Subducted and melanotic cells in advanced age-related macular degeneration are derived from retinal pigment epithelium
Open accessAbstract
PURPOSE: To describe, illustrate, and account for two cell types plausibly derived from RPE in geographic atrophy (GA) and choroidal neovascularization (CNV) of AMD, using melanosomes, lipofuscin, and basal laminar deposit (BLamD) as anatomical markers. METHODS: Human donor eyes with GA (n = 13) or CNV (n = 39) were histologically processed, photodocumented, and analyzed for frequencies of occurrence. We defined RPE as cells containing spindle-shaped melanosomes and RPE lipofuscin, internal to basal lamina or BLamD, if present, or Bruch's membrane if not, and RPE-derived cells as those plausibly derived from RPE and not attached to basal lamina or BLamD. RESULTS: 'Subducted' cells contain RPE melanosomes and localize to the sub-RPE space, on Bruch's membrane. Credible transitional forms from RPE cells were seen. Grades of RPE overlying 'Subducted' cells were 'Atrophic with BLamD' (32.2% vs. 37.0% of 'Subducted,' for GA and CNV eyes, respectively), 'Dissociated' (22.0% vs. 21.7%), 'Nonuniform' (22.0% vs. 23.9%), and 'Sloughed' RPE (10.2% vs. 4.3%). Found exclusively in CNV scars, 'Melanotic' cells containing spherical melanosomes were adjacent to 'Entombed' RPE with spindle-shaped and spherical melanosomes. Of subretinal 'Melanotic' cells, 40.0% associated with 'Atrophy with BLamD,' 36.8% with 'Atrophy without BLamD,' and 20.6% with 'Entombed.' CONCLUSIONS: 'Dissociated' RPE within atrophic areas may be the source of 'Subducted' cells. 'Entombed' RPE within fibrovascular and fibrocellular scars may be the source of 'Melanotic' cells. An imaging correlate for 'Subducted' cells awaits discovery; 'Melanotic' cells appear gray-black in the CNV fundus. Results provide a basis for future molecular phenotyping studies.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
RPE trans-differentiation from epithelial to mesenchymal phenotype may make these cells adhere to and pull on the extracellular matrix, possibly contributing to clinical atrophy progression.
“This trans-differentiation of retinal pigment epithelial cells from epithelial to mesenchymal phenotype can cause the RPE cells to adhere to and exert traction forces on the extracellular matrix and could be one of the factors contributing to the evolution of atrophy clinically.41-43”
From Development and Course of Scars in the Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treatments Trials (2018) · cites this paper as [42]
The section ‘Does RPE Undergo Transdifferentiation in AMD?’ discusses epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition as a possible RPE process and notes contractile behavior in cultured RPE, while emphasizing that whether this transition occurs in AMD remains unresolved. The Conclusions mention prognostic significance for one RPE-cell pattern in atrophy progression. Neither section says that RPE cells adhere to and exert traction on the extracellular matrix or that such forces contribute to clinical atrophy progression. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The basics of epithelial-mesenchymal transition
Kalluri, R., & Weinberg, R. A. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci39104 · Cited by 10,196 · see citing works
Molecular mechanisms of epithelial–mesenchymal transition
Lamouille, S., Xu, J., & Derynck, R. (2014) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm3758 · Cited by 8,091 · see citing works
Human photoreceptor topography
Curcio, C. A., Sloan, K. R., Kalina, R. E., & Hendrickson, A. E. (1990) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.902920402 · Cited by 2,792 · see citing works
Self-citationThe functions and regulation of the PTEN tumour suppressor
Song, M. S., Salmena, L., & Pandolfi, P. P. (2012) · Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/nrm3330 · Cited by 1,926 · see citing works
Schwartz, S. D., Regillo, C. D., Lam, B. L., Eliott, D., Rosenfeld, P. J., Gregori, N. Z., Hubschman, J.-P., Davis, J. L., Heilwell, G., Spirn, M., et al. (2015) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61376-3 · Cited by 1,327 · see citing works
Oncogenic roles of EMT-inducing transcription factors
Puisieux, A., Brabletz, T., & Caramel, J. (2014) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb2976 · Cited by 1,032 · see citing works
Photoreceptor loss in age-related macular degeneration.
