The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 23 of the 39 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials
Open accessAbstract
Purpose To describe risk factors for scar formation and changes to fibrotic scar through 5 years in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials (CATT). Design Multicenter, prospective cohort study. Participants A total of 1061 subjects in CATT. Methods Color photographic and fluorescein angiographic images from baseline and 1, 2, and 5 years were evaluated. Incidence of scar formation was estimated with Kaplan-Meier curves. Risk factors were assessed with Cox regression models. Main outcome measures Scar formation, fibrotic scar area, and macular atrophy associated with fibrotic scar ("atrophy"). Results Cumulative proportion of eyes with scar was 32%, 46%, and 56% at years 1, 2, and 5, respectively. Baseline factors associated with increased risk (adjusted hazards ratio [aHR] and 95% confidence interval [CI]) were classic choroidal neovascularization (CNV) (aHR, 4.49; 95% CI, 3.34-6.04) versus occult, hemorrhage >1 disc area (DA) (aHR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.49-3.47) versus no hemorrhage, retinal thickness >212 μm (aHR, 2.58; 95% CI, 1.69-3.94) versus <120 μm, subretinal tissue complex thickness >275 μm (aHR, 2.64; 95% CI, 1.81-3.84) versus ≤75 μm, subretinal fluid thickness >25 μm (aHR, 1.31; 95% CI, 0.97-1.75) versus no fluid, visual acuity (VA) in fellow eye 20/20 (aHR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.25-2.36) versus 20/50 or worse, retinal pigment epithelium elevation absence (aHR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.21-2.41), and subretinal hyperreflective material (aHR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.25-2.36). Among 68 eyes that developed fibrotic scar at year 1, VA decreased by a mean of additional 13 letters between years 1 and 5. Mean scar area was 1.2, 1.2, and 1.9 DA at 1, 2, and 5 years, respectively. Atrophy was present in 18%, 24%, and 54% of these eyes at years 1, 2, and 5, respectively; the mean areas were 1.6, 2.0, and 3.1 DA, respectively. Atrophy replaced fibrotic scar in 8 eyes at year 5. There was no significant correlation between scar growth and atrophy growth. The rate of growth for both was similar between the clinical trial and observation periods. Conclusions Several morphologic features, including classic CNV and large hemorrhage, are associated with scar formation. Rate of new scar formation declined after 2 years. Most fibrotic scars and accompanying macular atrophy expanded over time, reducing VA.
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Claims the paper makes
23 of 39 cited sources checked · 9 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“We had shown earlier that during the first two years of treatment of nAMD with anti-VEGF drugs, the risk factors present at baseline for developing a scar included predominantly classic type of CNV, blocked fluorescence, thicker retina, larger foveal subretinal tissue complex thickness, foveal subretinal fluid and subretinal hyperreflective material.16”
§ Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degenerations Treatments Trials (CATT) > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [16] Daniel, 2014, Risk of scar in the comparison of age-related macular degeneration treatments trials, Ophthalmology source
The Results section identifies each listed baseline feature as a predictor of scarring in the multivariate final model, including predominantly classic CNV, blocked fluorescence, greater retinal and subretinal tissue complex thickness, foveal subretinal fluid, and subretinal hyperreflective material. The Results also specify that scar development was assessed after two years of anti-VEGF therapy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Scar and atrophy are the two most important morphological features that influence visual outcomes in untreated nAMD as well as in patients treated with anti-VEGF intravitreal injections.6,7”
§ Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degenerations Treatments Trials (CATT) > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [6] Cohen, 2012, Causes of unsuccessful ranibizumab treatment in exudative age-related macular degeneration in clinical settings, Retina source
- Partly supportedcites [7] Hogg, 2003, Identification of lesion components that influence visual function in age related macular degeneration, Br J Ophthalmol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that fibrosis (scarring) and atrophy strongly influenced visual function, more than blood or exudate. But Subjects and Methods says the measurements were taken at baseline, when none of the patients had received interventional therapy to the presenting eye. This paper therefore does not support the claim about patients treated with anti-VEGF injections. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“We have previously reported that both macular atrophy and foveal scar are the two foremost morphological outcomes associated with poor visual acuity in CATT.9”
§ Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degenerations Treatments Trials (CATT) > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [9] Sharma, 2016, Macular morphology and visual acuity in the second year of the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials (CATT), Ophthalmology sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) identifies foveal scar and foveal geographic atrophy among the features associated with the largest decreases in visual acuity in CATT. It also names several other features in that group, so it does not establish atrophy and scar as the two foremost outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Other major anti-VEGF clinical trials excluded such patients.18,19,20”
§ Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degenerations Treatments Trials (CATT) > Discussion
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [18] Gragoudas, 2004, Pegaptanib for neovascular age-related macular degeneration, N Engl J Med sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Study Design section says lesions containing blood were permitted up to a total size of 12 optic-disk areas, but it gives no limit on hemorrhage as a proportion of the lesion. Searches for hemorrhage, blood, and an exclusion threshold did not find a passage establishing that patients whose hemorrhage exceeded half the lesion were excluded. (LLM, conf=0.73)
- Supportedcites [19] Rosenfeld, 2006, Ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration, N Engl J Med source
The Study Design section requires neovascularization to compose at least 50% of the entire lesion. That eligibility rule supports the claim for this trial: hemorrhage could not occupy more than half of the lesion. The paper does not establish the criteria of the other trials cited alongside it. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [20] Brown, 2006, Ranibizumab versus verteporfin for neovascular age-related macular degeneration, N Engl J Med source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Could not verify
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“The visual acuity in these eyes at the end of the 2-year clinical trial was similar to the eyes that did not have such large hemorrhages at enrollment.21”
§ Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degenerations Treatments Trials (CATT) > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [21] Altaweel, 2015, Outcomes of eyes with lesions composed of >50% blood in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials (CATT), Ophthalmology source
The Results (Outcomes during follow-up; page not available) explicitly state that mean visual acuity was similar at two years in the group whose lesions were more than 50% blood at enrollment and the other eyes. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Scars thicker than 0.2 mm have been associated with large scale loss of the photoreceptors overlying the scar tissue.8, 9”
§ Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degenerations Treatments Trials (CATT) > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [8] Green, 1993, Age-related macular degeneration histopathologic studies. The 1992 Lorenz E. Zimmerman Lecture, Ophthalmology source
- Could not verifycites [9] Sharma, 2016, Macular morphology and visual acuity in the second year of the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials (CATT), Ophthalmology sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results sections on OCT thickness and fundus features report that thicker subretinal tissue complexes and foveal scars were associated with worse visual acuity. They do not report a 0.2 mm scar-thickness threshold or loss of photoreceptors overlying a scar; searches for those terms found no such passage in our copy. Page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Further the measurements of atrophy in more than half of these commenced only after two years”
§ Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degenerations Treatments Trials (CATT) > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [31] Sarks, 2006, Development of atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium around disciform scars, Br J Ophthalmol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Rate of expansion section reports that 9 of 20 eyes had a follow-up review within two years of atrophy onset, leaving 11 without a review in that interval. But it describes those visits as follow-up after atrophy began to be measured, not as the start of measurement. The claim therefore confuses follow-up timing with when measurements commenced. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 20Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“and is consistent with a shift in biologic activities observed during continued passage of RPE cells in vitro.44”
§ Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degenerations Treatments Trials (CATT) > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [44] Miura, 2017, Evaluation of intraretinal migration of retinal pigment epithelial cells in age-related macular degeneration using polarimetric imaging, Sci Rep sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) describes intraretinal RPE migration as a reported precursor of chorioretinal atrophy and discusses changes in RPE cells during AMD. It does not connect atrophy progression to changes in biological activity observed during continued passage of RPE cells in vitro. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“Reports on macular atrophy as a result of nAMD have not distinguished atrophy associated with fibrotic scar from macular atrophy without any pre-existing fibrosis.5,10, 33-35”
§ Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degenerations Treatments Trials (CATT) > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Peden, 2015, Long-term outcomes in eyes receiving fixed-interval dosing of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents for wet age-related macular degeneration, Ophthalmology source
