Meal timing and frequency: implications for cardiovascular disease prevention: A scientific statement from the american heart association
Open accessAbstract
Eating patterns are increasingly varied. Typical breakfast, lunch, and dinner meals are difficult to distinguish because skipping meals and snacking have become more prevalent. Such eating styles can have various effects on cardiometabolic health markers, namely obesity, lipid profile, insulin resistance, and blood pressure. In this statement, we review the cardiometabolic health effects of specific eating patterns: skipping breakfast, intermittent fasting, meal frequency (number of daily eating occasions), and timing of eating occasions. Furthermore, we propose definitions for meals, snacks, and eating occasions for use in research. Finally, data suggest that irregular eating patterns appear less favorable for achieving a healthy cardiometabolic profile. Intentional eating with mindful attention to the timing and frequency of eating occasions could lead to healthier lifestyle and cardiometabolic risk factor management.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Epidemiological results indicate a potential negative effect of late evening meals on cardiometabolic health.
“Epidemiological results indicate a potential negative effect of late evening meals (LEM) on cardiometabolic health”
From Effects of consuming later evening meal<i>v</i>. earlier evening meal on weight loss during a weight loss diet: a randomised clinical trial (2021) · cites this paper as [18]
Meal timing can be seen as a potential new risk factor for metabolic diseases.
“As meal timing can be seen as a potential new risk factor for metabolic diseases, the aim to modify it in order to prevent chronic diseases through weight reduction seems clear (130)”
From Meal timing and its role in obesity and associated diseases (2024) · cites this paper as [130]
In intermittent fasting intervention studies, triglycerides decreased by 16% to 42%, with the greatest decreases associated with the greatest weight loss.
“Triglycerides decreased 16% to 42%, with the greatest decreases in triglycerides associated with the greatest weight loss.”
From 2021 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on the Management of ASCVD Risk Reduction in Patients With Persistent Hypertriglyceridemia (2021) · cites this paper as [69]
In intervention studies of intermittent fasting, after 3 to 24 weeks, participants had an average weight loss of 3% to 8%.
“After 3 to 24 weeks of intervention, participants had a 3% to 8% weight loss on average.”
From 2021 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on the Management of ASCVD Risk Reduction in Patients With Persistent Hypertriglyceridemia (2021) · cites this paper as [69]
Triglycerides are reduced with intermittent fasting in proportion to weight loss.
“Triglycerides are reduced with intermittent fasting in proportion to weight loss.”
From 2021 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on the Management of ASCVD Risk Reduction in Patients With Persistent Hypertriglyceridemia (2021) · cites this paper as [69]
With a 1-kg per week weight loss, triglycerides decreased approximately 30% to 40%; with a 0.25- to 0.5-kg per week weight loss, triglycerides decreased approximately 10% to 20%.
“With a 1-kg per week weight loss, triglycerides decreased ≈30% to 40%, and with a 0.25- to 0.5-kg per week weight loss, triglycerides decreased by ≈10% to 20%.”
From 2021 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on the Management of ASCVD Risk Reduction in Patients With Persistent Hypertriglyceridemia (2021) · cites this paper as [69]
Weight loss was greater with alternate-day fasting (0.75 kg/wk) than with periodic fasting (0.25 kg/wk).
“Weight loss was greater with alternate-day fasting (0.75 kg/wk) versus periodic fasting (0.25 kg/wk).”
From 2021 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on the Management of ASCVD Risk Reduction in Patients With Persistent Hypertriglyceridemia (2021) · cites this paper as [69]
Misalignment between the sleep-awake, fasting-feeding cycles, and the light-dark cycle disrupts natural oscillations of glucose, lipid metabolism, and blood pressure, eventually increasing risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
“The resulting misalignment between the sleep-awake, fasting-feeding cycles, and the light-dark cycle subsequently disrupts the natural oscillations of physiologic processes such as glucose, lipid metabolism, and blood pressure, eventually manifesting itself as heightened risk of developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (1–4).”
