2012).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationAnimal and human work show that vmPFC is critical for fear extinction and reversal learning.
“Second, animal and human work show that vmPFC is critical for fear extinction and reversal learning (Milad et al. 2007;Finger et al. 2008;Schiller et al. 2008).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites Milad et al. 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Finger et al. 2008 source
The Discussion reports medial orbitofrontal activity during human operant extinction, while the paper describes animal and human evidence linking medial prefrontal regions to fear-extinction recall and medial orbitofrontal regions to reversal learning (page numbers unavailable). It does not establish that vmPFC is critical for both fear extinction and reversal learning: its own experiment tested operant extinction, and it describes the fear and reversal findings more cautiously. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Schiller et al. 2008 source
In “Reversal of fear” (page unavailable), the paper reports vmPFC activation during human fear reversal. In “Fear reversal versus fear extinction” (page unavailable), it relates that response to extinction findings, but proposes possible roles for the vmPFC rather than establishing that it is critical to either process. This study does not itself provide animal evidence. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThe present results are consistent with the hypotheses that dlPFC may support manipulation of appraisals in working memory, vlPFC may support selection and inhibition of appraisals, and dmPFC may support semantic and self-reflective processes relevant to elaborating the affective meaning of stimuli or perceiving one's affective state.
“Specifically, the present results are consistent with the hypotheses that dlPFC may support manipulation of appraisals in working memory (Wager and Smith 2003), vlPFC may support selection and inhibition of appraisals (Robbins 2007;Simmonds et al. 2008), and dmPFC may support semantic and self-reflective processes relevant to elaborating the affective meaning of stimuli or perceiving one's affect”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites Wager and Smith 2003 source
- cites Robbins 2007 source
Split into 3 atoms — 0 confirmed, 3 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Simmonds et al. 2008 source
Split into 3 atoms — 0 confirmed, 3 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAmygdala responses track affective intensity, especially for aversive stimuli like those photos used widely in reappraisal studies.
“Furthermore, prior work shows that amygdala responses track affective intensity, especially for aversive stimuli like those photos used widely in reappraisal studies (Canli et al. 2000;Williams et al. 2001;Anderson et al. 2003;Cunningham et al. 2004;Ochsner et al. 2004Ochsner et al. , 2009;;Phan et al. 2004).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites Canli et al. 2000 source
The Results report that bilateral amygdala activation correlated with participants’ ratings of emotional intensity, and the Methods describe the stimuli as negative-to-neutral pictures. The Discussion says the study could not separate arousal from negative valence; it therefore does not establish that responses track intensity especially for aversive stimuli. The paper also does not establish how widely these photos are used in reappraisal studies. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Williams et al. 2001 source
- cites Anderson et al. 2003 source
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataReappraisal modulated bilateral amygdala clusters, with the left cluster extending into the ventral striatum and pallidum.
“The analysis revealed bilateral amygdala clusters, with the left cluster extending into the ventral striatum and pallidum (Table 3; Fig. 2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataReappraisal consistently activated cognitive control regions including posterior dmPFC and bilateral dlPFC, vlPFC, and posterior parietal cortex.
“As expected, this revealed extensive recruitment of regions commonly observed in cognitive control tasks including posterior dmPFC and bilateral dlPFC, vlPFC, and posterior parietal cortex (Table 2; Fig. 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataReappraisal consistently activated left posterior temporal cortex.
“Second, a sizeable cluster was observed in left posterior temporal cortex.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataReappraisal did not modulate any brain regions other than the bilateral amygdala.
“No clusters were observed anywhere else in the brain.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataReappraisal did not consistently activate vmPFC.
“First, we failed to observe any clusters in vmPFC.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataOf 48 studies in the present meta-analysis, 34 used aversive stimuli, 5 used positive/appetitive stimuli, and 9 used both.
“(of 48 studies in the present meta-analysis, 34 used aversive stimuli, 5 used positive/appetitive stimuli, and 9 used both; see Table 1 for a summary)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe results of the second meta-analysis including only downregulation contrasts were nearly identical, suggesting consistent prefrontal, parietal, and temporal regions are recruited by reappraisal regardless of whether one is reappraising to increase or decrease affective responses.
“The results of this analysis were nearly identical, suggesting consistent prefrontal, parietal, and temporal regions are consistently recruited by reappraisal, regardless of whether one is reappraising to increase or decrease affective responses.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataOnly 4 studies have examined reappraisal in the domain of decision-making; within those 4 studies, 2 examined reappraisal at the time of decision-making, another examined reappraisal during anticipation of monetary reward, and another examined reappraisal during both anticipation and receipt of monetary reward.
“Yet, testing this hypothesis is virtually impossible at present given that only 4 studies have examined reappraisal in the domain of decisionmaking and within those 4 studies, 2 examined reappraisal at the time of decision-making (Grecucci, Giorgetta, Van't Wout et al. 2012;Sokol-Hessner et al. 2012), another examined reappraisal during anticipation of monetary reward (Staudinger et al. 2011), and”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataNo change was observed in other regions related to emotional responding, or anywhere else in the brain, during reappraisal.
“Lastly, reappraisal was consistently associated with bilateral amygdala modulation, but no change was observed in other regions related to emotional responding, or anywhere else in the brain.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationPsychological models of reappraisal suggest that many of the same cognitive control processes used to regulate attention, memory and thoughts in nonemotional contexts are also used in the cognitive regulation of emotion.
“Psychological models of reappraisal suggest that that many of the same cognitive control processes that are used to regulate attention, memory and thoughts in nonemotional contexts are also used in the cognitive regulation of emotion (Ochsner and Gross 2008).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Ochsner and Gross 2008 source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationReappraisal is highly effective at regulating affect and physiological arousal without the cognitive and physiological costs associated with response-focused strategies, and with longer-lasting effects than attention-focused strategies.
“One reason this strategy is so well studied is because reappraisal is highly effective at regulating affect and physiological arousal without the cognitive and physiological costs associated with response-focused strategies (e.g., expressive suppression) (Gross 1998), and with longerlasting effects than attention-focused strategies (e.g., distraction) (Ochsner and Gross 2005;Kross and Ayduk 2008;O”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationExtensive work in animals and humans has implicated the amygdala in the detection, encoding, and organization of responses to arousing, goal-relevant stimuli.
“Extensive work in animals and humans has implicated the amygdala in the detection, encoding, and organization of responses to arousing, goal-relevant stimuli (Anderson et al. 2003;Phelps and LeDoux 2005;Cunningham and Brosch 2012;Wilson-Mendenhall et al. forthcoming).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe meta-analysis could not directly compare the neural bases of reappraisal for positive and negative stimuli because only 14 studies used positive stimuli, which would have rendered such a comparison underpowered.
“In either case, a direct comparison between the neural bases of reappraisal for positive and negative stimuli in the present analysis was not possible because the relatively scant number (14) of studies using positive stimuli would have rendered such a comparison underpowered.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe study of Diekhof and coworkers included far fewer studies and thus would be more prone to false positives than the present meta-analysis.