Curcio, C. A., Medeiros, N. E., & Millican, C. L. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 802 · see citing works
Self-citationEvolution of geographic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium
Sarks, J. P., Sarks, S. H., & Killingsworth, M. C. (1988) · Eye · doi:10.1038/eye.1988.106 · Cited by 802 · see citing works
Age-related Macular Degeneration Histopathologic Studies
Green, W. R., & Enger, C. (1993) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(93)31466-1 · Cited by 757 · see citing works
Combadière, C., Feumi, C., Raoul, W., Keller, N., Rodéro, M., Pézard, A., Lavalette, S., Houssier, M., Jonet, L., Picard, E., et al. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci31692 · Cited by 618 · see citing works
Lopez, P. F., Sippy, B., Lambert, H. M., Thach, A. B., & Hinton, D. R. (1998) · Retina · doi:10.1097/00006982-199805000-00035 · Cited by 592 · see citing works
Gupta, N., Brown, K. E., & Milam, A. H. (2003) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/s0014-4835(02)00332-9 · Cited by 582 · see citing works
Retinal pigment epithelial lipofuscin and melanin and choroidal melanin in human eyes.
Weiter, J. J., Delori, F. C., Wing, G. L., & Fitch, K. A. (1986) · PubMed · Cited by 565 · see citing works
Aging human RPE: morphometric analysis of macular, equatorial, and peripheral cells.
Feeney-Burns, L., Hilderbrand, E. S., & Eldridge, S. (1984) · PubMed · Cited by 561 · see citing works
Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Genetics and Biology Coming Together
Fritsche, L. G., Fariss, R. N., Stambolian, D. E., Abecasis, G. R., Curcio, C. A., & Swaroop, A. (2014) · Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics · doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-090413-025610 · Cited by 537 · see citing works
Self-citationDell’Angelica, E. C., Mullins, C., Caplan, S., & Bonifacino, J. S. (2000) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fasebj.14.10.1265 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
Near-Infrared Autofluorescence Imaging of the Fundus: Visualization of Ocular Melanin
Keilhauer, C. N., & Delori, F. ̧. C. (2006) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.06-0122 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
Lopez, P. F., Sippy, B. D., Lambert, H. M., Thach, A. B., & Hinton, D. R. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 331 · see citing works
SENILE MACULAR DEGENERATION: A HISTOPATHOLOGIC STUDY*
Green, W. R., & Key, S. N. (2005) · Retina · doi:10.1097/00006982-200507001-00005 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Pathologic Features of Senile Macular Degeneration
GREEN, W. R., McDonnell, P. J., & Yeo, J. H. (2005) · Retina · doi:10.1097/00006982-200507001-00011 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Sennlaub, F., Auvynet, C., Calippe, B., Lavalette, S., Poupel, L., Hu, S. J., Dominguez, E., Camelo, S., Levy, O., Guyon, E., et al. (2013) · EMBO Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1002/emmm.201302692 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Dell’Angelica, E. C. (2000) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.14.10.1265 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Senile macular degeneration: The involvement of immunocompetent cells
Penfold, P. L., Killingsworth, M. C., & Sarks, S. H. (1985) · Graefe s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/bf02150948 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Macrophages related to Bruch's membrane in age-related macular degeneration
Killingsworth, M. C., Sarks, J. P., & Sarks, S. H. (1990) · Eye · doi:10.1038/eye.1990.86 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Fleckenstein, M., Issa, P. C., Helb, H. –., Schmitz-Valckenberg, S., Finger, R. P., Scholl, H. P. N., Loeffler, K. U., & Holz, F. G. (2008) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.08-1967 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Current Understanding on the Role of Retinal Pigment Epithelium and its Pigmentation
Schraermeyer, U., & Heimann, K. (1999) · Pigment Cell Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0749.1999.tb00755.x · Cited by 256 · see citing works
(1995) · PubMed · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Histopathology of Bone Spicule Pigmentation in Retinitis Pigmentosa
Li, Z.-Y., Possin, D. E., & Milam, A. H. (1995) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(95)30953-0 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Ach, T., Tolstik, E., Messinger, J. D., Zarubina, A. V., Heintzmann, R., & Curcio, C. A. (2015) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.14-16274 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Self-citationZanzottera, E. C., Messinger, J. D., Ach, T., Smith, R. T., Freund, K. B., & Curcio, C. A. (2015) · Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.15-16431 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Self-citationSenile macular degeneration: a histopathologic study.
Green, W. R., & Key, S. N. (1977) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 160 · see citing works
OUTER RETINAL TUBULATION IN ADVANCED AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
Schaal, K. B., Freund, K. B., Litts, K. M., Zhang, Y., Messinger, J. D., & Curcio, C. A. (2015) · Retina · doi:10.1097/iae.0000000000000471 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Self-citationRudolf, M., Vogt, S. D., Curcio, C. A., Huisingh, C., McGwin, G., Wägner, A., Grisanti, S., & Read, R. W. (2013) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.10.007 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Self-citationSarks, J. P., Sarks, S. H., & Killingsworth, M. C. (1997) · Eye · doi:10.1038/eye.1997.137 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Pathologic features of senile macular degeneration.