From Chronotype: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies on Chrono-Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health (2019) · cites this paper as [4]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Prevalence of Childhood and Adult Obesity in the United States, 2011-2012
Ogden, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Kit, B. K., & Flegal, K. M. (2014) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2014.732 · Cited by 8,072 · see citing works
Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2010 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association
WRITING GROUP MEMBERS, Lloyd-Jones, D., Adams, R. J., Brown, T. M., Carnethon, M., Dai, S., De Simone, G., Ferguson, T. B., Ford, E., Furie, K., et al. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.192667 · Cited by 5,700 · see citing works
Wang, Y., & Beydoun, M. A. (2007) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxm007 · Cited by 2,779 · see citing works
Executive Summary: Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2010 Update
WRITING GROUP MEMBERS, Lloyd‐Jones, D. M., Adams, R. J., Brown, T. M., Carnethon, M. R., Dai, S., SIMONE, G. D., Ferguson, T. B., Ford, E. S., Furie, K. L., et al. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.192666 · Cited by 1,358 · see citing works
State of disparities in cardiovascular health in the United States.
Mensah, G. A., Mokdad, A. H., Ford, E. S., Greenlund, K. J., & Croft, J. B. (2005) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000158136.76824.04 · Cited by 1,213 · see citing works
Gill, S., & Panda, S. (2015) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2015.09.005 · Cited by 894 · see citing works
Harvie, M. N., Pegington, M., Mattson, M. P., Frystyk, J., Dillon, B., Evans, G., Cuzick, J., Jebb, S. A., Martin, B., Cutler, R. G., et al. (2011) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2010.171 · Cited by 804 · see citing works
Time of feeding and the intrinsic circadian clock drive rhythms in hepatic gene expression.
Vollmers, C., Gill, S., DiTacchio, L., Pulivarthy, S. R., Le, H. D., & Panda, S. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0909591106 · Cited by 765 · see citing works
Association between Eating Patterns and Obesity in a Free-living US Adult Population
Ma, Y. (2003) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwg117 · Cited by 725 · see citing works
Timing of food intake predicts weight loss effectiveness
Garaulet, M., Gómez-Abellán, P., Alburquerque-Béjar, J. J., Lee, Y.-C., Ordovás, J. M., & Scheer, F. A. J. L. (2013) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2012.229 · Cited by 639 · see citing works
Johnson, J. B., Summer, W., Cutler, R. G., Martin, B., Hyun, D.-H., Dixit, V. D., Pearson, M., Nassar, M., Tellejohan, R., Maudsley, S., et al. (2007) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.12.005 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Jakubowicz, D., Barnea, M., Wainstein, J., & Froy, O. (2013) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20460 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Breakfast skipping and health-compromising behaviors in adolescents and adults
Keski‐Rahkonen, A., Kaprio, J. A., Rissanen, A., Virkkunen, M. E., & Rose, R. J. (2003) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601618 · Cited by 558 · see citing works
Nibbling versus gorging: metabolic advantages of increased meal frequency
Jenkins, D. J. A., Wolever, T. M. S., Vuksan, V., Brighenti, F., Cunnane, S. C., Rao, A. V., Jenkins, A. L., Buckley, G., Patten, R., Singer, W., et al. (1989) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198910053211403 · Cited by 467 · see citing works
An Overview Of Cardiovascular Disease Burden In The United States
Mensah, G. A., & Brown, D. W. (2007) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.26.1.38 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Varady, K. A., Bhutani, S., Klempel, M. C., Kroeger, C. M., Trepanowski, J. F., Haus, J. M., Hoddy, K. K., & Calvo, Y. (2013) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-12-146 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Self-citationHeilbronn, L. K., Smith, S. R., Martin, C. K., Anton, S. D., & Ravussin, E. (2005) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/81.1.69 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Stote, K. S., Baer, D. J., Spears, K., Paul, D. R., Harris, G. K., Rumpler, W. V., Strycula, P., Najjar, S. S., Ferrucci, L., Ingram, D. K., et al. (2007) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.4.981 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Cho, S., Dietrich, M., Brown, C. J. P., Clark, C. A., & Block, G. (2003) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2003.10719307 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Fábry, P., Hejl, Z., Fodor, J., Braun, T., & Zvolánková, K. (1964) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(64)90510-0 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Smith, K. J., Gall, S. L., McNaughton, S. A., Blizzard, L., Dwyer, T., & Venn, A. J. (2010) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2010.30101 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
GELLER, S. E., Koch, A., Pellettieri, B. F., & Carnes, M. L. (2011) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/jwh.2010.2469 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Varady, K. A., Bhutani, S., Church, E. C., & Klempel, M. C. (2009) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2009.28380 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Self-citationTiming of food intake and obesity: a novel association
Garaulet, M., & Gómez-Abellán, P. (2014) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.01.001 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Bhutani, S., Klempel, M. C., Kroeger, C. M., Trepanowski, J. F., & Varady, K. A. (2013) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20353 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
