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Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes undergo subtype-specific transcriptional changes in Alzheimer’s disease.
Open accessAbstract
Resolving glial contributions to Alzheimer's disease (AD) is necessary because changes in neuronal function, such as reduced synaptic density, altered electrophysiological properties, and degeneration, are not entirely cell autonomous. To improve understanding of transcriptomic heterogeneity in glia during AD, we used single-nuclei RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) to characterize astrocytes and oligodendrocytes from apolipoprotein (APOE) Ɛ2/3 human AD and age- and genotype-matched non-symptomatic (NS) brains. We enriched astrocytes before sequencing and characterized pathology from the same location as the sequenced material. We characterized baseline heterogeneity in both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes and identified global and subtype-specific transcriptomic changes between AD and NS astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. We also took advantage of recent human and mouse spatial transcriptomics resources to localize heterogeneous astrocyte subtypes to specific regions in the healthy and inflamed brain. Finally, we integrated our data with published AD snRNA-seq datasets, highlighting the power of combining datasets to resolve previously unidentifiable astrocyte subpopulations.
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“Recently, transcriptomic studies have shown changes not only in microglia and astrocytes but also in oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the central nervous system, in both human AD tissue [5,6]”
From Selective suppression of oligodendrocyte-derived amyloid beta rescues neuronal dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease (2024) · cites this paper as [6]
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“This subcluster was enriched for genes involved in extracellular matrix organization [102, 135, 136], metabolic support [135, 137], and inflammatory modulation [138–141].”
From Tau Ablation Rewires Brain Cell Programs in Health and Restores Function in Disease (2026) · cites this paper as [102]
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“resulting in over 100,000 astrocyte nuclei in each brain region with ≈6,000 average total number of reads and ≈2,500 average total number of genes detected, which is orders of magnitude higher than previous studies9–15”
From Astrocyte transcriptomic changes along the spatiotemporal progression of Alzheimer’s disease (2024) · cites this paper as [14]
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“may have confounded previous studies that compared only control and severe AD donors or grouped late- and end-stage donors (Braak stage V/VI) together9–15”
From Astrocyte transcriptomic changes along the spatiotemporal progression of Alzheimer’s disease (2024) · cites this paper as [14]
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“A snRNA‐seq study in human AD also reported downregulation of synaptic cell adhesion–related gene expression and enrichment terms in an oligodendrocyte cluster. 65 , 66”
From Unique transcriptomic alterations in 5XFAD;PS19 mouse model identify glial lipid dysregulation and coordinated microglial–oligodendrocyte responses (2026) · cites this paper as [65]
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“our sample sizes are similar to those reported in previous publications9–17”
From Astrocyte transcriptomic changes along the spatiotemporal progression of Alzheimer’s disease (2024) · cites this paper as [14]
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Single-cell transcriptomic profile of satellite glial cells in trigeminal ganglion
Chu, Y., Jia, S., Xu, K., Liu, Q., Mai, L., Liu, J., Fan, W., & Huang, F. P. (2023) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2023.1117065 · Cited by 25
“A series of studies have shown the heterogeneity of neurons and glial cells (astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes) in the central nervous system (CNS) and their transcriptional changes in different pathological states by scRNA-seq (Hasel et al., 2021; Sun et al., 2021; Sadick et al., 2022).”
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Clinicopathologic Heterogeneity and Glial Activation Patterns in Alzheimer Disease
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Mutations in the human CSF1R gene impact microglia’s maintenance of brain white matter integrity
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“, 2019) or oligodendrocytes (Sadick et al., 2022), where P2RX7 might also be expressed (Pietrowski”
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Genetic Dissection of BDNF and TrkB Expression in Glial Cells
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“Cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage are emergent cell types in AD pathology, including the discovery of disease-associated oligodendrocytes (DAOs) 16,66 .”
From Neuron‐Centric to Glia‐Centric: How Aging Glial Networks Drive Neurodegenerative Disease
Hayashide, L. D. S., Pessoa, B., Dias, G. R., Pontes, B., Pinto, R. S., & Diniz, L. P. (2026) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.70361 · Cited by 19
“This regional and subtype specificity was further demonstrated by Sadick et al. (2022), in which astrocytes and oligodendrocytes were shown to alter their gene expression profiles in the brains of individuals with AD.”
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Proteomics of the astrocyte secretome reveals changes in their response to soluble oligomeric Aβ
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“The disruption of the glia–neuron cycle observed in conditions like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and ischemia–reperfusion injuries, leads to a cascade of pathological changes (Lu et al., 2023; Sadick et al., 2022 ).”
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“…especially regarding NF-κB signaling, interleukin-related inflammatory responses, oxidative stress pathways, and the downregulation of synaptic maintenance genes and genes involved in structural integrity, potentially contributing to widespread neuro-degeneration (Sadick et al. 2022).”
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Neuroimmune proteins can differentiate between tauopathies
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“For example, in a study comparing AD and healthy brains, scrutiny of a single- cell RNA sequencing dataset uncovered that a donor classified as ‘healthy’ was abnormal, and subsequent clinical evaluations confirmed this donor had vascular dementia (Sadick et al., 2022).”
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“They exhibit heterogeneity and morphological diversity in different brain regions, which may be related to astrocyte-neuron spatiotemporal interactions, which also supports the ‘tripartite synapse’ hypothesis (de Tredern et al., 2021; Sadick et al., 2022).”
