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Cited by 39Dietary Effects on HealthNutritional Studies and DietLipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health

Energy intake at different times of the day: Its association with elevated total and LDL cholesterol levels

Chen, H.J., Chuang, S.Y., Chang, H.Y., Pan, W.H.·2019·Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases
DOI 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.01.003
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Abstract

Background and aims This study examined the association between macronutrient intake at different times of the day and blood lipid levels. Methods and results The study was based on the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan, a cross-sectional study of non-institutionalized and non-pregnant healthy adults (≥19-years-old). A one-day (24 h) dietary recall assessed participants' food intake. Fasting plasma triglycerides, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were determined. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol was estimated based on the Friedewald formula. According to the data of eligible subjects (n = 1283), the time of energy intake was categorized into three meal times 0500-0929 (morning), 1130-1329 (noon), and 1730-2029 (evening), along with three snack times 0930-1129 (mid-morning), 1330-1729 (afternoon), and 2030-0459 (night). Energy and macronutrient intake were calculated for the 6 time periods, based on 24 h recall data. An adjusted regression model showed that by transferring 100 kcal intake at night to the morning or noon, LDL cholesterol would be lower by 1.46 (95% CI: 2.42-0.50) and 1.27 mg/dL (95% CI: 2.24-0.30), respectively. Transferring 100 kcal of fat intake at night to earlier periods was associated with a lower LDL cholesterol level, especially transferring to noontime (significantly lower by 5.21 mg/dL, 95% CI: [7.42-2.99]) and evening (significantly lower by 3.19 mg/dL, 95% CI: [6.29-0.08]). Conclusions Total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol had the same pattern of association with the timing of energy intake. The study showed that elevated total and LDL cholesterol were positively associated with nighttime energy and fat intake.

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  • Transferring 100 kcal of fat intake from night (20:30-05:00) to earlier periods was associated with lower LDL cholesterol levels, especially when transferred to lunch time (11:30-13:30) or evening (17:30-20:30).

    “Another study showed that transferring 100 kcal of fat intake from night (20:30–05:00) to earlier periods was associated with lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, especially when transferred to lunch time (11:30–13:30) or evening (17:30–20:30) [273].”

    From Effects of diet, lifestyle, Chrononutrition and alternative dietary interventions on postprandial Glycemia and insulin resistance (2022) · cites this paper as [273]

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Authors
Chen, H. J., Chuang, S. Y., Chang, H. Y., & Pan, W. H.
Affiliations
  • National Yang Ming University (TW)
  • National Health Research Institutes (TW)
  • Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica (TW)
Corresponding author
Chen, H.J.
ORCID
Venue
Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2019-04
Volume
29
Issue
4
Pages
390-397
ISSN
0939-4753 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.numecd.2019.01.003
OpenAlex
W2909573785
Cited by
39
References
38
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2
FWCI
3.61
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • Department of Health in Taiwan (DOH94-fs-6-4)
  • Taiwan Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST 104-2320-B-010-042, 105-2314-B-010-012, 106-2314-B-010-010)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
Keywords
meal timing, snacking, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, plasma triglycerides, macronutrient intake, dietary fat intake, nighttime eating, serum lipids
MeSH terms
Adult, Aged, Energy Intake, Cholesterol, Cross-Sectional Studies, Energy Metabolism, Feeding Behavior, Humans, Cholesterol, LDL, Middle Aged, Nutrition Surveys, Taiwan, Time Factors, Biomarkers, Young Adult, Meals

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