- Could not verifycites [10] Tanaka, 2015, Vision-threatening lesions developing with longer-term follow-up after treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration, Ophthalmology sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods and Discussion (page unavailable) distinguish atrophy by its location relative to the CNV lesion and note that atrophic scars can mimic geographic atrophy. Neither those passages nor the searched passages on prior reports and fibrotic scars say that published reports failed to separate scar-associated atrophy from atrophy without pre-existing fibrosis. (LLM, conf=0.70)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [33] Bhisitkul, 2015, Macular atrophy progression and 7-year vision outcomes in subjects from the ANCHOR, MARINA, and HORIZON studies: the SEVEN-UP study, Am J Ophthalmol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [34] Munk, 2016, Macular atrophy in patients with long-term anti-VEGF treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration, Acta Ophthalmol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [35] Kachi, 2016, Combination therapy with intravitreal tissue plasminogen activator and ranibizumab for subfoveal type 2 choroidal neovascularization, Jpn J Ophthalmol source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“This trans-differentiation of retinal pigment epithelial cells from epithelial to mesenchymal phenotype can cause the RPE cells to adhere to and exert traction forces on the extracellular matrix and could be one of the factors contributing to the evolution of atrophy clinically.41-43”
§ Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degenerations Treatments Trials (CATT) > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [41] Zanzottera, 2015, The Project MACULA retinal pigment epithelium grading system for histology and optical coherence tomography in age-related macular degeneration, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) proposes that some RPE cells transdifferentiate, acquire new behaviors, and may contribute to loss of the pigmented cell layer in atrophy. It does not identify a mesenchymal phenotype or say that these cells adhere to and exert traction on the extracellular matrix, nor does it establish that mechanism as a contributor to clinical atrophy progression. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Partly supportedcites [42] Zanzottera, 2015, Subducted and melanotic cells in advanced age-related macular degeneration are derived from retinal pigment epithelium, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The section ‘Does RPE Undergo Transdifferentiation in AMD?’ discusses epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition as a possible RPE process and notes contractile behavior in cultured RPE, while emphasizing that whether this transition occurs in AMD remains unresolved. The Conclusions mention prognostic significance for one RPE-cell pattern in atrophy progression. Neither section says that RPE cells adhere to and exert traction on the extracellular matrix or that such forces contribute to clinical atrophy progression. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [43] Grisanti, 1995, Transdifferentiation of retinal pigment epithelial cells from epithelial to mesenchymal phenotype, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
- Probably not a substantial claim. 7
- It may state two separate claims as one. 22
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The Director of Grading (CAT) and the Reading Center Director (GJJ) remained masked to subject identifiers and made final decisions on reader disagreements that remained controversial after arbitration.17”
§ Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degenerations Treatments Trials (CATT) > Methods > Assessment of Images
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [17] DeCroos, 2012, Optical coherence tomography grading reproducibility during the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials, Ophthalmology sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Materials and Methods section (Team Based Grading; page unavailable) says that findings still controversial after arbitration were forwarded to the Director of Grading for a final decision. It does not say that the Reading Center Director also made those decisions or that either director remained masked to subject identifiers; its masking statement concerns the initial readers. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“While long-term follow up of geographic atrophy after anti-VEGF therapy, more recently referred to as macular atrophy, has been described, long term follow-up of scars after the initiation of anti-VEGF therapy has not received much attention.10,11”
§ Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degenerations Treatments Trials (CATT) > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [10] Tanaka, 2015, Vision-threatening lesions developing with longer-term follow-up after treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration, Ophthalmology sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract reports geographic atrophy during at least 3.5 years of follow-up after anti-VEGF initiation and says that little information was available on sight-threatening conditions beyond 3.5 years. It does not specifically assess how much attention long-term scar follow-up had received; it reports five cases of atrophic disciform scars but does not establish the claim about the literature on scars. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Partly supportedcites [11] Grunwald, 2017, Incidence and growth of geographic atrophy during 5 years of Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials, Ophthalmology sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction and Discussion describe five-year follow-up of geographic atrophy in participants treated with anti-VEGF therapy, supporting the first part of the sentence. The cited paper does not assess long-term scar follow-up or state that it has received little attention, so it does not support that part. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“large hemorrhages promote the formation of scar and fibrin meshwork contraction that can further reduce vision by involving adjacent areas of the retina.22-29”
§ Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degenerations Treatments Trials (CATT) > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [22] Segall, 2016, Submacular hemorrhage in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a synthesis of the literature, Surv Ophthalmol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] Glatt, 1982, Experimental subretinal hemorrhage in rabbits, Am J Ophthalmol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [24] Toth, 1991, Fibrin directs early retinal damage after experimental subretinal hemorrhage, Arch Ophthalmol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] Benner, 1994, Fibrinolytic-assisted removal of experimental subretinal hemorrhage within 7 days reduces outer retinal degeneration, Ophthalmology source
- Partly supportedcites [26] Bressler, 2004, Surgery for hemorrhagic choroidal neovascular lesions of age-related macular degeneration: ophthalmic findings: SST report no. 13, Ophthalmology sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusions report that residual neovascularization and associated fibrosis could remain visible after hemorrhage cleared and were associated with poor visual outcomes. They do not say that large hemorrhages cause fibrin meshwork contraction or that scarring worsens vision by extending into adjacent retinal areas. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] Grossniklaus, 2006, Clinicopathologic studies of eyes that were obtained postmortem from four patients who were enrolled in the submacular surgery trials: SST Report No. 16, Am J Ophthalmol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [28] Toth, 1992, Ultramicrosurgical removal of subretinal hemorrhage in cats, Am J Ophthalmol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [29] Bhisitkul, 2008, Neuroprotective effect of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide against photoreceptor apoptosis in a rabbit model of subretinal hemorrhage, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“The percentage of participants with scar at 2 years was 44% and was 38% among non-participants (p=0.10).14”
§ Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degenerations Treatments Trials (CATT) > Methods > Enrollment and Follow-up of Subjects
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [14] 2016, Five-year outcomes with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: The Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials, Ophthalmology sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results > Patients section says Table 1 compares participants and non-participants at two years, but the passages available from our copy do not give their scar rates. A search for the 44% and 38% scar figures and p=0.10 found only a different scar measurement at the five-year follow-up (Results > Morphologic Outcomes from Fundus Photography and Angiography; page not provided). (LLM, conf=0.72)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Could not verify
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Non-participating patients were on average 2 years older, had visual acuity 5 letters worse by the end of the clinical trial, and had 2 fewer injections during the clinical trial when they had been assigned to treatment as needed.14”
§ Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degenerations Treatments Trials (CATT) > Methods > Enrollment and Follow-up of Subjects
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [14] 2016, Five-year outcomes with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: The Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials, Ophthalmology source
The Results > Patients passage reports that non-participants were 2.3 years older and had visual acuity 5.4 letters worse at 2 years, the end of the clinical trial. Among patients assigned as-needed (PRN) treatment for 2 years, non-participants received 1.8 fewer injections. The citing sentence rounds each figure appropriately. (LLM, conf=0.95)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) has become the standard of care based on the results of several multicenter, randomized clinical trials with generally good visual and morphological outcomes.1,2”
§ Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degenerations Treatments Trials (CATT) > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [1] Sarwar, 2016, Aflibercept for neovascular age-related macular degeneration, Cochrane Database Syst Rev source
The Background reports substantial visual gains in several anti-VEGF clinical trials, and the Discussion says anti-VEGF agents were recommended as first-line treatment for neovascular AMD. The Results describe two randomized VIEW trials conducted across multiple sites, while the Discussion reports visual-acuity and anatomical improvements. Our copy does not provide page numbers for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Supportedcites [2] Solomon, 2014, Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor for neovascular age-related macular degeneration, Cochrane Database Syst Rev source
The Background describes anti-VEGF therapy as the most commonly used treatment for neovascular AMD, and the Discussion says the reviewed RCTs established a new treatment paradigm. The Results describe 12 randomized trials, including international studies; the Discussion reports benefits in visual acuity and lesion morphology. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Sarks et al. had described the expanding macular atrophy associated with fibrotic scars developing from nAMD.”
§ Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degenerations Treatments Trials (CATT) > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [31] Sarks, 2006, Development of atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium around disciform scars, Br J Ophthalmol source
The paper’s introductory section identifies disciform fibrovascular scars as an end result of neovascular AMD and says they commonly become surrounded by a ring of atrophy that expands over many years. Its Results report an expanding band of RPE atrophy around the scars, matching the attributed description. (LLM, conf=0.94)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“but the study was limited by its retrospective nature with only a small number of eyes (n=20) that had undergone treatment with laser photocoagulation, radiotherapy, intravitreal triamcinolone injections, or combinations of these.31”
§ Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degenerations Treatments Trials (CATT) > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [31] Sarks, 2006, Development of atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium around disciform scars, Br J Ophthalmol source
The Materials and Methods section (page not available) reports 20 eyes and lists laser photocoagulation, radiotherapy, intravitreal triamcinolone injections, and combinations of these. Its analysis of previously taken serial photographs supports the description of the study as retrospective. Calling the small sample a limitation is the citing authors’ assessment. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 20Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“They suggested that the expansion of such atrophy was faster during the earlier periods of follow up”
§ Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degenerations Treatments Trials (CATT) > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [31] Sarks, 2006, Development of atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium around disciform scars, Br J Ophthalmol source
The Rate of expansion section reports that atrophy expanded more rapidly initially, with higher annual rates in eyes reviewed within the first three and two years. The Case history section likewise says progression was most rapid in the first few years and subsequently slowed. (LLM, conf=0.95)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“mean areas being 1.6, 2.0 and 3.1 DAs, respectively.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“The average size of atrophy increased from 1.6 DA at year 1 to 2.0 DA in year 2 and to 3.1 DA in year 5.”
§ Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degenerations Treatments Trials (CATT) > Abstract > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 68Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Pigmentation on the fibrotic scars was seen in 13% eyes at year 1, 22% at year 2 and in 53% eyes at year 5 (Figure 6).”
§ Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degenerations Treatments Trials (CATT) > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Incidence of scar was distributed similarly between the two drug groups and among the three dosing regimen groups. (Table 1)”
§ Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degenerations Treatments Trials (CATT) > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cumulative proportion of eyes with scar was 32%, 46% and 56% at year 1, 2 and 5, respectively.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“The Kaplan-Meier estimates of the cumulative rate of scar was 32.0% at 1 year, 46.3% at 2 years and 56.4% at 5 years (Figure 3).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
“Approximately one-third of the CATT eyes developed retinal scar during the first year of treatment and an additional 10% developed scar during the second year of treatment.”
§ Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degenerations Treatments Trials (CATT) > Abstract > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean VA (SD) of these eyes was 61 [≈ 20/63] (21) letters at 1 year, 63 [≈ 20/50] (18) letters at 2 years and 49 [≈ 20/100] (26) at year 5.”
§ Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degenerations Treatments Trials (CATT) > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 68Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Atrophy was present in 18%, 24%, and 54% of these eyes at year 1, 2 and 5”
§ Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degenerations Treatments Trials (CATT) > Abstract > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 68Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mean scar area was 1.2, 1.2 and 1.9 DAs at 1, 2 and 5 years, respectively.”
§ Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degenerations Treatments Trials (CATT) > Abstract > Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 68Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Photographic images at all three follow up visits (1, 2 and 5 years) were available for 474 subjects and 68 (14.3%) developed fibrotic scar in the study eye at 1 year.”
§ Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degenerations Treatments Trials (CATT) > Results
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but was reduced at five years.”
§ Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degenerations Treatments Trials (CATT) > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Fibrotic scars that developed at 1 year tended to change in size or be accompanied by atrophy and pigmentation with only 15% remaining stable throughout the follow-up period.”
§ Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degenerations Treatments Trials (CATT) > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among the invited patients, 203 had died by the time of Follow-up Study and among the remaining 914 living patients, 647 (71%) participated.”
§ Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degenerations Treatments Trials (CATT) > Methods > Enrollment and Follow-up of Subjects
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 914Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most fibrotic scars and accompanying macular atrophy expanded over time, reducing visual acuity.”
§ Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degenerations Treatments Trials (CATT) > Abstract > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly OCT evaluation was performed at the Duke University reading Center where a reader team, composed of 2 independent readers and a senior reader, evaluated each scan.”
§ Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degenerations Treatments Trials (CATT) > Methods > Assessment of Images
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The study was approved by the Institutional review boards associated with each center and all subjects provided written informed consent. The study was compliant with Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act regulations. The CATT was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00593450).”
§ Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degenerations Treatments Trials (CATT) > Methods > Enrollment and Follow-up of Subjects
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each image set was dual-Reader graded for the various morphological outcomes by trained non-physician Readers and the CATT fundus photographic Reading Center Director (ED), all of whom were masked to demographic and clinical details.”
§ Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degenerations Treatments Trials (CATT) > Methods > Assessment of Images
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Discrepancies were adjudicated between the graders and the director of the reading center and unresolved discrepancies were reviewed by the principal investigator (JEG) to complete a final consensus grading form.”
§ Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degenerations Treatments Trials (CATT) > Methods > Assessment of Images
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the change due to difference in scar size and VA between the two periods could be attributed to a much longer time window in the second period and the difference in the type of care given during these two periods.”
§ Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degenerations Treatments Trials (CATT) > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It appears as though the expanding fibrotic scar as well as atrophy contribute to the decrease in VA in CATT study eyes at 5 years even though they do not seem to substantially affect VA in year 2.”
§ Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-related Macular Degenerations Treatments Trials (CATT) > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Even with optimal adherence, anti-VEGFs’ effectiveness can subside in nAMD patients, owing to underlying pathological changes occurring over time, leading to further vision loss [71, 72].”
From The economic impact of retinal diseases for which gene therapy is emerging: a systematic literature review (2025) · cites this paper as [72]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Fellow-eye visual acuity has conflicting hazard ratios
MinorThe abstract reports an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.72 for fellow-eye visual acuity of 20/20 versus 20/50 or worse, but the Results report 1.34 for the same comparison. The confidence intervals also differ.
“visual acuity in fellow eye 20/20 (1.72, 95% CI 1.25, 2.36) vs 20/50 or worse”
“Good baseline visual acuity (20/20 or above) in the fellow eye was associated with increased risk of developing scar in the study eye (aHR 1.34, 95% CI 1.00, 1.74, p=0.04) compared to visual acuity of 20/50 or worse.”
Citations
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Daniel, E., Toth, C. A., Grunwald, J. E., Jaffe, G. J., Martin, D. F., Fine, S. L., Huang, J., Ying, G.-S., Hagstrom, S. A., Winter, K., et al. (2014) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2013.10.019 · Cited by 335 · cited 3×
“The methods used to grade the digital CFPs, FA images, and the OCT scans have been described previously.(15,16) At baseline, photographic images were evaluated at the fundus photograph reading center at the University of Pennsylvania for CNV type; contiguous hemorrhage, serous pigment epithelial detachment, or blocked…”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationFibrin directs early retinal damage after experimental subretinal hemorrhage
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Long-term outcomes of treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration
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“A few studies have reported on the long-term outcomes of patients treated with anti-VEGF therapy in a real-world setting, but these too have dealt primarily with visual acuity (VA) outcomes.(4,5) Scar and atrophy are the 2 most important morphologic features that influence visual outcomes in untreated nAMD, as well as…”
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Bruch's membrane and choroidal macrophages in early and advanced age-related macular degeneration
Cherepanoff, S., McMenamin, P. G., Gillies, M. C., Kettle, E., & Sarks, S. H. (2009) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjo.2009.165563 · Cited by 237 · cited 4×
“It is possible that the collagen fibers are phagocytosed by Bruch’s membrane macrophages, which have been shown to be present in high counts in eyes with subclinical CNV.39 , 2, and 5 among Study Eyes with Fibrotic Scar at Year 1 (N ¼ 68) standard deviation.”