Green, W. R., McDonnell, P. J., & Yeo, J. H. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Phenotypic variation of retinal pigment epithelium in age-related macular degeneration.
Guidry, C., Medeiros, N. E., & Curcio, C. A. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationVogt, S. D., Curcio, C. A., Wang, L., Li, C.-M., McGwin, G., Medeiros, N. E., Philp, N. J., Kimble, J. A., & Read, R. W. (2011) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2011.06.002 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationControl of Chemokine Gradients by the Retinal Pigment Epithelium
Shi, G., Maminishkis, A., Banzon, T., Jalickee, S., Li, R., Hammer, J., & Miller, S. S. (2008) · Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.08-1816 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Penfold, P. L., Killingsworth, M. C., & Sarks, S. H. (1986) · PubMed · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Xu, L., Blonska, A. M., Pumariega, N. M., Bearelly, S., Sohrab, M. A., Hageman, G. S., & Smith, R. T. (2013) · Retina · doi:10.1097/iae.0b013e31828991b2 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationAdaptive Optics Imaging of Geographic Atrophy
Gocho, K., Sarda, V., Falah, S., Sahel, J., Sennlaub, F., Benchaboune, M., Ullern, M., & Pâques, M. (2013) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.12-10672 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
A2E accumulation influences retinal microglial activation and complement regulation
Ma, W., Coon, S., Zhao, L., Fariss, R. N., & Wong, W. T. (2013) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.06.010 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Schmitz-Valckenberg, S., Fleckenstein, M., Helb, H. –., Issa, P. C., Scholl, H. P. N., & Holz, F. G. (2009) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.08-2484 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Transdifferentiation, Metaplasia and Tissue Regeneration
Shen, C., Burke, Z. D., & Tosh, D. (2004) · Organogenesis · doi:10.4161/org.1.2.1409 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Retinal degeneration triggered by inactivation of PTEN in the retinal pigment epitheliumPreprint
Kim, J. W., Kang, K. H., Burrola, P., Mak, T. W., & Lemke, G. (2008) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1700108 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
A New Strategy to Identify and Annotate Human RPE-Specific Gene Expression
Booij, J. C., ten Brink, J. B., Swagemakers, S. M. A., Verkerk, A. J. M. H., Essing, A. H. W., van der Spek, P. J., & Bergen, A. A. B. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009341 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Myofibroblast and extracellular matrix origins in proliferative vitreoretinopathy
Feist, R. M., King, J. L., Morris, R. A., Witherspoon, C. D., & Guidry, C. (2013) · Graefe s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s00417-013-2531-0 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Congenital Hypertrophy of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium
Lloyd, W. C., Eagle, R. C., Shields, J. A., Kwa, D. M., & Arbizo, V. V. (1990) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(90)32464-8 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Moussa, K., Lee, J. Y., Stinnett, S. S., & Jaffe, G. J. (2013) · Retina · doi:10.1097/iae.0b013e31828d6052 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Outer Retinal Corrugations in Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Ooto, S., Vongkulsiri, S., Sato, T., Suzuki, M., Curcio, C. A., & Spaide, R. F. (2014) · JAMA Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2014.1871 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationHistopathologic Findings in Congenital Grouped Pigmentation of the Retina
Regillo, C. D., Eagle, R. C., Shields, J. A., Shields, C. L., & Arbizo, V. V. (1993) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(93)31635-0 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Parodi, M. B., Pozzo, S. D., & Ravalico, G. (2006) · Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0420.2006.00738.x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Smith, R. T., Post, R., Johri, A., Lee, M. D., Ablonczy, Z., Curcio, C. A., Ach, T., & Sajda, P. (2014) · Biomedical Optics Express · doi:10.1364/boe.5.004171 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationImaging maculopathy in post-mortem human eyes
Curcio, C. A. (2005) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2005.07.038 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationComplementing apolipoprotein secretion by cultured retinal pigment epithelium
Curcio, C. A. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1115497108 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citation(1998) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9394(99)80122-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Dell'Angelica EC, Mullins C, Caplan S, Bonifacino JS. Lyso- some-related organelles. FASEB J. 2000;14:1265-1278.
- Schaal KB, Freund KB, Litts KM, Zhang Y, Messinger JD, Curcio CA. Outer retinal tubulation in age-related macular degener- ation: optical coherence tomographic findings correspond with histology [published online ahead of print January 29, 2015]. Retina. PMID 25635579.