“First, the study of Diekhof and coworkers included far fewer studies and thus would be more prone to false positives than the present meta-analysis.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningReappraisal involves the use of cognitive control to modulate semantic representations of an emotional stimulus, and these altered representations in turn attenuate activity in the amygdala.
“This suggests that reappraisal involves the use of cognitive control to modulate semantic representations of an emotional stimulus, and these altered representations in turn attenuate activity in the amygdala.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe lack of involvement of vmPFC in reappraisal suggests that while reappraisal may lead to a similar outcome as extinction, there are likely notable differences in the psychological and neural processes that lead to this outcome.
“The lack of involvement of vmPFC in reappraisal suggests that while reappraisal may lead to a similar outcome as extinction (i.e., cue-related emotional activity is reduced), there are likely notable differences in the psychological and neural processes that lead to this outcome.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationCurrent models of emotion suggest that emotional responses are reflected in activity across a network of regions.
“Current models of emotion suggest that emotional responses are reflected in activity across a network of regions (Kober et al. 2008), and in changing one's emotional response one might expect reappraisal to affect this network as a whole.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kober et al. 2008 source
The paper relies on this without support.
The influence of reappraisal on brain regions other than the amygdala implicated in emotional responding was unknown prior to this meta-analysis.
“Furthermore, while previous work has emphasized the amygdala, whether reappraisal influences other regions implicated in emotional responding remains unknown.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Main effect contrasts comparing reappraisal to a baseline condition are the most commonly reported type of contrast in reappraisal manuscripts.
“This is the most commonly reported type of contrast in reappraisal manuscripts, and it offers the most straightforward way to identify the neural regions that support reappraisal.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The lateral temporal cortex is associated with semantic and perceptual representation.
“but instead may act though the lateral temporal cortex, an area associated with semantic and perceptual representation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Absence of vmPFC activation in the meta-analysis indicates that reappraisal does not rely on vmPFC-mediated emotional control.
“the present results indicate that reappraisal does not rely on vmPFCmediated emotional control”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Cognitive reappraisal is considered more effective than suppression or avoidance and has been proposed as a mechanism of CBT and mindfulness-based therapies.
“Cognitive reappraisal is considered more effective than inhibitory strategies that involve suppression or avoidance (Aldao et al., 2010; Webb et al., 2012) and has been proposed as an underlying mechanism of cognitive-behavioral (CBT) and mindfulness-based therapies (Buhle et al., 2014; Sheppes et al., 2014; Teasdale et al., 2002).”
From Prospective examination of the therapeutic role of psychological flexibility and cognitive reappraisal in the ceremonial use of ayahuasca (2022) · cites this paper as Buhle et al., 2014
The Introduction (page not provided) says that core elements of reappraisal are central to cognitive behavioral therapy, supporting the CBT portion of the clause attributed to Buhle et al. The paper does not identify mindfulness-based therapies or propose reappraisal as their underlying mechanism. The comparison with suppression or avoidance is cited to other sources in the sentence, not to Buhle et al. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe limited data presented thus far suggest that acceptance-associated emotion-regulation strategies may produce brain responses that overlap with well-documented reappraisal brain networks.
“The limited data presented thus far suggest that acceptanceassociated emotion-regulation strategies may produce brain responses that overlap with well-documented reappraisal brain networks.25”
From Evaluation of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy vs Mindfulness Meditation in Brain Changes During Reappraisal and Acceptance Among Patients With Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
The Results and Discussion identify brain regions consistently recruited during reappraisal, including dmPFC, dlPFC, vlPFC, and posterior parietal cortex (page unavailable in our copy). The cited paper does not report brain responses to acceptance-associated strategies or compare them with reappraisal, so it does not support the proposed overlap. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe finding of increased dACC/dmPFC activation associated with emotion acceptance relative to worry or suppression aligns somewhat with findings for cognitive reappraisal, which have shown a strong correlation between dACC activation during reappraisal and reductions in distress ratings.
“The finding of increased dACC/dmPFC activation associated with emotion acceptance relative to worry or suppression also aligns somewhat with findings for cognitive reappraisal, which have shown a strong correlation between dACC activation during reappraisal and reductions in distress ratings, indicating reappraisal success (Berkman and Lieberman, 2009; Buhle et al., 2014).”
From Neural correlates of emotion acceptance<i>vs</i>worry or suppression in generalized anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Buhle et al., 2014
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredExisting studies of cognitive reappraisal implicate DLPFC, VLPFC and dmPFC activation, coupled with decreased medial orbitofrontal and amygdala activation.
“Existing studies of cognitive reappraisal additionally implicate DLPFC, VLPFC and dmPFC activation, coupled with decreased medial orbitofrontal and amygdala activation (Ochsner et al., 2002; Goldin et al., 2008; Buhle et al., 2014).”
From Neural correlates of emotion acceptance<i>vs</i>worry or suppression in generalized anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Buhle et al., 2014
The Results (page unavailable) report increased dmPFC, dlPFC and vlPFC activity during reappraisal, alongside decreased bilateral amygdala activity. They found no other clusters of decreased activity, and the Discussion specifically says orbitofrontal cortex was not reliably modulated. Thus the claimed decrease in medial orbitofrontal activation is not supported by this meta-analysis. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCognitive reappraisal tasks modulate processing of emotional stimuli in amygdala and ventral striatum.
“Cognitive reappraisal tasks have been found to modulate the processing of emotional stimuli in regions such as amygdala and the ventral striatum (Buhle et al., 2014).”
From Top-Down Dysregulation—From ADHD to Emotional Instability (2016) · cites this paper as Buhle et al., 2014
The Results report reduced activation during reappraisal in bilateral amygdala clusters, with the left cluster extending into the ventral striatum. They found no separate cluster elsewhere, and the Discussion treats ventral-striatal modulation as a possibility rather than a consistent finding. The claim therefore overstates the evidence for the ventral striatum. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Altered frontolimbic connectivity could explain why some youths exposed to acute stress cannot use cognitive reappraisal to modulate subcortical activation and then experience suicidal ideation.
“Altered frontolimbic connectivity could help explain why some youths who experience an acute stressor are unable to leverage higher-order skills, such as cognitive reappraisal (Buhle et al. 2014), to modulate subcortical activation and, subsequently, begin experiencing suicidal ideation.”
From Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems. (2019) · cites this paper as Buhle et al. 2014
The dmPFC region found here partially overlaps with prior work, but more dorsal and posterior medial PFC regions are typically implicated in emotion regulation meta-analyses.
“Although the region of the dmPFC found in this study is partially overlapping with those mentioned above (e.g., Banks et al., 2007; Gilead et al., 2016; Wager et al., 2008), relatively more dorsal and posterior regions of the medial PFC (i.e., closer to the pre-supplementary motor area) are typically implicated in meta-analyses of emotion regulation (Buhle et al., 2014).”
From Changes in functional connectivity with cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder predict outcomes at follow-up (2020) · cites this paper as Buhle et al., 2014
Two more recent meta-analyses favor the hypothesis that cognitive control regions modulate lateral temporal areas associated with semantic and perceptual representations, which then indirectly influence the amygdala.
“In contrast, two more recent meta-analyses favor the second hypothesis [121, 122].”
From Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: implications for PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [121]
The dlPFC is thought to be an important driver of emotion regulation and is hypothesized to be involved in the manipulation of appraisals of stimuli in working memory.
“The dlPFC is thought to be an important driver of emotion regulation and hypothesized to be involved in the manipulation of appraisals of stimuli in working memory [121–123].”
From Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: implications for PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [121]
Meta-analyses of cognitive reappraisal alone consistently found increased BOLD signal in the dlPFC, vlPFC, and dmPFC and decreased BOLD signal in the amygdala.
“Meta-analyses of cognitive reappraisal alone have consistently found increased BOLD signal in the dlPFC, vlPFC, and dmPFC [93, 121, 122] and decreased BOLD signal in the amygdala [93, 121].”
From Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: implications for PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [121]
The dmPFC is hypothesized to support abstracting affective meaning of stimuli or the processes of self-reflecting and identifying one's own affective reactions to stimuli.
“Finally, the dmPFC is hypothesized to support abstracting affective meaning of stimuli or the processes of self-reflecting and identifying one’s own affective reactions to stimuli [121, 126–130].”
From Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: implications for PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [121]
The vlPFC is hypothesized to support choosing and inhibiting appraisals of stimuli or potentially to signal salience and the need to reappraise.
“The vlPFC is hypothesized to support choosing and inhibiting appraisals of stimuli [121, 124, 125] or potentially may signal salience and the need to reappraise [122].”
From Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: implications for PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [121]
Buhle et al. did not observe increased activation of the vmPFC during cognitive reappraisal.
“Notably, they did not observe increased activation of the vmPFC.”
From Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: implications for PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [121]
The Delgado study involved cognitive reappraisal of threat conditioned stimuli, whereas most studies in the Buhle et al. meta-analysis involved cognitive reappraisal of negatively-valenced photos.
“The study by Delgado etv al. [131] involved cognitive reappraisal of threat conditioned stimuli, whereas most of the studies included in the Buhle et al. [121] meta-analysis involved cognitive reappraisal of negatively-valenced photos.”
From Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: implications for PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [121]
Buhle et al. report increased activation of the lateral temporal cortex during cognitive reappraisal.
“Specifically, in addition to increased activation of the cognitive control regions of the PFC mentioned above and modulation of the amygdala, Buhle et al. [121] report increased activation of the lateral temporal cortex during cognitive reappraisal.”
From Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: implications for PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [121]
Cognitive reappraisal of emotional stimuli recruits cortical structures including the anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex.
“Beyond the involvement of cerebral structures such as the insular cortex and the amygdala5, the cognitive reappraisal of emotional stimuli recruits cortical structures such as the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) (for a review, see Kalisch6 and Buhle et al.7).”
From Ventrolateral but not Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex tDCS effectively impact emotion reappraisal – effects on Emotional Experience and Interbeat Interval (2018) · cites this paper as Buhle et al. [7]
The default and control networks have also shown cooperation during several cognitive processes.
“Importantly, the default and control networks have also shown cooperation during several cognitive processes [8, 17–21].”
From Creative Cognition and Brain Network Dynamics (2016) · cites this paper as [17]
The Discussion reports activation of cognitive-control regions during reappraisal, but does not assess cooperation between default and control networks. Searches for “default mode” and “cooperation between default and control networks” found no passage addressing that relationship across cognitive processes. The indexed passages provide no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredERP appears to be mediated at least partly by modulation of amygdala-vmPFC connectivity, while cognitive reappraisal dampens fronto-limbic activity through top-down dorsal prefrontal regions.
“ERP seems to be mediated, at least in part, by modulation of amygdala-vmPFC connectivity, while cognitive reappraisal appears to dampen fronto-limbic activity via the engagement of top-down dorsal prefrontal regions [35–36, 39, 51].”
From Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [51]
The cognitive reappraisal component of CBT engages dorsal prefrontal regions.
“The cognitive reappraisal component of CBT (Table 3) trains patients to change their thoughts and emotional responses to OCD symptoms and is known to engage dorsal prefrontal regions [35–36, 39, 51].”
From Toward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [51]
Distraction and reappraisal engage the dACC and adjacent posterior dmPFC, which monitor conflicts between intended and actual behavioral outcomes and signal when adjustments in control are needed.
“Distraction (Kanske et al., 2010; McRae et al., 2010) and reappraisal (Buhle et al., 2014) engage the dACC and adjacent posterior dmPFC, which monitor conflicts between intended and actual behavioral outcomes and signal when appropriate adjustments in control are needed”
From Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: a multi-level framework (2017) · cites this paper as Buhle et al., 2014
Four control systems have been most strongly implicated in explicit-controlled emotion regulation: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC).
“Four such control systems (Figures 3 and 4) have been most strongly implicated in explicit-controlled emotion regulation: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC)”
From Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: a multi-level framework (2017) · cites this paper as Buhle et al., 2014
DLPFC is active during both distraction and reappraisal.
“DLPFC is active during both distraction (Van Dillen et al., 2009; Kanske et al., 2010) and reappraisal (Buhle et al., 2014)”
From Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: a multi-level framework (2017) · cites this paper as Buhle et al., 2014
Rostral portions of dmPFC, thought to play a key role in mentalizing, have been implicated in some studies of reappraisal, likely to support monitoring and reflection on one's own emotional states and reflection on and reinterpretation of the mental states of stimulus persons.
“Rostral portions of dmPFC, thought to play a key role in mentalizing (Zaki and Ochsner, 2012), have been implicated in some studies of reappraisal, likely to support monitoring and reflection on one’s own emotional states and reflection on and reinterpretation of the mental states of stimulus persons”
From Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: a multi-level framework (2017) · cites this paper as Buhle et al., 2014
Considerable evidence indicates that cognitive reappraisal is an often used and effective strategy utilized by healthy humans to reduce the affective impact of situations.
“Considerable evidence indicates that cognitive reappraisal is an often used and effective strategy utilized by healthy humans to reduce the affective impact of situations in one’s life [64].”
From All together now: utilizing common functional change principles to unify cognitive behavioral and mindfulness-based therapies (2019) · cites this paper as [64]
The amygdala plays a central role in generating and regulating emotion, while VMPFC is involved in automatic emotion regulation, potentially via functional coupling with the amygdala.
“The amygdala is central to emotion generation (Phelps and LeDoux, 2005) and regulation (Buhle et al., 2014), and VMPFC is implicated in automatic emotion regulation (Phelps et al., 2004; Urry et al., 2006), possibly through functional coupling with the amygdala (Banks et al., 2007; Lee et al., 2012).”
From Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli (2018) · cites this paper as Buhle et al., 2014
The central nucleus serves as the amygdala's main output and gets only sparse direct input from prefrontal areas involved in stress and anxiety control.
“the Ce is the major output region of the amygdala and receives relatively few direct projections from prefrontal regions implicated in the regulation of stress and anxiety19, 32-34.”
From Evolutionarily conserved prefrontal-amygdalar dysfunction in early-life anxiety (2014) · cites this paper as [34]
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has a well-established capacity for regulating mood, attention, memory, and action.
“By virtue of its well-established capacity for regulating mood, attention, memory, and action34, 54-56”
From Evolutionarily conserved prefrontal-amygdalar dysfunction in early-life anxiety (2014) · cites this paper as [34]
Amygdala activity is modulated by cognitive control processes, including inhibitory control and reason-based appraisal.