Self-citationRobinson, E., Almiron‐Roig, E., Rutters, F., de Graaf, C., Forde, C. G., Smith, C. T., Nevitt, S. J., & Jebb, S. A. (2014) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.081745 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
Breakfast Frequency and Quality in the Etiology of Adult Obesity and Chronic Diseases
Timlin, M. T., & Pereira, M. A. (2007) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1301/nr.2007.jun.268-281 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Eating patterns and type 2 diabetes risk in men: Breakfast omission, eating frequency, and snacking
Mekary, R. A., Giovannucci, E., Willett, W. C., van Dam, R. M., & Hu, F. B. (2012) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.028209 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Cahill, L. E., Chiuve, S. E., Mekary, R. A., Jensen, M. K., Flint, A. J., Hu, F. B., & Rimm, E. B. (2013) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.113.001474 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Self-citationFarshchi, H. R., Taylor, M. A., & Macdonald, I. A. (2005) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn.81.2.388 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Farshchi, H. R., Taylor, M. A., & Macdonald, I. A. (2005) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/81.1.16 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Long‐Term Weight Loss and Breakfast in Subjects in the National Weight Control Registry
Wyatt, H. R., Grunwald, G. K., Mosca, C. L., Klem, M. L., Wing, R. R., & Hill, J. O. (2002) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2002.13 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
The role of breakfast In the treatment of obesity: a randomized clinical trial
Schlundt, D., Hill, J., Sbrocco, T., Pope-Cordle, J., & Sharp, T. (1992) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/55.3.645 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
40-year trends in meal and snack eating behaviors of American adults
Kant, A. K., & Graubard, B. I. (2015) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2014.06.354 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Timing of energy intake during the day is associated with the risk of obesity in adults
Wang, J. B., Patterson, R. E., Ang, A., Emond, J. A., Shetty, N., & Arab, L. (2014) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1111/jhn.12141 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Eating patterns and portion size associated with obesity in a Swedish population
Berg, C., Lappas, G., Wolk, A., Strandhagen, E., Torén, K., Rosengren, A., Thelle, D., & Lissner, L. (2009) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2008.07.008 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Is Consumption of Breakfast Associated with Body Mass Index in US Adults?
Song, W. O., Chun, O. K., Obayashi, S., Cho, S. S., & Chung, C. (2005) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2005.06.002 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Bandín, C., Scheer, F. A. J. L., Luque, A. J., Ávila-Gandía, V, Zamora, S., Madrid, J. A., Gómez-Abellán, P., & Garaulet, M. (2015) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2014.182 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Meals and snacking, diet quality and energy balance
Bellisle, F. (2014) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.03.010 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
The Role of Breakfast in Health: Definition and Criteria for a Quality Breakfast
O’Neil, C. E., Byrd‐Bredbenner, C., Hayes, D., Jana, L. A., Klinger, S. E., & Stephenson-Martin, S. (2014) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2014.08.022 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Chowdhury, E. A., Richardson, J. D., Holman, G. D., Tsintzas, K., Thompson, D., & Betts, J. A. (2016) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.122044 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Horikawa, C., Kodama, S., Yachi, Y., Heianza, Y., Hirasawa, R., Ibe, Y., Saito, K., Shimano, H., Yamada, N., & Sone, H. (2011) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.08.030 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
A Prospective Study of Breakfast Consumption and Weight Gain among U.S. Men
van der Heijden, A. A. W. A., Hu, F. B., Rimm, E. B., & van Dam, R. M. (2007) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2007.292 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Klempel, M. C., Kroeger, C. M., Bhutani, S., Trepanowski, J. F., & Varady, K. A. (2012) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-11-98 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Self-citationDeshmukh-Taskar, P., Nicklas, T. A., Radcliffe, J. D., O’Neil, C. E., & Liu, Y. (2012) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980012004296 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Impact of nutrients on circadian rhythmicity
Oosterman, J. E., Kalsbeek, A., la Fleur, S. E., & Belsham, D. D. (2015) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00322.2014 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
The relationship between breakfast skipping, chronotype, and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes
Reutrakul, S., Hood, M. M., Crowley, S. J., Morgan, M. K., Teodori, M., & Knutson, K. L. (2014) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.3109/07420528.2013.821614 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Betts, J. A., Richardson, J. D., Chowdhury, E. A., Holman, G. D., Tsintzas, K., & Thompson, D. (2014) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.083402 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Breakfast: a review of associations with measures of dietary intake, physiology and biochemistry
Ruxton, C. H. S., & Kirk, T. R. (1997) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn19970140 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Breakfast Frequency and Development of Metabolic Risk