- Smith RT, Post R, Johri A, et al. Simultaneous decomposition of multiple hyperspectral datasets: fluorophore signal recovery in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Biomed Opt Express. 2014;5:4171-4185.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The impact of oxidative stress and inflammation on RPE degeneration in non-neovascular AMD
Datta, S., Cano, M., Ebrahimi, K. B., Wang, L., & Handa, J. T. (2017) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.03.002 · Cited by 814 · see citing works
VEGFR1 signaling in retinal angiogenesis and microinflammation
Uemura, A., Fruttiger, M., D'Amore, P. A., Falco, S. D., Joussen, A. M., Sennlaub, F., Brunck, L. R., Johnson, K. T. M., Lambrou, G. N., Rittenhouse, K. D., et al. (2021) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100954 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
EMT and EndMT: Emerging Roles in Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Shu, D. Y., Butcher, E. R., & Saint‐Geniez, M. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21124271 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Curcio, C. A., Zanzottera, E. C., Ach, T., Balaratnasingam, C., & Freund, K. B. (2017) · PubMed Central · doi:10.1167/iovs.17-21872 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Self-citationOn phagocytes and macular degeneration
Guillonneau, X., Eandi, C. M., Paques, M., Sahel, J.-A., Sapieha, P., & Sennlaub, F. (2017) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2017.06.002 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Ach, T., Tolstik, E., Messinger, J. D., Zarubina, A. V., Heintzmann, R., & Curcio, C. A. (2015) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.14-16274 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Self-citationBalaratnasingam, C., Messinger, J. D., Sloan, K. R., Yannuzzi, L. A., Freund, K. B., & Curcio, C. A. (2017) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.12.034 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Self-citationZanzottera, E. C., Messinger, J. D., Ach, T., Smith, R. T., Freund, K. B., & Curcio, C. A. (2015) · Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.15-16431 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Self-citationHISTOLOGY OF GEOGRAPHIC ATROPHY SECONDARY TO AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
Li, M., Huisingh, C., Messinger, J. D., Dolz‐Marco, R., Ferrara, D., Freund, K. B., & Curcio, C. A. (2018) · Retina · doi:10.1097/iae.0000000000002182 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Self-citationBalaratnasingam, C., Yannuzzi, L. A., Curcio, C. A., Morgan, W. H., Querques, G., Capuano, V., Souied, E., Jung, J., & Freund, K. B. (2016) · Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.16-19816 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citationCao, D., Leong, B. C. S., Messinger, J. D., Kar, D., Ach, T., Yannuzzi, L. A., Freund, K. B., & Curcio, C. A. (2021) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.62.10.34 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, K. C., Jung, J. J., Curcio, C. A., Balaratnasingam, C., Gallego‐Pinazo, R., Dolz‐Marco, R., Freund, K. B., & Yannuzzi, L. A. (2016) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2016.02.002 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationZanzottera, E. C., Ach, T., Huisingh, C., Messinger, J. D., Spaide, R. F., & Curcio, C. A. (2016) · Retina · doi:10.1097/iae.0000000000001276 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Self-citationDaniel, E., Pan, W., Ying, G.-S., Kim, B. J., Grunwald, J. E., Ferris, F. L., Jaffe, G. J., Toth, C. A., Martin, D. F., Fine, S. L., et al. (2018) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.01.004 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Lipids, oxidized lipids, oxidation-specific epitopes, and Age-related macular degeneration.