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“A recent study shed light on this heterogeneity by identifying nine distinct astrocyte subpopulations (clusters 0–8) in human postmortem prefrontal cortex samples from AD cases, each defined by a unique transcriptional signature [114].”
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Matrix disequilibrium in Alzheimer’s disease and conditions that increase Alzheimer’s disease risk
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“Liddelow’s lab showed increased levels of 4-sulfotransferase, in AD brain-derived astrocytes (Sadick et al., 2022).”
BackgroundBlusztajn, J. K., Aytan, N., Rajendiran, T. M., Mellott, T. J., Soni, T., Burant, C., Serrano, G. E., Beach, T. G., Lin, H., & Stein, T. D. (2023) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-230543 · Cited by 13
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“The upregulation of cholesterol synthesis genes by oligodendrocytes is attributed to another repair mechanism to resist the loss of myelin composition in the aged diseased brains [126].”
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“Finally, in order to evaluate if our findings were related to human AD pathology, we have compared a list of differentially expressed genes in astrocytes from patients (Sadick et al. 2022) with proteins differentially expressed in APP/PSEN mice treated with AAV-Hevin (Figure S3D, Data S1).”
Acquired genetic and cell-state changes in IDH-mutant glioma progression
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“To annotate each metaprogram, we examined previous malignant and non-malignant brain gene sets 4,10,18,21,22 (Extended Data Fig.”
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Reflective imaging of myelin integrity in the human and mouse central nervous systems
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Cell-death pathways and tau-associated neuronal vulnerability in Alzheimer’s disease
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“Count matrices were downloaded from GEO for GSE129308 (Otero-Garcia et al. 92 ), GSE147528 (Leng et al. 93 ), GSE140511 (Zhou et al. 94 ), GSE138852 (Grubman et al. 95 ), GSE174367 (Morabito et al. 96 ), GSE157827 (Lau et al. 97 ), GSE163577 (Yang et al. 98 ), GSE183068 (Sayed et al. 99 ), GSE148822 (Gerrits et al. 10…”
Glial Populations in the Human Brain Following Ischemic Injury
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NcRNAs: A synergistically antiapoptosis therapeutic tool in Alzheimer's disease
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Astrocyte transcriptomic changes along the spatiotemporal progression of Alzheimer’s diseasePreprint
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Generation of Mammalian Astrocyte Functional HeterogeneityPreprint
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The Role of Oligodendrocyte Lineage Cells in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease
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“Astrocytes, another major cell type involved in the brain’s immune response, also contribute to neuroinflammation in AD [63].”
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“For this reason, Sadick et al. (2022) developed an astrocyte enrichment strategy to increase the number of captured astrocytes up to tenfold per donor and conducted single-nuclei transcriptomic profiling of post-mortem human brain prefrontal cortex astrocytes [10].”
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Astrocytes as Therapeutic Targets in Neurodegenerative Disorders
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Myelin organoids for the study of Alzheimer's disease
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“The cells of Astro3 highly express Unc13c and Rgcc , which encode for membrane fusion and cell cycle regulation 41 .”
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“To gain a deeper insight on how genetic manipulation of astrocytes affect other cell types, we employed gene module scores (Hasel et al. 2021; Sadick et al. 2022).”
Changes in iPSC-astrocyte morphology reflect Alzheimer’s disease patient clinical markers
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“19,20 Together, these various subtypes, and reactive states result in a large range of morphological diversity that needs to be better characterized and understood.”
Diverse signaling mechanisms and heterogeneity of astrocyte reactivity in Alzheimer's disease
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Emerging evidence of context-dependent synapse elimination by phagocytes in the CNS
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“SnRNA-seq has been extensively utilized in studies focusing on AD and exploring the role of glial cells (Sadick et al. 2022; Chen and Colonna 2021; Brase et al. 2023).”
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Temporal regulation of human reactive astrocytes reveals their capacity for antigen presentation
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Alzheimer’s risk variant APOE4 linked to myelin-assembly malfunction
Carlström, K. E., & Castelo‐Branco, G. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-022-03371-7 · Cited by 7
The role of the gut microbiome in the regulation of astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease
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Astrocyte–Neuron Interactions in Alzheimer’s Disease
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Metadata
- Authors
- Sadick, J. S., O’Dea, M. R., Hasel, P., Dykstra, T., Faustin, A., & Liddelow, S. A.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- NYU Langone Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Liddelow, Shane A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Neuron
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-06
- Volume
- 110
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1788-1805.e10
- ISSN
- 0896-6273 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9167747
- OpenAlex
- W4225491855
- Cited by
- 415
- References
- 106
- Citations by year
- 2026: 89 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 103 · 2023: 90 · 2022: 38
- FWCI
- 53.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 365 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Neuron (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
- NIH (T32AG052909)
- Cure Alzheimer's Fund
- Rhode Island Hospital
- Blas Frangione Foundation
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
- Presbyterian Historical Society (P30 AG08051)
- School of Medicine, New York University
- Stanford Genome Technology Center
- Alzheimer's Association
- Alzheimer’s Research UK
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Pittsburgh
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, glial heterogeneity, astrocyte subtypes, single-nucleus RNA sequencing, transcriptomic changes, neuroinflammation, spatial transcriptomics, data integration
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Astrocytes, Humans, Neuroglia, Oligodendroglia, RNA, Small Nuclear, Mice, Transcriptome
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