InfluentialSharma, S., Toth, C. A., Daniel, E., Grunwald, J. E., Maguire, M. G., Ying, G.-S., Huang, J., Martin, D. F., & Jaffe, G. J. (2016) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.12.002 · Cited by 231
Self-citationGrunwald, J. E., Pistilli, M., Daniel, E., Ying, G.-S., Pan, W., Jaffe, G. J., Toth, C. A., Hagstrom, S. A., Maguire, M. G., & Martin, D. F. (2017) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.09.012 · Cited by 214 · cited 1×
“Although long-term follow-up of geographic atrophy after anti-VEGF therapy, more recently referred to as “macular atrophy,” has been described, longterm follow-up of scars after the initiation of anti-VEGF therapy has not received much attention.(10,11) The original CATT clinical trial was designed to assess differenc…”
BackgroundSelf-citationBhisitkul, R. B., Mendes, T. S., Rofagha, S., Enanoria, W., Boyer, D. S., Sadda, S. R., & Zhang, K. (2015) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2015.01.032 · Cited by 210
Submacular hemorrhage in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a synthesis of the literature
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Dual Antagonism of PDGF and VEGF in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Jaffe, G. J., Ciulla, T. A., Ciardella, A. P., Devin, F., Dugel, P. U., Eandi, C. M., Masonson, H., Monés, J., Pearlman, J. A., Maftouhi, M. Q.-E., et al. (2016) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.10.010 · Cited by 153
Self-citationAflibercept for neovascular age-related macular degeneration
Sarwar, S., Clearfield, E., Soliman, M. K., Sadiq, M. A., Baldwin, A. J., Hanout, M., Agarwal, A., Sepah, Y. J., Do, D. V., & Nguyen, Q. D. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011346.pub2 · Cited by 142 · cited 1×
“Intravitreal anti vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) has become the standard of care based on the results of several multicenter, randomized clinical trials with generally good visual and morphologic outcomes.(1,2) The results of treatment are de…”
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Occult Choroidal Neovascularization in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Natural History Study
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“It is also possible that some occult lesions converted to classic lesions and increased the risk of developing a scar.(30) Once a fibrotic scar developed during the first year after initiation of anti-VEGF therapy, several changes were observed in and around the scar over a period of time.”
Zanzottera, E. C., Messinger, J. D., Ach, T., Smith, R. T., & Curcio, C. A. (2015) · Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.15-16432 · Cited by 110
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“Reports on macular atrophy as a result of nAMD have not distinguished atrophy associated with fibrotic scar from macular atrophy without any preexisting fibrosis.(4,5,10,33,34) Our study had certain limitations.”
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“Scar and atrophy are the 2 most important morphologic features that influence visual outcomes in untreated nAMD, as well as in patients treated with anti-VEGF intravitreal injections.(6,7) Scars thicker than 0.”
BackgroundHogg, R. (2003) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjo.87.5.609 · Cited by 60 · cited 1×
“Scar and atrophy are the 2 most important morphologic features that influence visual outcomes in untreated nAMD, as well as in patients treated with anti-VEGF intravitreal injections.(6,7) Scars thicker than 0.”