Handa, J. T., Cano, M., Wang, L., Datta, S., & Liu, T. (2017) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids · doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.07.013 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Li, M., Dolz‐Marco, R., Messinger, J. D., Wang, L., Feist, R. M., Girkin, C. A., Gattoussi, S., Ferrara, D., Curcio, C. A., & Freund, K. B. (2017) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.08.019 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationSUBRETINAL DRUSENOID DEPOSIT IN AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
Chen, L., Messinger, J. D., Zhang, Y., Spaide, R. F., Freund, K. B., & Curcio, C. A. (2019) · Retina · doi:10.1097/iae.0000000000002657 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationNonexudative Macular Neovascularization Supporting Outer Retina in Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Chen, L., Messinger, J. D., Sloan, K. R., Swain, T. A., Sugiura, Y., Yannuzzi, L. A., Curcio, C. A., & Freund, K. B. (2020) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2020.01.040 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationSubretinal mononuclear phagocytes induce cone segment loss via IL-1β
Eandi, C. M., Charles‐Messance, H., Augustin, S., Dominguez, E., Lavalette, S., Forster, V., Hu, S. J., Siqueiros‐Márquez, L., Craft, C. M., Sahel, J., et al. (2016) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.16490 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Ghosh, S., Shang, P., Terasaki, H., Stepicheva, N. A., Hose, S., Yazdankhah, M., Weiss, J., Sakamoto, T., Bhutto, I. A., Xia, S., et al. (2018) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.18-24132 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Danis, R. P., Lavine, J. A., & Domalpally, A. (2015) · Clinical ophthalmology · doi:10.2147/opth.s92359 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Tarau, I., Berlin, A., Curcio, C. A., & Ach, T. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20143578 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationMiura, M., Makita, S., Sugiyama, S., Hong, Y.-J., Yasuno, Y., Elsner, A. E., Tamiya, S., Tsukahara, R., Iwasaki, T., & Goto, H. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-03529-8 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Datta, S., Cano, M., Satyanarayana, G., Liu, T., Wang, L., Wang, J., Cheng, J., Itoh, K., Sharma, A., Bhutto, I. A., et al. (2022) · Autophagy · doi:10.1080/15548627.2022.2109286 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Pâques, M., Meimon, S. C., Rossant, F., Rosenbaum, D. H., Mrejen, S., Sennlaub, F., & Grieve, K. F. (2018) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2018.07.001 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
CLINICOPATHOLOGIC CORRELATION OF GEOGRAPHIC ATROPHY SECONDARY TO AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
Li, M., Dolz‐Marco, R., Huisingh, C., Messinger, J. D., Feist, R. M., Ferrara, D., Freund, K. B., & Curcio, C. A. (2019) · Retina · doi:10.1097/iae.0000000000002461 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationPollreisz, A., Messinger, J. D., Sloan, K. R., Mittermüller, T. J., Weinhandl, A. S., Benson, E. K., Kidd, G. J., Schmidt-Erfurth, U. M., & Curcio, C. A. (2017) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2017.10.018 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, L., Messinger, J. D., Kar, D., Duncan, J. L., & Curcio, C. A. (2021) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.62.1.33 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationGambril, J. A., Sloan, K. R., Swain, T. A., Huisingh, C., Zarubina, A. V., Messinger, J. D., Ach, T., & Curcio, C. A. (2019) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.19-26949 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationBaek, A., Yoon, S., Kim, J., Baek, Y. M., Park, H., Lim, D., Chung, H., & Kim, D. (2017) · Autophagy · doi:10.1080/15548627.2016.1256932 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Saksens, N. T. M., Krebs, M. P., Schoenmaker-Koller, F. E., Hicks, W. L., Yu, M., Shi, L.-Y., Rowe, L. B., Collin, G. B., Charette, J. R., Letteboer, S. J. F., et al. (2015) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/ng.3474 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Pfau, M., Lindner, M., Goerdt, L., Thiele, S., Nadal, J., Schmid, M. C., Schmitz-Valckenberg, S., Sadda, S. R., Holz, F. G., Fleckenstein, M., et al. (2018) · Retina · doi:10.1097/iae.0000000000002206 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Zanzottera, E. C., Ach, T., Huisingh, C., Messinger, J. D., Freund, K. B., & Curcio, C. A. (2016) · Retina · doi:10.1097/iae.0000000000001330 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Border of Macular Atrophy in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Clinicopathologic Correlation
Dolz‐Marco, R., Balaratnasingam, C., Messinger, J. D., Li, M., Ferrara, D., Freund, K. B., & Curcio, C. A. (2018) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2018.06.020 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationJabbehdari, S., & Handa, J. T. (2020) · Survey of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.09.002 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Xu, X., Liu, X., Wang, X., Clark, M. E., McGwin, G., Owsley, C. J., Curcio, C. A., & Zhang, Y. (2016) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2016.11.021 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationBalaratnasingam, C., Hoang, Q. V., Inoue, M., Curcio, C. A., Dolz‐Marco, R., Yannuzzi, N. A., Dhrami‐Gavazi, E., Yannuzzi, L. A., & Freund, K. B. (2016) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2016.09.008 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Evolution of the Plateau, an Optical Coherence Tomography Signature Seen in Geographic Atrophy