“Moreover, its activity is modulated by cognitive control processes, including inhibitory control and reason-based appraisal (Buhle et al., 2014;Cohen et al., 2015;Iordan, Dolcos, & Dolcos, 2013;Kanske, Heissler, Schonfelder, Bongers, &Wessa, 2010;Kohn et al., 2014;McRae et al., 2010;Ochsner & Gross, 2005;Phan et al., 2005).”
From Anxiety and attention to threat: cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification (2016) · cites this paper as Buhle et al., 2014
Emotion regulation abilities are associated with recruitment of prefrontal brain regions involved in cognitive control and executive functioning that mature late in development.
“In neuroimaging studies, emotion regulation abilities are associated with recruitment of a set of prefrontal brain regions involved in cognitive control and executive functioning that mature late in development.”
From The neuroscience of emotion regulation development: Implications for education (2016) · cites this paper as [14]
Reappraisal modulates affective regions via recruitment of a network including dlPFC, PPC, vlPFC, mPFC, and ACC.
“Reappraisal is believed to modulate these regions via recruitment of a network of regions including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), posterior parietal cortex (PPC), ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC), posterior medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) [8,14].”
From The neuroscience of emotion regulation development: Implications for education (2016) · cites this paper as [14]
Cognitive reappraisal particularly activates bilateral dLPFC, vLPFC, dMPFC, posterior parietal cortex, and left-middle temporal gyrus, and deactivates the amygdala bilaterally.
“Recently, a meta-analysis of 48 studies of cognitive reappraisal emotion regulation neuroimaging studies concluded that this strategy particularly activates the bilateral dLPFC, vLPFC, dMPFC, posterior parietal cortex, and left-middle temporal gyrus, and deactivates the amygdala bilaterally.”
From Mindfulness and Emotion Regulation: Insights from Neurobiological, Psychological, and Clinical Studies (2017) · cites this paper as Buhle et al., 2014
Statistics that don’t add up
Each reported p-value recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom.
Inconsistent p-value: χ 2 (1, N = 33) = 3.417, p = .07
MinorThe paper reports p = .07 here; recomputing from the test statistic and its degrees of freedom gives p = .065. The check cannot tell whether the statistic or the p-value is the misprint.
Reported p = .07 · recomputed p = .065
“χ 2 (1, N = 33) = 3.417, P = .07”
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Doesn’t add upχ²(1) = 3.417reported p = .07 · recomputed p = .065
“χ 2 (1, N = 33) = 3.417, p = .07”
- Consistentχ²(1) = 5.215reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .022
“χ 2 (1, N = 33) = 5.215, p < .05”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
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The neural correlates of sex differences in emotional reactivity and emotion regulation
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Self-citationAcute and sustained effects of cognitive emotion regulation in major depression
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Motivational Salience: Amygdala Tuning From Traits, Needs, Values, and Goals
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Association of neural and physiological responses during voluntary emotion suppression
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Emotion regulation reduces loss aversion and decreases amygdala responses to losses
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Self-citationOverlapping neural systems mediating extinction, reversal and regulation of fear
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The role of social cognition in emotion
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Bottom-up and top-down emotion generation: implications for emotion regulation
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Neural correlates of regulating negative emotions related to moral violations
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“…of which isolated quite similar processes (e.g., by comparing reappraising a picture as less negative to both simply viewing a negative picture and to performing a simple cognitive task, e.g., Harenski and Hamann 2006), then including both of these contrasts would oversample highly dependent data.”
Backgroundvan Reekum, C. M., Johnstone, T., Urry, H. L., Thurow, M. E., Schaefer, H. S., Alexander, A. L., & Davidson, R. J. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.052 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Neuronal correlates of cognitive reappraisal in borderline patients with affective instability
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Neural correlates of the volitional regulation of the desire for food
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Neural Evidence That Human Emotions Share Core Affective Properties
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Staying Cool when Things Get Hot: Emotion Regulation Modulates Neural Mechanisms of Memory Encoding
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Regulating the expectation of reward via cognitive strategies
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Reappraising the Ultimatum: an fMRI Study of Emotion Regulation and Decision Making
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Neural correlates of using distancing to regulate emotional responses to social situations
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Cognitive and neural contributors to emotion regulation in aging
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Modulation of anticipatory emotion and perception processing by cognitive control
Herwig, U., Baumgartner, T., Kaffenberger, T., Brühl, A., Kottlow, M., Schreiter-Gasser, U., Abler, B., Jäncke, L., & Rufer, M. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.05.023 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
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Prefrontal mediation of age differences in cognitive reappraisal.
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Neural correlates of regulation of positive and negative emotions: An fMRI study
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Seeing, thinking, and feeling: Emotion-regulating effects of gaze-directed cognitive reappraisal.
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The Temporal Dynamics of Voluntary Emotion Regulation
Walter, H., von Kalckreuth, A., Schardt, D. M., Stephan, A., Goschke, T., & Erk, S. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0006726 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
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Self-citationEmotion regulation in spider phobia: role of the medial prefrontal cortex
Hermann, A., Schäfer, A., Walter, B., Stark, R., Vaitl, D., & Schienle, A. (2009) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsp013 · Cited by 125 · cited 2× · see citing works
“praisal of phobogenic stimuli in phobic populations (Hermann et al. 2009) or social stimuli in populations characterized by unstable social relationships, such as borderline personality disorder (Koenigsberg et al.”
BackgroundCognitive reappraisal in trauma-exposed women with borderline personality disorder
Lang, S., Kotchoubey, B., Frick, C., Spitzer, C., Grabe, H. J., & Barnow, S. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.08.061 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
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Common representation of pain and negative emotion in the midbrain periaqueductal gray
Buhle, J. T., Kober, H., Ochsner, K. N., Mende-Siedlecki, P., Weber, J., Hughes, B. L., Kross, E., Atlas, L. Y., McRae, K., & Wager, T. D. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nss038 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Self-citationHow grossed out are you? The neural bases of emotion regulation from childhood to adolescence
Pitskel, N. B., Bolling, D. Z., Kaiser, M. D., Crowley, M. J., & Pelphrey, K. A. (2011) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.03.004 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Cognitive reappraisal modulates expected value and prediction error encoding in the ventral striatum
Staudinger, M. R., Erk, S., Abler, B., & Walter, H. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.04.095 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Meta-analysis of neuroimaging data
Kober, H., & Wager, T. D. (2010) · WIREs Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.41 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationVolition diminishes genetically mediated amygdala hyperreactivity
Schardt, D. M., Erk, S., Nüsser, C., Nöthen, M. M., Cichon, S., Rietschel, M., Treutlein, J., Goschke, T., & Walter, H. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.11.078 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
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Dissociable roles of medial orbitofrontal cortex in human operant extinction learning
Finger, E. C., Mitchell, D. G. V., Jones, M., & Blair, R. J. R. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.08.021 · Cited by 45 · cited 3× · see citing works
“…journals.permissions@oup.com Cerebral Cortex November 2014;24:2981–2990 doi:10.1093/cercor/bht154 Advance Access publication June 13, 2013 animal and human work show that vmPFC is critical for fear extinction and reversal learning (Milad et al. 2007; Finger et al. 2008; Schiller et al. 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialHow does the brain regulate negative bias to stigma?