Odegaard, A. O., Jacobs, D. R., Steffen, L. M., Van Horn, L., Ludwig, D. S., & Pereira, M. A. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-0316 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Breakfast Frequency and Quality May Affect Glycemia and Appetite in Adults and Children
Pereira, M. A., Erickson, E., McKee, P., Schrankler, K., Raatz, S. K., Lytle, L. A., & Pellegrini, A. D. (2010) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.109.114405 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Lifetime risk: childhood obesity and cardiovascular risk
Ayer, J. G., Charakida, M., Deanfield, J. E., & Celermajer, D. S. (2015) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv089 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Breakfast skipping and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of observational studies
Bi, H., Gan, Y., Yang, C., Chen, Y., Tong, X., & Lu, Z. (2015) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980015000257 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Eating patterns and type 2 diabetes risk in older women: breakfast consumption and eating frequency
Mekary, R. A., Giovannucci, E., Cahill, L., Willett, W. C., van Dam, R. M., & Hu, F. B. (2013) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.057521 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Jakubowicz, D. J., Wainstein, J., Åhrén, B., Landau, Z., Bar‐Dayan, Y., & Froy, O. (2015) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc15-0761 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Farshchi, H. R., Taylor, M. A., & Macdonald, I. A. (2004) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601935 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Deshmukh-Taskar, P. R., Radcliffe, J. D., Liu, Y., & Nicklas, T. A. (2010) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2010.10719858 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Jakubowicz, D., Froy, O., Wainstein, J., & Boaz, M. (2012) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2011.12.006 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Klempel, M. C., Kroeger, C. M., & Varady, K. A. (2012) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2012.07.002 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Self-citationHuang, C.-J., Hu, H.-T., Fan, Y.-C., Liao, Y.-M., & Tsai, P.-S. (2010) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2009.285 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
NICKLAS, T. A., MYERS, L., REGER, C., BEECH, B., & BERENSON, G. S. (1998) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(98)00325-3 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Making Time for Meals: Meal Structure and Associations with Dietary Intake in Young Adults
Larson, N., Laska, M. N., Neumark‐Sztainer, D., Story, M., & Hannan, P. J. (2008) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2008.10.017 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Eshghinia, S., & Mohammadzadeh, F. (2013) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1186/2251-6581-12-4 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Astbury, N. M., Taylor, M. A., & Macdonald, I. A. (2011) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.110.128645 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Morgan, L. M., Shi, J.-W., Hampton, S. M., & Frost, G. (2012) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114511006507 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Marinac, C. R., Sears, D. D., Natarajan, L., Gallo, L. C., Breen, C. I., & Patterson, R. E. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0136240 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Female breakfast skippers display a disrupted cortisol rhythm and elevated blood pressure
Witbracht, M. G., Keim, N. L., Forester, S. M., Widaman, A. M., & Laugero, K. D. (2014) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.12.044 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Trends in Breakfast Consumption if US Adults Between 1965 and 1991
Haines, P. S., Guilkey, D. K., & Popkin, B. M. (1996) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(96)00130-7 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Kutsuma, A., Nakajima, K., & Suwa, K. (2014) · Scientifica · doi:10.1155/2014/253581 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Hoddy, K. K., Kroeger, C. M., Trepanowski, J. F., Barnosky, A., Bhutani, S., & Varady, K. A. (2014) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20909 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationInoue, I., Shinoda, Y., Ikeda, M., Hayashi, K., Kanazawa, K., Nomura, M., Matsunaga, T., Xu, H., Kawai, S., Awata, T., et al. (2005) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.12.169 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Al-Naimi, S., Hampton, S. M., Richard, P., Tzung, C., & Morgan, L. M. (2004) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1081/cbi-200037171 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Characterizing eating patterns: a comparison of eating occasion definitions
Leech, R. M., Worsley, A., Timperio, A., & McNaughton, S. A. (2015) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.115.114660 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Nilsson, A. C., Johansson, E., Ekström, L. M. N. K., & Björck, I. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059985 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Energy Intake at Breakfast and Weight Change: Prospective Study of 6,764 Middle-aged Men and Women
Purslow, L. R., Sandhu, M. S., Forouhi, N. G., Young, E. H., Luben, R., Welch, A. A., Khaw, K., Bingham, S. A., & Wareham, N. J. (2007) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwm309 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Low glycemic index: lente carbohydrates and physiological effects of altered food frequency
