Cited by 16Alzheimer's disease research and treatmentsDementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchDown syndrome and intellectual disability research

Comparison of the amyloid plaque proteome in Down syndrome, early‐onset Alzheimer's disease, and late‐onset Alzheimer's disease

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Martá-Ariza, Mitchell, Leitner, Dominique F., Kanshin, Evgeny, Suazo, Jianina, Giusti Pedrosa, Ana, Thierry, Manon, Lee, Edward B., Devinsky, Orrin +5 more·2025·Acta Neuropathologica

Abstract

Abstract Background Down syndrome (DS) is strongly associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD), attributable to APP overexpression. DS exhibits Amyloid-β (Aβ) and Tau pathology similar to early-onset AD (EOAD) and late-onset AD (LOAD). The study aimed to evaluate the Aβ plaque proteome of DS, EOAD and LOAD.Methods Using unbiased localized proteomics, we analyzed amyloid plaques and adjacent plaque-devoid tissue (‘non-plaque’) from post-mortem paraffin-embedded tissues in four cohorts (n = 20/group): DS (59.8 ± 4.99 y/o), EOAD (63 ± 4.07 y/o), LOAD (82.1 ± 6.37 y/o) and controls (66.4 ± 13.04). We assessed functional associations using Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and protein interaction networks.Results We identified differentially abundant Aβ plaque proteins vs. non-plaques (FDR < 5%, fold-change > 1.5) in DS (n = 132), EOAD (n = 192) and in LOAD (n = 128); there were 43 plaque-associated proteins shared between all groups. Positive correlations (p < 0.0001) were observed between plaque-associated proteins in DS and EOAD (R2 = 0.77), DS and LOAD (R2 = 0.73), and EOAD vs. LOAD (R2 = 0.67). Top Biological process (BP) GO terms (p < 0.0001) included lysosomal transport for DS, immune system regulation for EOAD, and lysosome organization for LOAD. Protein networks revealed a plaque enriched signature across all cohorts involving APP metabolism, immune response, and lysosomal functions. In DS, EOAD and LOAD non-plaque vs. control tissue, we identified 263, 269, and 301 differentially abundant proteins, including 65 altered non-plaque proteins across all cohorts. Differentially abundant non-plaque proteins in DS showed a significant (p < 0.0001) but weaker positive correlation with EOAD (R2 = 0.59) and LOAD (R2 = 0.33) compared to the stronger correlation between EOAD and LOAD (R2 = 0.79). The top BP GO term for all groups was chromatin remodeling (DS p = 0.0013, EOAD p = 5.79x10− 9, and LOAD p = 1.69x10− 10). Additional GO terms for DS included extracellular matrix (p = 0.0068), while EOAD and LOAD were associated with protein-DNA complexes and gene expression regulation (p < 0.0001).Conclusions We found strong similarities among the Aβ plaque proteomes in individuals with DS, EOAD and LOAD, and a robust association between the plaque proteomes and lysosomal and immune-related pathways. Further, non-plaque proteomes highlighted altered pathways related to chromatin structure and extracellular matrix (ECM), the latter particularly associated with DS. We identified novel Aβ plaque proteins, which may serve as biomarkers or therapeutic targets.

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Crossref · 10.1007/s00401-025-02844-z

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  • Proteomic PPI networks in CA1, CA2, and subiculum showed increased abundance of proteins involved in glial activation, neutrophil degranulation, leukocyte adhesion, complement C1q complexes, and RAC-NOX2-mediated inflammatory signaling supporting proteomics findings in DS-AD and other subtypes of AD.

    “Moreover, proteomic PPI networks in CA1, CA2, and subiculum showed increased abundance of proteins involved in glial activation, neutrophil degranulation, leukocyte adhesion, complement C1q complexes, and RAC–NOX2–mediated inflammatory signaling supporting proteomics findings in DS‐AD and other subtypes of AD. 51 , 63”

    From Disruption of hippocampal upstream regulators of mTOR and insulin pathways in Down syndrome with Alzheimer's disease neuropathology: Preliminary observations (2026) · cites this paper as [51]

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  • Raised abundance of CBR1 and PFKL in the brain of individuals with DSAD has recently been reported.

    “Raised abundance of CBR1 (carbonyl reductase 1) and PFKL (6-phosphofructokinase) in the brain of individuals with DSAD has recently been reported [43].”

    From Apolipoprotein E abundance is elevated in the brains of individuals with Down syndrome–Alzheimer’s disease (2025) · cites this paper as [43]

    The Results section, under “Protein-coding genes present in Hsa21,” reports significant enrichment of CBR1 in Down syndrome non-plaque brain tissue. Our copy does not report raised PFKL abundance; searches for PFKL and 6-phosphofructokinase found no supporting passage. No page number is available in the indexed copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)

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  • In a recent proteomic report comparing the plaque and non-plaque-associated proteome of DSAD, EOAD, and LOAD cases, an 8-fold enrichment of APOE was observed in DSAD, and a 5.9-fold enrichment of APOE in EOAD was observed.

    “In a recent proteomic report comparing the plaque and non-plaque-associated proteome of DSAD, EOAD, and LOAD cases, an 8-fold enrichment of APOE was observed in DSAD, and a 5.9-fold enrichment of APOE in EOAD was observed [43].”

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Authors
Martá-Ariza, M., Leitner, D. F., Kanshin, E., Suazo, J., Giusti Pedrosa, A., Thierry, M., Lee, E. B., Devinsky, O., Drummond, E., Fortea, J., Lleó, A., Ueberheide, B., & Wisniewski, T.
Affiliations
  • Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
  • NYU Langone Health (US)
  • New York University (US)
  • University of Pennsylvania (US)
  • The University of Sydney (AU)
Venue
Acta Neuropathologica
Published
2025-01-18
Volume
149
Issue
1
Pages
9-9
ISSN
  • 0001-6322 (ISSN-L)
  • 1432-0533
OpenAlex
W4406561587
Cited by
15
References
149
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 8
FWCI
9.65
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Acta Neuropathologica (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Research Square (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
National Institutes of Health (P01AG060882, P30AG072979)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Down syndrome and intellectual disability research
Keywords
Down syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, amyloid plaques, amyloid-beta, early-onset Alzheimer's disease, late-onset Alzheimer's disease, APP overexpression, lysosomal trafficking, immune response, chromatin remodeling, protein networks, APP metabolism, tau pathology, biomarkers, differential protein abundance, postmortem brain

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