Krendl, A. C., Kensinger, E. A., & Ambady, N. (2011) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsr046 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Silvers, J. A., Buhle, J. T., & Ochsner, K. N. (2014) · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychodynamic Techniques: Working with Emotion in the Therapeutic Relationship
Maroda, K. J. (2009) · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Grecucci, A., Giorgetta, C., Bonini, N., & Sanfey, A. G. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00616 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Leiberg, S., Eippert, F., Veit, R., & Anders, S. (2012) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21376 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Mastering Intensive Short-Term Dynamic Psychotherapy
Labije, J. T. H.-D., & Neborsky, R. J. (2018) · doi:10.4324/9780429477119 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
LeDoux, J. E. (2008) · Scholarpedia · doi:10.4249/scholarpedia.2698 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
(2008)
Self-citation
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Research works printed but not linked: 7
- 2012, Cerebral Cortex, 23, 739
- Fusar-Poli, 2009, Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience : JPN, 34, 418
- 2012, 3, 616
- 2012, Cerebral Cortex, 23, 399
- 2008, GROUP PROCESS INTERGR RELAT, 11, 145
- Reynolds, 2002, Journal of Neuroscience, 22, 7308
- 2012, Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 8, 341
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Emotion regulation: current status and future prospects
Gross, J. J. (2015) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2014.940781 · Cited by 5,229 · see citing works
“Recent metaanalyses (Buhle et al., 2014; Diekhof, Geier, Falkai, & Gruber, 2011; Kalisch, 2009; Kohn et al., 2014) have yielded a fairly consistent set of findings.”
Andrews‐Hanna, J. R., Smallwood, J., & Spreng, R. N. (2014) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.12360 · Cited by 2,102 · see citing works
The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization
Barrett, L. F. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw154 · Cited by 1,426 · see citing works
McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., & Lambert, H. K. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.012 · Cited by 1,389 · see citing works
The neural bases of emotion regulation
Etkin, A., Büchel, C., & Gross, J. J. (2015) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn4044 · Cited by 1,244 · see citing works
Social cognition in schizophrenia
Green, M. F., Horan, W. P., & Lee, J. (2015) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn4005 · Cited by 1,159 · see citing works
Creative Cognition and Brain Network Dynamics
Beaty, R. E., Benedek, M., Silvia, P. J., & Schacter, D. L. (2016) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.10.004 · Cited by 1,105 · see citing works
Neural network of cognitive emotion regulation—an ALE meta-analysis and MACM analysis
Kohn, N., Eickhoff, S. B., Scheller, M., Laird, A. R., Fox, P. T., & Habel, U. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.11.001 · Cited by 956 · see citing works
“Our results are consistent with recent metaanalyses on the same topic (Buhle et al., 2013; Kalisch, 2009 ), additionally help clarify the functional contribution of different brain areas engaged in emotion regulation by quantitative means and led to formulation of a neural model of cognitive…”
ResultThe theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization
Barrett, L. F. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx060 · Cited by 950 · see citing works
Reconstructing and deconstructing the self: cognitive mechanisms in meditation practice
Dahl, C. J., Lutz, A., & Davidson, R. J. (2015) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.07.001 · Cited by 809 · see citing works
Denny, B. T., Kober, H., Wager, T. D., & Ochsner, K. N. (2012) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00233 · Cited by 830 · see citing works
Self-citationChildhood Adversity and Neural Development: A Systematic Review
McLaughlin, K. A., Weissman, D., & Bitrán, D. (2019) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-084950 · Cited by 892 · see citing works
“…forms of emotion regulation (e.g., cognitive reappraisal),which recruits frontoparietal circuits in the service of modulating amygdala activity (Buhle et al. 2014); and studies of rs-fc differences of amygdala with frontoparietal regions. www.annualreviews.org • Childhood Adversity and Neural…”
BackgroundEmotion and the prefrontal cortex: an integrative review
Dixon, M. L., Thiruchselvam, R., Todd, R., & Christoff, K. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000096 · Cited by 745 · see citing works
“Indeed, the aMCC is invariably recruited in cognitive control and emotion regulation tasks that require the controlled, goal-directed selection of actions (Botvinick et al., 2001; Buhle et al., 2014; Dixon et al., 2014a; Kouneiher et al., 2009; MacDonald, Cohen, Stenger, & Carter, 2000).”
BackgroundDefault and executive network coupling supports creative idea production
Beaty, R. E., Benedek, M., Barry Kaufman, S., & Silvia, P. J. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep10964 · Cited by 705 · see citing works
A higher-order theory of emotional consciousness
LeDoux, J. E., & Brown, R. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1619316114 · Cited by 690 · see citing works
“shows that top-down cognitive modulation of survival circuits occurs (21, 167, 168), and presumably emotional schema within the GNC, could similarly modulate survival circuit activity.”
BackgroundA conceptual framework for the neurobiological study of resilience
Kalisch, R., Müller, M. B., & Tüscher, O. (2015) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x1400082x · Cited by 669 · see citing works
Prefrontal cortex and depression
Pizzagalli, D. A., & Roberts, A. C. (2022) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-021-01101-7 · Cited by 644 · see citing works
“Clearly, disrupted WM, associated with lateral prefrontal regions may also contribute to impaired decision making (see Menon and D’Esposito, Shenhav and Collins, this volume) and certainly dysfunction in these higher-order cognitive regions have been implicated in cognitive re-appraisal of emotion [251, 252] although…”
BackgroundBridgett, D. J., Burt, N. M., Edwards, E. S., & Deater-Deckard, K. D. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0038662 · Cited by 637 · see citing works
“A recent metaanalysis (Buhle et al., 2014) of 48 neuroimaging studies associated activation in the dlPFC, the vlPFC, and the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) with reappraisal.”
Guendelman, S., Medeiros, S., & Rampes, H. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00220 · Cited by 577 · see citing works
“Unexpectedly, no other regions related to emotion reactivity decreased their activation level during reappraisal down regulation (Buhle et al., 2014).”