Jenkins, D. J. A., Jenkins, A., Wolever, T. M. S., Vuksan, V. V. V., Rao, A., Thompson, L., & Josse, R. (1994) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/59.3.706s · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Pelletier, J., & Laska, M. N. (2012) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2012.04.001 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Holmbäck, I., Ericson, U., Gullberg, B., & Wirfält, E. (2010) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114510001753 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
The effectiveness of breakfast recommendations on weight loss: a randomized controlled trial
Dhurandhar, E. J., Dawson, J., Alcorn, A., Larsen, L. H., Thomas, E. A., Cardel, M. I., Bourland, A. C., Astrup, A. V., St‐Onge, M., Hill, J. O., et al. (2014) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.114.089573 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationSkipping Breakfast is Correlated with Obesity
Watanabe, Y., Saito, I., Henmi, I., Yoshimura, K., Maruyama, K., Yamauchi, K., Matsuo, T., Kato, T., Tanigawa, T., Kishida, T., et al. (2014) · Journal of Rural Medicine · doi:10.2185/jrm.2887 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
LeCheminant, J. D., Christenson, E., Bailey, B. W., & Tucker, L. A. (2013) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114513001359 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Lipids around the Clock: Focus on Circadian Rhythms and Lipid Metabolism
Gnocchi, D., Pedrelli, M., Hurt-Camejo, E., & Parini, P. (2015) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology4010104 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Arciero, P. J., Ormsbee, M. J., Gentile, C. L., Nindl, B. C., Brestoff, J. R., & Ruby, M. (2013) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20296 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Siega‐Riz, A. M., Popkin, B. M., & Carson, T. (2000) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1006/pmed.2000.0651 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Titan, S. M. O., Bingham, S., Welch, A., Luben, R., Oakes, S., Day, N., & Khaw, K.-T. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7324.1286 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
McCrory, M. A., & Campbell, W. W. (2011) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.109.114918 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Keim, N. L., Van Loan, M. D., Horn, W. F., Barbieri, T. F., & Mayclin, P. L. (1997) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/127.1.75 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Lifestyle, Obesity, and Insulin Resistance
Shigeta, H., Shigeta, M., Nakazawa, A., Nakamura, N., & Yoshikawa, T. (2001) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.24.3.608 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Effect of isoenergetic intake of three or nine meals on plasma lipoproteins and glucose metabolism
Arnold, L., Ball, M., Duncan, A., & Mann, J. (1993) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/57.3.446 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Hibi, M., Masumoto, A., Naito, Y., Kiuchi, K., Yoshimoto, Y., Matsumoto, M., Katashima, M., Oka, J., & Ikemoto, S. (2012) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00115.2012 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Shariatpanahi, Z. V., Shariatpanahi, M. V., Shahbazi, S., Hossaini, A., & Abadi, A. (2008) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s000711450787231x · Cited by 101 · see citing works
A Time to Fast, a Time to Feast: The Crosstalk between Metabolism and the Circadian Clock
Kovac, J., Husse, J., & Oster, H. (2009) · Molecules and Cells · doi:10.1007/s10059-009-0113-0 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Eating behaviours and obesity in the adult population of Spain
Guerrero, A. C. M., Gutiérrez-Fisac, J. L., Guallar‐Castillón, P., Banegas, J. R., & Rodríguez‐Artalejo, F. (2008) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114508966137 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Meal Patterns and Frequencies: Do They Affect Body Weight in Children and Adolescents?
Koletzko, B., & Toschke, A. M. (2010) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408390903467431 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Changes in Coronary Heart Disease Risk Among Japanese
Iso, H. (2008) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.107.750117 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Less frequent eating predicts greater BMI and waist circumference in female adolescents
Ritchie, L. D. (2012) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.016881 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“Is this a meal or snack?” Situational cues that drive perceptions
Wansink, B., Payne, C. R., & Shimizu, M. (2010) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2009.09.016 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Skipping breakfast is associated with diet quality and metabolic syndrome risk factors of adults
Min, C., Noh, H., Kang, Y.-S., Sim, H. J., Baik, H. W., Song, W. O., Yoon, J., Park, Y.-H., & Joung, H. (2011) · Nutrition Research and Practice · doi:10.4162/nrp.2011.5.5.455 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Association of Breakfast Intake With Incident Stroke and Coronary Heart Disease
Kubota, Y., Iso, H., Sawada, N., Tsugane, S., & The JPHC Study Group (2016) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.115.011350 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Jakubowicz, D., Barnea, M., Wainstein, J., & Froy, O. (2013) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20130071 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Taylor, M., & Garrow, J. (2001) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801572 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Uemura, M. Y., Yatsuya, H., Hilawe, E. H., Li, Y., Wang, C., Chiang, C., Otsuka, R., Toyoshima, H., Tamakoshi, K., & Aoyama, A. (2015) · Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.2188/jea.je20140109 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Serum cholesterol, fat intake, and breakfast consumption in the United States adult population.