Tan, A. C. S., Astroz, P., Dansingani, K. K., Slakter, J. S., Yannuzzi, L. A., Curcio, C. A., & Freund, K. B. (2017) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.16-21237 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationGrieve, K. F., Gofas-Salas, E., Ferguson, R. D., Sahel, J., Pâques, M., & Rossi, E. A. (2018) · Biomedical Optics Express · doi:10.1364/boe.9.005946 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Aghdam, K. A., Pielen, A., Framme, C., & Junker, B. (2015) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.15-17338 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Chen, L., Messinger, J. D., Ferrara, D., Freund, K. B., & Curcio, C. A. (2020) · Ophthalmology Retina · doi:10.1016/j.oret.2020.11.006 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationLitts, K. M., Ach, T., Hammack, K. M., Sloan, K. R., Zhang, Y., Freund, K. B., & Curcio, C. A. (2016) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.16-19262 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationBonilha, V. L., Bell, B. A., Hu, J. G., Milliner, C., Pauer, G. J. T., Hagstrom, S. A., Radu, R. A., & Hollyfield, J. G. (2020) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.61.8.15 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
The Utah Protocol for Postmortem Eye Phenotyping and Molecular Biochemical Analysis
Owen, L. A., Shakoor, A., Morgan, D. J., Hejazi, A. A., McEntire, M. W., Brown, J. J., Farrer, L. A., Kim, I. K., Vitale, A. T., & DeAngelis, M. M. (2019) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.18-24254 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Pariente, A., Peláez, R., Pérez-Sala, Á., & Larráyoz, I. M. (2019) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2019.107746 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Sadda, S. R., Sarraf, D., Swain, T. A., Clark, M. E., Sloan, K. R., Warriner, W. E., Owsley, C. J., & Curcio, C. A. (2022) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.63.2.32 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationRoddy, G. W., Rosa, R. H., Viker, K., Holman, B. H., Hann, C. R., Krishnan, A., Gores, G. J., Bakri, S. J., & Fautsch, M. P. (2019) · Current Eye Research · doi:10.1080/02713683.2019.1694156 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Fragiotta, S., Fernández-Avellaneda, P., Breazzano, M. P., Curcio, C. A., Leong, B. C. S., Kato, K., Yannuzzi, L. A., & Freund, K. B. (2019) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.19-26589 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, L., Li, M., Messinger, J. D., Ferrara, D., Curcio, C. A., & Freund, K. B. (2020) · Translational Vision Science & Technology · doi:10.1167/tvst.9.8.8 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationIannaccone, A., Hollingsworth, T., Koirala, D., New, D. D., Lenchik, N. I., Beranová-Giorgianni, Š., Gerling, I., Radic, M. Z., & Giorgianni, F. (2016) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2016.12.006 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Hammer, M., Jakob-Girbig, J., Schwanengel, L., Curcio, C. A., Hasan, S. M., Meller, D., & Schultz, R. (2021) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.62.12.2 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, W., Ye, Y., Wu, Z., Lin, J., Wang, Y., Ding, Q., Yang, X., Yang, W., Lin, B., & Lin, B. (2021) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2021/4053276 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Zhu, X., Chen, Z., Wang, L., Ou, Q., Feng, Z., Xiao, H., Shen, Q., Li, Y., Jin, C., Xu, J., et al. (2022) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-022-05199-5 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Yang, Q., Cai, Y., Ma, Q., Xiong, A., Xu, P., Zhang, Z., Xu, J., Zhou, Y., Liu, Z., Zhao, D., et al. (2024) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.adk3868 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Curcio, C. A., Messinger, J. D., Berlin, A., Sloan, K. R., McLeod, D. S., Edwards, M. M., Bijon, J., & Freund, K. B. (2025) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.66.1.49 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationDrusen Ooze: A Novel Hypothesis in Geographic Atrophy
Monés, J., Garcia, M., Biarnés, M., Lakkaraju, A., & Ferraro, L. L. (2017) · Ophthalmology Retina · doi:10.1016/j.oret.2017.02.006 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Tian, H., Xu, J., Tian, Y., Cao, Y., Lian, C., Ou, Q., Wu, B., Jin, C., Gao, F., Wang, J., et al. (2018) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2018.08.005 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Verma, A., Corradetti, G., He, Y., Nittala, M. G., Nassisi, M., Velaga, S. B., Haines, J. L., Pericak‐Vance, M. A., Stambolian, D., & Sadda, S. R. (2023) · Graefe s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s00417-023-06180-4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Gelat, B., Rathaur, P., Malaviya, P. B., Patel, B., Trivedi, K., Johar, K., & Gelat, R. (2022) · Journal of Histotechnology · doi:10.1080/01478885.2022.2137665 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Chen, L., Cao, D., Messinger, J. D., Ach, T., Ferrara, D., Freund, K. B., & Curcio, C. A. (2021) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2021.108882 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationYuan, M. (2019) · International Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.18240/ijo.2020.01.14 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Simon, R., Jentsch, M., Karimimousivandi, P., Cao, D., Messinger, J. D., Meller, D., Curcio, C. A., & Hammer, M. (2022) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.63.13.5 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationBerlin, A., Fischer, N. A., Clark, M. E., Kar, D., Swain, T. A., Martindale, R. M., McGwin, G., Crosson, J. N., Sloan, K. R., Owsley, C. J., et al. (2024) · Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1159/000538696 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Hippo signalling pathway and its impact on eye diseases