BackgroundThe hierarchical basis of neurovisceral integration
Smith, R., Thayer, J. F., Khalsa, S. S., & Lane, R. D. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.003 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: a multi-level framework
Braunstein, L. M., Gross, J. J., & Ochsner, K. N. (2017) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsx096 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
“Distraction (Kanske et al., 2010; McRae et al., 2010) and reappraisal (Buhle et al., 2014) engage the dACC and adjacent posterior dmPFC, which monitor conflicts between intended and actual behavioral outcomes and signal when appropriate adjustments in control are needed (Botvinick et al., 2001;…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationThe dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in acute and chronic pain
Seminowicz, D. A., & Moayedi, M. (2017) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2017.03.008 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
Emotion regulation: quantitative meta-analysis of functional activation and deactivation
Frank, D. W., Dewitt, M., Hudgens-Haney, M., Schaeffer, D. J., Ball, B. H., Schwarz, N. F., Hussein, A. A., Smart, L. M., & Sabatinelli, D. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.06.010 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
Holzman, J. B., & Bridgett, D. J. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.12.032 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
Context Processing and the Neurobiology of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Liberzon, I., & Abelson, J. (2016) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.09.039 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Morawetz, C., Bode, S., Derntl, B., & Heekeren, H. R. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.014 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Brühl, A. B., Delsignore, A., Komossa, K., & Weidt, S. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.08.003 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Norman, L. J., Carlisi, C., Lukito, S., Hart, H., Mataix-Cols, D., Radua, J., & Rubia, K. (2016) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0700 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Emotion and Decision Making: Multiple Modulatory Neural Circuits
Phelps, E. A., Lempert, K. M., & Sokol‐Hessner, P. (2014) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-014119 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
“…emotional reactions following extinction learning in Pavlovian fear-conditioning tasks, and it is proposed to mediate the influence of the DLPFC on the amygdala (Delgado et al. 2008b); however, other studies have suggested that the ventrolateral PFC (VLPFC) plays this role (Buhle et al. 2014).”
BackgroundPutting feelings into words: Affect labeling as implicit emotion regulation
Torre, J. B., & Lieberman, M. D. (2018) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073917742706 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
“In the neural domain, several meta-analyses of neural activations during reappraisal through reinterpretation each identified the following prefrontal regions often associated with cognitive control as more active during emotion regulation via reappraisal through reinterpretation: ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPF…”
BackgroundChild Maltreatment and Neural Systems Underlying Emotion Regulation
McLaughlin, K. A., Peverill, M., Gold, A. L., Alves, S., & Sheridan, M. A. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.06.010 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
“org an emotional stimulus.(20) Reduced resting-state functional connectivity between the vmPFC and amygdala has been observed in maltreated adolescent females,(24) suggesting potential disruptions in systems involved in automatic emotion regulation.”
InfluentialSocial Pain and the Brain: Controversies, Questions, and Where to Go from Here
Eisenberger, N. I. (2014) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115146 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
“However, these types of salient stimuli do not typically activate the pain matrix (Buhle et al. 2013, Fusar-Poli et al. 2009, Sabatinelli et al. 2011).”
BackgroundAdolescence as a pivotal period for emotion regulation development
Silvers, J. A. (2022) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.09.023 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Self-citationZilverstand, A., Parvaz, M. A., & Goldstein, R. Z. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.06.009 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
“…as the dACC and parietal cortex (Buhle et al., 2014; Frank et al., 2014; Kohn et al., 2014), while the disorder-specific deficit observed in mood disorders implicated the amygdala, a core region of the affective network as described in healthy participants (Buhle et al., 2014; Frank et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialOkon-Singer, H., Hendler, T., Pessoa, L., & Shackman, A. J. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00058 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Picó-Pérez, M., Radua, J., Steward, T., Menchón, J. M., & Soriano-Mas, C. (2017) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.06.001 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
“We hypothesized that activations in healthy controls (vs. patient group) during reappraise blocks would substantially overlap with previously reported regions in the prefronto-parietal network (Buhle et al., 2013; Diekhof et al., 2011; Kalisch, 2009; Kohn et al., 2014).”
InfluentialNeural correlates of maintaining one’s political beliefs in the face of counterevidence
Kaplan, J., Gimbel, S. I., & Harris, S. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep39589 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: implications for PTSD
Alexandra Kredlow, M., Fenster, R. J., Laurent, E. S., Ressler, K. J., & Phelps, E. A. (2022) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-021-01155-7 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
“[121] meta-analysis involved cognitive reappraisal of negativelyvalenced photos.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEmotion regulation in autism spectrum disorder: Where we are and where we need to go
Cai, R. Y., Richdale, A. L., Uljarević, M., Dissanayake, C., & Samson, A. C. (2018) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1968 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Kral, T. R. A., Schuyler, B. S., Mumford, J. A., Rosenkranz, M. A., Lutz, A., & Davidson, R. J. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.07.013 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
“The amygdala is central to emotion generation (Phelps and LeDoux, 2005) and regulation (Buhle et al., 2014), and VMPFC is implicated in automatic emotion regulation (Phelps et al., 2004; Urry et al., 2006), possibly through functional coupling with the amygdala (Banks et al., 2007; Lee et al.,…”
The Science of Wisdom in a Polarized World: Knowns and Unknowns
Grossmann, I., Weststrate, N. M., Ardelt, M., Brienza, J. P., Dong, M., Ferrari, M., Fournier, M. A., Hu, C. S., Nusbaum, H. C., & Vervaeke, J. (2020) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2020.1750917 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Emotion regulation: a transdiagnostic perspective on a new RDoC domain
Fernandez, K. C., Jazaieri, H., & Gross, J. J. (2016) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-016-9772-2 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
“Many circuitbased studies of emotion regulation have focused on brain regions such as the dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortices (e.g., Buhle et al. 2014; Kohn et al. 2014; Ochsner et al. 2002), anterior cingulate cortex (e.g., Etkin et al. 2006a; Etkin et al. 2010; Etkin and Wager…”
BackgroundAltered Brain Activity in Unipolar Depression Revisited: Meta-analyses of Neuroimaging Studies
Müller, V. I., Cieslik, E. C., Serbanescu, I., Laird, A. R., Fox, P. T., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2017) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2783 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
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“…cortex (VLPFC), the inferior parietal cortex (IPC) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) are discussed as common brain regions supporting emotion control in general (Buhle et al., 2013; Diekhof et al., 2011; Dolcos et al., 2011; McRae et al., 2010; Ochsner et al., 2012; Phillips et al., 2008).”
BackgroundAnxiety and attention to threat: cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification
Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.08.001 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
“…et al., 2014; see Eimer, 2014 for a review of these methods), and fMRI and MEG to examine activity of brain networks involved in stimulus evaluation, attention, and cognitive control (e.g., Buhle et al., 2014; Etkin & Wager, 2007; Maratos et al., 2009; Monk et al., 2008; Pessoa & Adolphs, 2010).”
BackgroundMethodThe prefrontal cortex, pathological anxiety, and anxiety disorders
Kenwood, M. M., Kalin, N. H., & Barbas, H. (2021) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-021-01109-z · Cited by 338 · see citing works
“1 for parcellation, [108]), as well as interactions between the PFC and amygdala [109–111].”
BackgroundThe Social Regulation of Emotion: An Integrative, Cross-Disciplinary Model
Reeck, C., Ames, D. R., & Ochsner, K. N. (2015) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.09.003 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
“processes and neural systems supporting the engagement of individuals in social emotion regulation [3,11].”
BackgroundSelf-citationAlexander, R., Aragón, O. R., Bookwala, J., Cherbuin, N., Gatt, J. M., Kahrilas, I. J., Kästner, N., Lawrence, A. B., Lowe, L. J., Morrison, R., et al. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.002 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
“Further, many of the brain regions and networks reviewed here (and in section 3.2) are associated with attentional control functions (e.g., dLPFC, dACC; Silton et al., 2010), and are also related to emotion regulation strategies, such as reappraisal (Braunstein et al., 2017; Buhle et al., 2014).”