Stanton, J. L., & Keast, D. R. (1989) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.1989.10720328 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Murakami, K., & Livingstone, M. B. E. (2015) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980015002979 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Horne, B. D., Muhlestein, J. B., May, H. T., Carlquist, J. F., LAPPE, D. L., Bair, T. L., & Anderson, J. L. (2012) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.01.379 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Moy, F. M., johari, S., Ismail, Y., Mahad, R., Tie, F. H., & Ismail, W. A. W. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Azadbakht, L., Haghighatdoost, F., Feizi, A., & Esmaillzadeh, A. (2013) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2012.07.008 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Preventing or Improving Obesity by Addressing Specific Eating Patterns
Greenwood, J. L. J., & Stanford, J. B. (2008) · The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine · doi:10.3122/jabfm.2008.02.070034 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Usual breakfast eating habits affect response to breakfast skipping in overweight women
Thomas, E. A., HIGGINS, J. A., Bessesen, D. H., McNair, B. K., & Cornier, M. (2015) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21049 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Calorie restriction in overweight older adults: Do benefits exceed potential risks?
Locher, J. L., Goldsby, T. U., Goss, A. M., Kilgore, M. L., Gower, B. A., & Ard, J. D. (2016) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2016.03.009 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationGeliebter, A., Astbury, N. M., Aviram-Friedman, R., Yahav, E., & Hashim, S. A. (2014) · Journal of Nutritional Science · doi:10.1017/jns.2014.51 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Sakata, K., Matumura, Y., Yoshimura, N., et al. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Beverages and positive energy balance: the menace is the medium
Mattes, R. D. (2006) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803494 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Smith, K. J., McNaughton, S. A., Cleland, V. J., Crawford, D., & Ball, K. (2013) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.113.181396 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
McGrath, S., & Gibney, M. J. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Symposium Overview: Do We All Eat Breakfast and is it Important?
Giovannini, M., Agostoni, C. V., & Shamir, R. (2010) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408390903467373 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Meal frequency; does it determine postprandial lipaemia?
Murphy, M. C., Chapman, C., Lovegrove, J. A., Isherwood, S. G., Morgan, L., Wright, J. W., & Williams, C. M. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Metabolic effects of alterations in meal frequency in hypercholesterolaemic individuals
Arnold, L., Ball, M. J., & Mann, J. I. (1994) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/0021-9150(94)90111-2 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
An Association Rule Mining-Based Framework for Understanding Lifestyle Risk Behaviors
Park, S., Jang, S. Y., Kim, H., & Lee, S. W. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0088859 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Kollannoor-Samuel, G., Chhabra, J., Fernández, M. L., Vega‐López, S., Perez, S. S., Damio, G., Calle, M. C., D'Agostino, D. C., & Pérez‐Escamilla, R. (2010) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-010-9428-3 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Nishiyama, M., Muto, T., Minakawa, T., & Shibata, T. (2009) · The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1620/tjem.218.259 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Knutsson, A., Karlsson, B., Örnkloo, K., Landström, U., Lennernäs, M. A. ‐., & Eriksson, K. (2002) · Nutrition and Health · doi:10.1177/026010600201600207 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Tsuchida, Y., Hata, S., & Sone, Y. (2013) · Journal of Physiological Anthropology · doi:10.1186/1880-6805-32-9 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Eloranta, A., Lindi, V., Schwab, U., et al. (2013) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-013-0646-z · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Impact of the daily meal pattern on energy balance
Bellisle, F. (2004) · Scandinavian Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/11026480410000454 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Higher Eating Frequency Does Not Decrease Appetite in Healthy Adults
Perrigue, M. M., Drewnowski, A., Wang, C., & Neuhouser, M. L. (2015) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.115.216978 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Suzuki, K., & Izumi, M. (2014) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-014-1917-z · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Breakfast size is related to body mass index for men, but not women
Kent, L. M., & Worsley, A. F. (2010) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2010.03.006 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Breakfast Skipping and Obesity Risk among Urban Adults in Bangladesh
Goon, S., & Islam, M. S. (2014) · International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) · doi:10.11591/ijphs.v3i1.4670 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The Benefits of Breakfast Consumption to Combat Obesity and Diabetes in Young People
Leidy, H. J. (2012) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827612468687 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Impact of breakfast skipping on the health status of the population
Goyal, R., & Julka, S. (2014) · Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.4103/2230-8210.139233 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Food Shopping Profiles and Their Association with Dietary Patterns: A Latent Class Analysis