Du, Y. (2024) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.18300 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Suzuki, S., Sato, T., Watanabe, M., Higashide, M., Tsugeno, Y., Umetsu, A., Furuhashi, M., Ida, Y., Hikage, F., & Ohguro, H. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23105473 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Verma, A., Nittala, M. G., Corradetti, G., Nassisi, M., Velaga, S. B., He, Y., Haines, J. L., Pericak‐Vance, M. A., Stambolian, D. E., & Sadda, S. R. (2024) · Current Eye Research · doi:10.1080/02713683.2024.2343334 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Inhibition of AMD-Like Pathology With a Neurotrophic Compound in Aged Rats and 3xTg-AD Mice
Liu, Y., Wei, W., Baazaoui, N., Liu, F., & Iqbal, K. (2019) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2019.00309 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Intraretinal pigmented cells in retinal degenerative disease
Yasvoina, M. V., Yang, Q., Woods, S. M., Heeren, T. F. C., Comer, G. M., Egan, C. A., & Fruttiger, M. (2022) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-320392 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Simón, M. V., Vera, M. S., Tenconi, P. E., Soto, T. B., Spalm, F. H. P., Torlaschi, C., Mateos, M. V., & Rotstein, N. P. (2022) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2022.109222 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Recent Advances in Imaging Macular Atrophy for Late-Stage Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Cheng, A. M. S., Chalam, K. V., Brar, V. S., Yang, D. T. Y., Bhatt, J., Banoub, R. G., & GUPTA, S. K. (2023) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics13243635 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Shwani, T., Zhang, C., Owen, L. A., Shakoor, A., Vitale, A. T., Lillvis, J. H., Barr, J. L., Cromwell, P., Finley, R., Husami, N., et al. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12232668 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Spontaneous Soft Drusen Regression without Atrophy and the Drusen Ooze
Monés, J., Pagani, F., Santamaria, J. F., Garcia, M., Romero, C., Garcia, D., Serrano, A., & Carrasco, A. (2025) · Ophthalmology Retina · doi:10.1016/j.oret.2025.02.023 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Curcio, C. A., & Ach, T. (2016) · Graefe s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s00417-016-3300-7 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationIdentity of pigmented subretinal cells in age-related macular degeneration
Lad, E. M., Cousins, S. W., & Proia, A. D. (2016) · Graefe s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s00417-015-3249-y · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Choroidal Hyperreflective Foci Represent a Common Finding Across Different Types of Macular Atrophy
Ulla, L., Foti, C., Arrigo, A., Parodi, M. B., Cicinelli, M. V., Marolo, P., Miserocchi, E., Peronetti, M., Bandello, F. M., Borrelli, E., et al. (2025) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.66.6.42 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A Hydrogel-Based Multiplex Coculture Platform for Retinal Component Cells
Qureshi, M. H., Metin, E., Kesim, C., Zakeri, Z., Rumman, B., Şahin, A., Taşoğlu, S., Hasanreisoğlu, M., & Sokullu, E. (2025) · ACS Applied Bio Materials · doi:10.1021/acsabm.4c01376 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Wang, X., Hoshi, S., Liu, R., Corradetti, G., Ip, M. S., Sarraf, D., Sadda, S. R., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.66.2.27 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Long Term Time-Lapse Imaging of Geographic Atrophy: A Pilot Study
Pâques, M., Norberg, N., Chaumette, C., Sennlaub, F., Rossi, E. A., Borella, Y., & Grieve, K. F. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.868163 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Xu, Y., Twarog, M., Li, N., Banks, A., Schustak, J., Bao, Y., Huang, Q., & Medley, Q. G. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0271656 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Ach, T., & Bermond, K. (2017) · Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/s-0043-109891 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationFrank‐Publig, S., Bogunović, H., Birner, K., Gumpinger, M., Fuchs, P., Coulibaly, L. M., Mares, V., Michel, F., Schmidt, F. S., Schmidt-Erfurth, U. M., et al. (2025) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.66.4.65 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Jauch, A. S., Schwenzer, N., von der Emde, L. A., Wall, K., Wang, H., Holz, F. G., Heintzmann, R., Curcio, C. A., & Ach, T. (2025) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.66.13.50 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationSarraf, D., Corvi, F., Rosenfeld, P. J., Ach, T., Blodi, B., Bottoni, F. G., Cozzi, M., Chakravarthy, U., Chew, E. Y., Csaky, K. G., et al. (2026) · Ophthalmology Retina · doi:10.1016/j.oret.2026.01.017 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationINFLAMMATORY CELL ACTIVITY IN TREATED NEOVASCULAR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