InfluentialPutman, P., Verkuil, B., Arias-Garcia, E., Pantazi, I., & van Schie, C. C. (2013) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-013-0238-7 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
“Taken together, these lines of research imply that theta/beta ratio should be related to attentional control and affect regulation (Bishop, 2008; Buhle et al., 2013).”
BackgroundDistinct Brain Systems Mediate the Effects of Nociceptive Input and Self-Regulation on Pain
Woo, C.-W., Roy, M., Buhle, J. T., & Wager, T. D. (2015) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002036 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
“Finally, as in previous studies [2,3,6,72], several prefrontal regions showed increasing activity in both regulate-up and regulate-down conditions, presumably reflecting demand on context-generation systems.”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationKazdin, A. E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108993647.010 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
The Affective Neuroscience of Aging
Mather, M. (2015) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033540 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
“Reappraisal (involving changing one’s interpretation of an emotional stimulus) is a cognitively demanding strategy that, in younger adults, tends to recruit dorsal and lateral PFC regions as well as the posterior parietal lobe but does not typically recruit the vmPFC (Buhle et al. 2013).”
The Biology of Human Resilience: Opportunities for Enhancing Resilience Across the Life Span
Feder, A., Fred-Torres, S., Southwick, S. M., & Charney, D. S. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.07.012 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Extending the amygdala in theories of threat processing
Fox, A. S., Oler, J. A., Tromp, D., Fudge, J. L., & Kalin, N. H. (2015) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2015.03.002 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Berboth, S., & Morawetz, C. (2021) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107767 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
“4 Kragel, Wang, & McCarthy, 2006; McRae et al., 2012) . Indeed, previous findings found an interaction between emotion generation and regulati on, which has been related to amygdala activation during reappraisal (McRae et al., 2012) and to coupling between the amygdala and the vlPFC during implicit emotion regulation…”
ResultInfluentialAdolfi, F., Couto, B., Richter, F., Decety, J., Lopez, J., Sigman, M., Manes, F., & Ibáñez, A. (2017) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2016.12.019 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
“…et al., 2008), is the proportion difference of contrasts that activated within 10 mm (kernel region) of that voxel, weighted by the sample size and quality (fixed vs random effects) of the study (Buhle et al., 2014; Denny et al., 2012; Kober et al., 2008; Mende-Siedlecki, Said, & Todorov, 2013).”
Silvers, J. A., Insel, C., Powers, A., Franz, P., Helion, C., Martin, R. E., Weber, J., Mischel, W., Casey, B. J., & Ochsner, K. N. (2016) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhw073 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Self-citationCognitive deficits in bipolar disorders: Implications for emotion
Lima, I. M. M., Peckham, A. D., & Johnson, S. L. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.11.006 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
“…was consistently associated the frontoparietal network, including activation of the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), and the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), and deactivation of the amygdala (Buhle et al., 2014; Messina, Bianco, Sambin, & Viviani, 2015).”
BackgroundToward a neurocircuit-based taxonomy to guide treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder
Shephard, E., Stern, E. R., van den Heuvel, O. A., Costa, D. L. C., Batistuzzo, M. C., Godoy, P. B. G., Lopes, A. C., Brunoni, A. R., Hoexter, M. Q., Shavitt, R. G., et al. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-01007-8 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Representation of aversive prediction errors in the human periaqueductal gray
Roy, M., Shohamy, D., Daw, N., Jepma, M., Wimmer, G. E., & Wager, T. D. (2014) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3832 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Self-citationKross, E., & Ayduk, O. (2017) · Advances in Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2016.10.002 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Jalbrzikowski, M., Larsen, B., Hallquist, M. N., Foran, W., Calabro, F. J., & Luna, B. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.01.008 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Research Design in Clinical Psychology
Kazdin, A. E. (2021) · doi:10.1017/9781108993647 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Adolescent Suicide as a Failure of Acute Stress-Response Systems.
Miller, A. B., & Prinstein, M. J. (2019) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095625 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
“Altered frontolimbic connectivity could help explain why some youths who experience an acute stressor are unable to leverage higher-order skills, such as cognitive reappraisal (Buhle et al. 2014), to modulate subcortical activation and, subsequently, begin experiencing suicidal ideation.”
BackgroundDispositional negativity: An integrative psychological and neurobiological perspective
Shackman, A., Tromp, D., Stockbridge, M., Kaplan, C. M., Tillman, R., & Fox, A. (2016) · Psychological bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000073 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
“, 2009; Figure 6b), consistent with this region’s role in regulating momentary negative affect (Buhle et al., 2014).”
Deeply Felt Affect: The Emergence of Valence in Deep Active Inference
Hesp, C., Smith, R., Parr, T., Allen, M., Friston, K. J., & Ramstead, M. J. D. (2021) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/neco_a_01341 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
The Neurobiology of Impulsive Aggression
Blair, R. J. R. (2016) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2015.0088 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
“For example, the fMRI literature indicates that the vmPFC is not involved in emotional regulation (Buhle et al. 2014).”
BackgroundCognitive emotion regulation: a review of theory and scientific findings
Kateri Mcrae, A. (2016) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.06.004 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Multiple large-scale neural networks underlying emotion regulation
Morawetz, C., Riedel, M. C., Salo, T., Berboth, S., Eickhoff, S. B., Laird, A. R., & Kohn, N. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.07.001 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Emotional intensity influences pre-implementation and implementation of distraction and reappraisal
Shafir, R., Schwartz, N., Jens Blechert, A., & Sheppes, G. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsv022 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
“Keywords: emotion regulation; EEG; attentional distraction; cognitive reappraisal; emotional intensity”
BackgroundDolcos, F., Katsumi, Y., Moore, M., Berggren, N., de Gelder, B., Derakshan, N., Hamm, A. O., Koster, E. H. W., Ladouceur, C. D., Okon‐Singer, H., et al. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.017 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
“, 2013), in particular the lateral PFC, to be recruited for successful emotion regulation (Buhle et al., 2014; Ochsner, Silvers, & Buhle, 2012).”
Hung, Y., Gaillard, S. L., Yarmak, P., & Arsalidou, M. (2018) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24232 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
“This passive rather than active inhibitory process, however, is different from studies of emotional regulation using cognitivebehavioral reappraisal strategies, where increased PFC with diminished amygdala activity is usually observed (Ochsner et al., 2002; Buhle et al., 2014).”
Understanding resilience: New approaches for preventing and treating PTSD
Horn, S. R. G.-V., Charney, D. S., & Feder, A. (2016) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.07.002 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
“These findings suggest functional deficits in prefrontal regions critical for cognitive control in PTSD patients (Buhle et al., 2014, MacNamara et al., 2015).”