VanKim, N. A., Erickson, D. J., & Laska, M. N. (2015) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2014.12.013 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Schmidt, L. E., ROST, K. M., McGill, J. B., & Santiago, J. V. (1994) · The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care · doi:10.1177/014572179402000410 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Meals and snacks: Children's characterizations of food and eating cues
Marx, J. M., Hoffmann, D. A., & Musher‐Eizenman, D. R. (2015) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.11.010 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Effect of Eating Speed at Breakfast on Appetite Hormone Responses and Daily Food Consumption
Shah, M., Crisp, K., ADAMS-HUET, B. A., Dart, L., Bouza, B., Franklin, B., & Phillips, M. D. (2015) · Journal of Investigative Medicine · doi:10.1097/jim.0000000000000119 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Breakfast skipping and Obesity risk among urban adults in Bangladesh
Goon, S., & Islam, M. S. (2014) · International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) · doi:10.11591/ijphs.v3i1.5653 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Li, Y., Nemoto, T., Tobimatsu, S., Saito, M., Ebata, M., Munakata, H., & Nakajima, K. (2011) · Endocrinology Studies · doi:10.4081/es.2011.e17 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Panagiotakos, D. B. (2013) · HORMONES · doi:10.1007/bf03401298 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [38]Obesity Guidance on the Prevention, Identification, Assessment and Management of Overweight and Obesity in Adults and Children (NICE Clinical Guideline 43). London, England: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; 2006: 1– 84. 22497033
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Wilkinson, M. J., Manoogian, E. N. C., Zadourian, A., Lo, H., Fakhouri, S., Shoghi, A., Wang, X., Fleischer, J. G., Navlakha, S., Panda, S., et al. (2020) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2019.11.004 · Cited by 927 · see citing works
Molecular mechanisms of dietary restriction promoting health and longevity
Green, C. L., Lamming, D. W., & Fontana, L. (2022) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41580-021-00411-4 · Cited by 714 · see citing works
Circadian clocks and insulin resistance
Stenvers, D. J., Scheer, F. A. J. L., Schrauwen, P., la Fleur, S. E., & Kalsbeek, A. (2019) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-018-0122-1 · Cited by 733 · see citing works
Time-restricted eating for the prevention and management of metabolic diseases
Manoogian, E. N. C., Chow, L. S., Taub, P. R., Laferrère, B., & Panda, S. (2022) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnab027 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Virani, S. S., Morris, P. B., Agarwala, A., Ballantyne, C. M., Birtcher, K. K., Kris-Etherton, P. M., Ladden-Stirling, A. B., Miller, M., Orringer, C. E., & Stone, N. J. (2021) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.06.011 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Self-citationMeal timing and obesity: interactions with macronutrient intake and chronotype
Xiao, Q., Garaulet, M., & Scheer, F. A. J. L. (2019) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-018-0284-x · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Chronotype: Implications for Epidemiologic Studies on Chrono-Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health
Almoosawi, S., Vingeliene, S., Gachon, F., Voortman, T., Palla, L., Johnston, J. D., Van Dam, R. M., Darimont, C., & Karagounis, L. G. (2019) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmy070 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Cho, Y., Hong, N., Kim, K.-W., Cho, S., Lee, M., Lee, Y.-H., Lee, Y.-H., Kang, E., Cha, B.-S., & Lee, B.-W. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8101645 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Optimal Diet Strategies for Weight Loss and Weight Loss Maintenance
Kim, J. Y. (2021) · Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.7570/jomes20065 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Cardiometabolic Benefits of Intermittent Fasting
Varady, K. A., Cienfuegos, S., Ezpeleta, M., & Gabel, K. (2021) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-052020-041327 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Self-citationBallon, A., Neuenschwander, M., & Schlesinger, S. (2019) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxy194 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Eating patterns of US adults: meals, snacks, and time of eating
Kant, A. K. (2018) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.03.022 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Varadharaj, S., Kelly, O. J., Khayat, R. N., Kumar, P. S., Ahmed, N., & Zweier, J. L. (2017) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2017.00064 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Meal timing and its role in obesity and associated diseases
Peters, B., Vahlhaus, J., & Pivovarova-Ramich, O. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1359772 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Beneficial Effects of Intermittent Fasting: A Narrative Review
Song, D.-K., & Kim, Y.-W. (2023) · Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science · doi:10.12701/jyms.2022.00010 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
The Effect of Timing of Exercise and Eating on Postprandial Response in Adults: A Systematic Review
Aqeel, M., Forster, A., Richards, E., Hennessy, E., McGowan, B., Bhadra, A., Guo, J., Gelfand, S., Delp, E., & Eicher-Miller, H. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12010221 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Huseinovic, E., Winkvist, A., Freisling, H., Slimani, N., Boeing, H., Buckland, G., Schwingshackl, L., Olsen, A., Tjønneland, A., Stepien, M., et al. (2019) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980018002288 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Gouda, M., Matsukawa, M., & Iijima, H. (2018) · Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy · doi:10.2147/dmso.s176749 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Intermittent fasting versus continuous calorie restriction: which is better for weight loss?