Berlin, A., Messinger, J. D., Ramtohul, P., Balaratnasingam, C., Mendis, R., Ferrara, D., Freund, K. B., & Curcio, C. A. (2023) · Retina · doi:10.1097/iae.0000000000003881 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationTate, P. S., Marquioni‐Ramella, M. D., Cerchiaro, C., & Suburo, Á. M. (2022) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.202100807 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Intraretinal Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells in Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Panda‐Jonas, S., Jonas, R. A., Xu, J., Wang, Y. X., & Jonas, J. B. (2024) · Ophthalmology Science · doi:10.1016/j.xops.2024.100626 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Rizzo, C., Savastano, M. C., Kilian, R. A., Marchini, G., & Rizzo, S. (2024) · Survey of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.11.003 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Sub-retinal pigment epithelium tubules in non-neovascular age-related macular degeneration
Fragiotta, S., Parravano, M., Sacconi, R., Costanzo, E., Geronimo, D. D., Prascina, F., Capuano, V., Souied, E. H., Han, I. C., Mullins, R. F., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-19193-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
RPE-Morphometrie bei AMD-bedingter geografischer Atrophie
Wägner, A., Mohi, A., Ranjbar, M., Grisanti, S., & Rudolf, M. (2018) · Der Ophthalmologe · doi:10.1007/s00347-017-0638-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Cigarette smoke and biological age induce degenerative heterogeneity in retinal pigment epitheliumPreprint
Singh, K., Jin, Y. O., Hu, M.-W., Palazzo, I., Cano, M., Hoang, T. V., Bhutto, I. A., Wang, S., Sinha, D., Blackshaw, S., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.01.27.635096 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Lamp2 Deficiency Enhances Susceptibility to Oxidative Stress–Induced RPE Degeneration
Wu, G., Notomi, S., Xu, Z., Fukuda, Y., Maehara, Y., Tao, Y., Zhao, H., Ishikawa, K., Murakami, Y., Hisatomi, T., et al. (2025) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.66.2.2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Wang, Z., ANDERSON, D., Messinger, J. D., Curcio, C. A., & Schey, K. L. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2503191122 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationAdaptive optics for in-vivo exploration of human retinal structures
Pâques, M., Meimon, S. C., Grieve, K. F., & Rossant, F. (2017) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2275258 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Age-Related Macular Degeneration and its Current Treatment Strategies: An Updated Review
Gelat, B., Trivedi, K., Malaviya, P. B., Rathaur, P., Patel, B., Gelat, R., & Johar, K. (2024) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1004075 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wall, K., Fritsch, S., Vaisband, M., Hasenauer, J., Schwenzer, N., von der Emde, L. A., Jauch, A. S., Holz, F. G., Curcio, C. A., & Ach, T. (2026) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.67.2.55 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationAch, T., Tarau, I., & Curcio, C. A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-28384-1_10 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationSadda, S. R., Verma, A., Corradetti, G., Nittala, M. G., He, Y., Nassisi, M., Velaga, S. B., Haines, J. L., Pericak‐Vance, M. A., & Stambolian, D. E. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3273570/v1
Pathobiology of Non-neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Handa, J. T. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13820-1.00030-x
Ach, T., Tarau, I., & Curcio, C. A. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-35055-9_10
Self-citationGrimes, K. R., & Chhablani, J. K. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-0138-4_30
- Authors
- Zanzottera, E. C., Messinger, J. D., Ach, T., Smith, R. T., & Curcio, C. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Alabama (US)
- New York University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Curcio, Christine A.
- Venue
- Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science
- Published
- 2015-05-21
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 3269
- ISSN
- 0146-0404 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-5783
- PMC
- PMC4453434
- OpenAlex
- W2419123448
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 12.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- EyeSight Foundation of Alabama (EY06109)
- International Retinal Research Foundation (EY06109)
- Research to Prevent Blindness (EY06109, EY015520)
- Edward N. and Della L. Thome Memorial Foundation
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Initiative for Macular Research
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (AC265/1-1, EY06109)
- National Eye Institute (R01EY015520, R01EY021470, R01EY006109, EY06109, P30EY003039)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Retinal Development and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal and Macular Surgery
- Keywords
- age-related macular degeneration, geographic atrophy, choroidal neovascularization, retinal pigment epithelium, melanosomes, lipofuscin, basal laminar deposits, Bruch's membrane, retinal pigment epithelium atrophy
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Basement Membrane, Female, Humans, Lipofuscin, Macular Degeneration, Male, Biomarkers, Bruch Membrane, Choroidal Neovascularization, Melanosomes, Retinal Pigment Epithelium, Geographic Atrophy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