BackgroundFeng, C., Luo, Y., & Krüeger, F. (2014) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22649 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Morawetz, C., Bode, S., Baudewig, J., & Heekeren, H. R. (2016) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsw169 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
“Third, in accord with previous findings, reappraisal compared with the control condition was associated with enhanced responses in VLPFC, temporal and parietal regions as well as the amygdala (Urry et al., 2006; Eippert et al., 2007; Kim and Hamann, 2007; Buhle et al., 2014; Frank et al., 2014; Kohn et al., 2014; Mora…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialMemory Control: A Fundamental Mechanism of Emotion Regulation
Engen, H. G., & Anderson, M. C. (2018) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2018.07.015 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
“Reappraisal [72] Changing the interpretation of emotional events + + Suppressing dominant interpretation; retrieving information to generate a substitute interpretation”
Toward a personalized science of emotion regulation
Doré, B. P., Silvers, J. A., & Ochsner, K. N. (2016) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12240 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Self-citationThe neuroscience of emotion regulation development: Implications for education
Martin, R. E., & Ochsner, K. N. (2016) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.06.006 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Self-citationGold, A. L., Morey, R. A., & McCarthy, G. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.03.030 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Pinna, T., & Edwards, D. J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01792 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
“Antecedent-focused strategies are widely considered as the most adaptive ER strategies as they have been shown to provide better affective and physiological regulation with minimal cognitive and physical energetic expenditure (Ochsner and Gross, 2005; Buhle et al., 2014).”
BackgroundReminiscing about positive memories buffers acute stress responses
Speer, M. E., & Delgado, M. R. (2017) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0093 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Uusberg, A., Taxer, J. L., Yih, J., Uusberg, H., & Gross, J. J. (2019) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073919862617 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
“This is how an emotional response to a situation can be changed by thinking differently about the situation—a phenomenon known as reappraisal (Buhle et al., 2013; Gross, 1998; Lazarus, 1966; McRae, 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialCarlisi, C. O., Norman, L. J., Lukito, S. S., Radua, J., Mataix-Cols, D., & Rubia, K. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.10.006 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
“001] (corresponding controls [F(1,61)=21, p<.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialNeuroimaging the consciousness of self: Review, and conceptual-methodological framework
Frewen, P., Schroeter, M. L., Riva, G., Cipresso, P., Fairfield, B., Padulo, C., Kemp, A. H., Palaniyappan, L. K., Owolabi, M. O., Kusi‐Mensah, K., et al. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.023 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
“(Buhle et al., 2014) meta-analysed fMRI studies of the cognitive reappraisal of emotion as a task involving attention to and modulation of emotional experience and found that the D-MPFC was among the brain regions exhibiting a greater response during cognitive reappraisal of emotional responses as compared with natura…”
A coordinate-based meta-analysis of music-evoked emotions
Koelsch, S. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117350 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Top-Down Dysregulation—From ADHD to Emotional Instability
Petrovic, P., & Castellanos, F. X. (2016) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00070 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
“Cognitive reappraisal tasks have been found to modulate the processing of emotional stimuli in regions such as amygdala and the ventral striatum (Buhle et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMeta-analysis of neural systems underlying placebo analgesia from individual participant fMRI data
Zunhammer, M., Spisák, T., Wager, T. D., Bingel, U., The Placebo Imaging Consortium, Atlas, L., Benedetti, F., Büchel, C., Choi, J. C., Colloca, L., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21179-3 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Self-citationDissociating the ability and propensity for empathy
Keysers, C., & Gazzola, V. (2014) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2013.12.011 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
“process stimuli that suit their current goals and motivations [13] and to regulate their own emotions in reaction to social stimuli [14] (Fig.”
BackgroundMehler, D. M. A., Sokunbi, M. O., Habes, I., Barawi, K., Subramanian, L., Range, M., Evans, J., Hood, K., Lührs, M., Keedwell, P., et al. (2018) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-018-0126-5 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
“This is encouraging because striatal areas and the insula have been linked to positive reappraisal of emotions [29].”
Engen, H. G., & Singer, T. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsv008 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Powers, J. P., & LaBar, K. S. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.04.023 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Functional Neuroanatomy of Emotion and Its Regulation in PTSD
Fitzgerald, J. M., DiGangi, J. A., & Phan, K. L. (2018) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000185 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Kupferberg, A., & Hasler, G. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100631 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Morawetz, C., Bode, S., Baudewig, J., Kirilina, E. P., & Heekeren, H. R. (2015) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhv005 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
“These regions, however, were derived from our unbiased whole-brain BOLD analysis and were all well-established reappraisal-related regions according to state-of-the-art models of emotion regulation (Ochsner and Gross 2005; Phillips et al. 2008; Ochsner et al. 2012; Buhle et al. 2014), providing strong support for our…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialChildhood abuse and reduced cortical thickness in brain regions involved in emotional processing
Gold, A. L., Sheridan, M. A., Peverill, M., Busso, D. S., Lambert, H. K., Alves, S., Pine, D. S., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2016) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12630 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“The lateral PFC and temporal cortices support explicit or effortful forms of emotion regulation, such as cognitive reappraisal of emotion (Buhle et al., 2014; Kohn et al., 2014), and the lateral temporal cortex is additionally involved in emotional face processing (Phan, Wager, Taylor, & Liberzon,…”
BackgroundVanTieghem, M., & Tottenham, N. (2017) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2016_42 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
“Top-down recruitment of medial prefrontal regions regulates amygdala reactivity to facilitate extinction learning [19, 20] whereas dorsolateral prefrontal regions implicated in more effortful processes, like cognitive reappraisal, modulate amygdala reactivity during emotion regulation [21].”
BackgroundEvolutionarily conserved prefrontal-amygdalar dysfunction in early-life anxiety
Birn, R. M., Shackman, A. J., Oler, J. A., Williams, L. E., McFarlin, D. R., Rogers, G. M., Shelton, S. E., Alexander, A. L., Pine, D. S., Slattery, M. J., et al. (2014) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2014.46 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Suicide Risk and Addiction: The Impact of Alcohol and Opioid Use Disorders
Rizk, M., Herzog, S., Dugad, S., & Stanley, B. (2021) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-021-00361-z · Cited by 175 · see citing works
A neuromarker for drug and food craving distinguishes drug users from non-users
Koban, L., Wager, T. D., & Hedy Kober, A. (2022) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-022-01228-w · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citationPalacios‐Barrios, E. E., & Hanson, J. L. (2018) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.12.012 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
- Authors
- Buhle, J. T., Silvers, J. A., Wager, T. D., Lopez, R., Onyemekwu, C., Kober, H., Weber, J., & Ochsner, K. N.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Dartmouth College (US)
- Venue
- Cerebral Cortex
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2013-06-13
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2981-2990
- ISSN
- 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2199
- PMC
- PMC4193464
- OpenAlex
- W2136449688
- Cited by
- 1,896
- References
- 133
- Citations by year
- 2026: 160 · 2025: 152 · 2024: 148 · 2023: 142 · 2022: 156 · 2021: 189 · 2020: 216 · 2019: 151 · 2018: 160 · 2017: 126 · 2016: 113 · 2015: 97 · 2014: 71 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 8.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0631637)
- National Institutes of Health (MH076136)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH076137, MH094056, F31MH094056, R01MH076136)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA022541, RC1DA028608, R01DA027794, K12DA000167)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD069178)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- cognitive reappraisal, emotion regulation, amygdala, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, cognitive control, lateral temporal cortex, semantic representation, negative affect, fear extinction, emotional responses
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Brain Mapping, Cognition, Emotions, Humans, PubMed, Neuroimaging
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