Zhang, Q., Zhang, C., Wang, H., Ma, Z., Liu, D., Guan, X., Liu, Y., Fu, Y., Cui, M., & Dong, J. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14091781 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Heritability of the timing of food intake
Lopez-Minguez, J., Dashti, H. S., Madrid-Valero, J. J., Madrid, J. A., Saxena, R., Scheer, F. A. J. L., Ordoñana, J. R., & Garaulet, M. (2019) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2018.03.002 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Zuraikat, F. M., St-Onge, M.-P., Makarem, N., Boege, H. L., Xi, H., & Aggarwal, B. (2021) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxaa442 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of different weight loss approaches on CVD risk
Clifton, P. M., & Keogh, J. B. (2018) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-018-0728-8 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Chen, H. J., Chuang, S. Y., Chang, H. Y., & Pan, W. H. (2019) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2019.01.003 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Papakonstantinou, E., Kontogianni, M. D., Mitrou, P., Magriplis, E., Vassiliadi, D., Nomikos, T., Lambadiari, V., Georgousopoulou, E., & Dimitriadis, G. (2018) · Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2018.03.008 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Madjd, A., Taylor, M. A., Delavari, A., Malekzadeh, R., Macdonald, I. A., & Farshchi, H. R. (2021) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114520004456 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Four nights of sleep restriction suppress the postprandial lipemic response and decrease satiety
Ness, K. M., Strayer, S. M., Nahmod, N. G., Schade, M. M., Chang, A.-M., Shearer, G. C., & Buxton, O. M. (2019) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.p094375 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Fatahi, S., Nazary-Vannani, A., Sohouli, M. H., Mokhtari, Z., Kord-Varkaneh, H., Moodi, V., Tan, S. C., Low, T. Y., Zanghelini, F., & Shidfar, F. (2021) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2020.1798350 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Bazzani, A., Marantonio, S., Andreozzi, G., Lorenzoni, V., Bruno, S., Cruz-Sanabria, F., d’Ascanio, P., Turchetti, G., & Faraguna, U. (2022) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2022.105951 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Meal timing, sleep, and cardiometabolic outcomes
Rogers, M., Coates, A. M., & Banks, S. (2021) · Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1016/j.coemr.2021.03.006 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Duus, K. S., Bonnesen, C. T., Rosing, J. A., Madsen, K. R., Pedersen, T. P., Toftager, M., Thygesen, L. C., & Krølner, R. F. (2022) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-021-01228-2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Kabasakal-Cetin, A., & Aydin, O. (2025) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291016.2025.2466040 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- St-Onge, M.-P., Ard, J., Baskin, M. L., Chiuve, S. E., Johnson, H. M., Kris-Etherton, P., & Varady, K.
- Venue
- Circulation
- Published
- 2017-02-28
- Volume
- 135
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- e96-e121
- ISSN
- 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4539
- PMC
- PMC8532518
- OpenAlex
- W2582896210
- Cited by
- 728
- References
- 138
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 77 · 2024: 92 · 2023: 93 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 105 · 2020: 90 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 7.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Circulation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R56HL119945)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK079626)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- meal timing, meal frequency, dietary habits, cardiovascular disease prevention, cardiometabolic health, breakfast skipping, intermittent fasting, snacking, obesity, lipid profile, insulin resistance, blood pressure, irregular eating, mindful eating
- MeSH terms
- American Heart Association, Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Obesity, Risk Factors, United States, Databases, Factual, Meals
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