Grunwald, J. E., Daniel, E., Ying, G., Pistilli, M., Maguire, M. G., Alexander, J., Martin, R., Parker, C., Sepielli, K., Blodi, B. A., et al. (2012) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.02.013 · Cited by 53 · cited 1×
“The methods used to grade the digital CFPs, FA images, and the OCT scans have been described previously.(15,16) At baseline, photographic images were evaluated at the fundus photograph reading center at the University of Pennsylvania for CNV type; contiguous hemorrhage, serous pigment epithelial detachment, or blocked…”
Self-citationAltaweel, M. M., Daniel, E., Martin, D. F., Mittra, R. A., Grunwald, J. E., Lai, M. M., Melamud, A., Morse, L. S., Huang, J., Ferris, F. L., et al. (2015) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.08.020 · Cited by 51
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Ultramicrosurgical removal of subretinal hemorrhage in cats
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“Although long-term follow-up of geographic atrophy after anti-VEGF therapy, more recently referred to as “macular atrophy,” has been described, longterm follow-up of scars after the initiation of anti-VEGF therapy has not received much attention.(10,11) The original CATT clinical trial was designed to assess differenc…”
BackgroundDevelopment of atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium around disciform scars
Sarks, J. (2006) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjo.2005.083022 · Cited by 36 · cited 2×
“They suggested that the expansion of such atrophy was faster during the earlier periods of follow-up, but the study was limited by its retrospective nature, with only a small number of eyes (n 1⁄4 20) that had undergone treatment with laser photocoagulation, radiotherapy, intravitreal triamcinolone injections, or comb…”
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“Myopic CNV treated with anti-VEGF has been shown to have similar development of fibrotic scars and associated progressive chorioretinal atrophy with poor visual outcome.(32) However,”
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Flagged first, then by citations
5 of the 51 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Tenbrock, L., Wolf, J., Boneva, S., Schlecht, A., Agostini, H. T., Wieghofer, P., Schlunck, G., & Lange, C. (2021) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-021-03514-8 · Cited by 161
Review of Fibrosis in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Cheong, K. X., Cheung, C. M. G., & Teo, K. Y. C. (2022) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2022.09.008 · Cited by 65
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“01 Baseline lesion size, median mm (Q1, Q3) 1900 (1,600, 2,965) 2,337 (1,500, 3,500) 2,400 (1,500, 3,500) 2030 (1,235, 3,425) ,0.”
Mathis, T., Holz, F. G., Sivaprasad, S., Yoon, Y. H., Eter, N., Chen, L.-J., Koh, A. C., de Souza, E. C., & Staurenghi, G. (2022) · Eye · doi:10.1038/s41433-022-02231-y · Cited by 57
“5-fold higher risk of developing a fibrotic scar compared with type 1 lesions [39].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Daniel, E., Pan, W., Ying, G.-S., Kim, B. J., Grunwald, J. E., Ferris, F. L., Jaffe, G. J., Toth, C. A., Martin, D. F., Fine, S. L., & Maguire, M. G.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- National Eye Institute (US)
- Duke University (US)
- Cleveland Clinic (US)
- University of Colorado Anschutz (US)
- Corresponding author
- Daniel, Ebenezer
- ORCID
- Venue
- Ophthalmology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-07
- Volume
- 125
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1037-1046
- ISSN
- 0161-6420 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6015772
- OpenAlex
- W2788023813
- Cited by
- 119
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 8.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Ophthalmology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Eye Institute (U10EY017825, U10EY017826, R21EY023689, U10EY023530, P30EY001583)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal and Macular Surgery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
- Keywords
- age-related macular degeneration, choroidal neovascularization, fibrotic scar, macular atrophy, subretinal fluid, subretinal hemorrhage, subretinal hyperreflective material, retinal pigment epithelium elevation, anti-VEGF therapy, photodynamic therapy, long-term outcomes, visual acuity outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cicatrix, Clinical Trials as Topic, Female, Fibrosis, Fluorescein Angiography, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Macular Degeneration, Male, Middle Aged, Photography, Prospective Studies, Retina, Risk Factors, Visual Acuity, Cohort Studies, Incidence, Choroidal Neovascularization, Angiogenesis Inhibitors, Tomography, Optical Coherence, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, Kaplan-Meier Estimate, Geographic Atrophy, Intravitreal Injections, Subretinal Fluid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-29, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-29 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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