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Photovoltaic Restoration of Central Vision in Atrophic Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Open accessAbstract
PURPOSE: Loss of photoreceptors in atrophic age-related macular degeneration results in severe visual impairment, although some peripheral vision is retained. To restore central vision without compromising the residual peripheral field, we developed a wireless photovoltaic retinal implant (PRIMA; Pixium Vision, Paris, France) in which pixels convert images projected from video glasses using near-infrared light into electric current to stimulate the nearby inner retinal neurons. DESIGN: We carried out a first-in-human clinical trial to test the safety and efficacy of the prosthesis in patients with geographic atrophy (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT03333954). PARTICIPANTS: Five patients with geographic atrophy zone of at least 3 optic disc diameters, no foveal light perception, and best-corrected visual acuity of 20/400 to 20/1000 in the worse-seeing study eye. METHODS: The 2-mm wide, 30-μm thick chip, containing 378 pixels (each 100 μm in diameter), was implanted subretinally in the area of atrophy (absolute scotoma). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Anatomic outcomes were assessed with fundus photography and OCT for up to 12 months of follow-up. Prosthetic vision was assessed by mapping light perception, bar orientation, letter recognition, and Landolt C acuity. RESULTS: In all patients, the prosthesis was implanted successfully under the macula, although in 2 patients, it was implanted in unintended locations: within the choroid and off center by 2 mm. All 5 patients could perceive white-yellow prosthetic visual patterns with adjustable brightness in the previous scotomata. The 3 with optimal placement of the implant demonstrated prosthetic acuity of 20/460 to 20/550, and the patient with the off-center implant demonstrated 20/800 acuity. Residual natural acuity did not decrease after implantation in any patient. CONCLUSIONS: Implantation of the PRIMA did not decrease the residual natural acuity, and it restored visual sensitivity in the former scotoma in each of the 5 patients. In 3 patients with the proper placement of the chip, prosthetic visual acuity was only 10% to 30% less than the level expected from the pixel pitch (20/420). Therefore, the use of optical or electronic magnification in the glasses as well as smaller pixels in future implants may improve visual acuity even further.
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“testing showed a good correlation between the number of stimulators and visual acuity, achieving a visual resolution of approximately 1.2 pixels.”
From Visual Prostheses in the Era of Artificial Intelligence Technology (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
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“By this metric, comparison of visual acuity with the device switched ON and OFF showed improvement only for the PRIMA35 and Argus II9 devices.”
From Visual Prostheses in the Era of Artificial Intelligence Technology (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“Devices have a size providing a maximum restored visual angle of about 10 • , suitable only for applications where a small part of the visual field is lost, such as AMD [48,49].”
From Advances in visual prostheses: engineering and biological challenges (2022) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“The highest visual acuities reported to date, as measured with the Landolt-C test, were 20/460 with the subretinal implant PRIMA (in AMD patients) [48] and 20/546 with the subretinal implant Alpha-AMS (in RP patients) [133].”
From Advances in visual prostheses: engineering and biological challenges (2022) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“However, this ideal case is rarely reached and has only been reported for the PRIMA device [48] and some patients with Alpha IMS, most likely with preserved eye movements [154].”
From Advances in visual prostheses: engineering and biological challenges (2022) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“So far, flicker fusion has been achieved only for the PRIMA device in AMD patients [48].”
From Advances in visual prostheses: engineering and biological challenges (2022) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“Photovoltaic retinal prostheses [48] were the first example of neurostimulation devices providing fully wireless electrical stimulation to the nervous system without the need for implantable batteries or active electronic units.”
From Advances in visual prostheses: engineering and biological challenges (2022) · cites this paper as [48]
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Cites
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Double‐Sided, Thin‐Film Microelectrode Array with Hemispheric Electrodes for Subretinal Stimulation
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“This outperforms current visual prosthesis competitors, including stimulation of the retina (Argus II 20/1262 [7]; Alpha-IMS 20/546 [8]; Alpha-AMS 20/500 [9]; MPDA 20/1000 [10]; PRIMA 20/460 [11]), cortical surface (Dobelle-Implant 20/1200 [12]), or tongue (TDU 20/860 [13]; BrainPort 20/5500 [14]).”
BackgroundControlled assembly of retinal cells on fractal and Euclidean electrodes
Moslehi, S., Rowland, C., Smith, J. H., Watterson, W. J., Miller, D., Niell, C. M., Alemán, B., Perez, M.-T., & Taylor, R. P. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0265685 · Cited by 7
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Patient-specific computational models of retinal prostheses
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“Clinical trials with our planar bipolar pixels (PRIMA, Pixium Vision) have demonstrated the potential of photovoltaic subretinal prothesis to provide central vision in AMD patients with acuity closely matching the 100 μ m pixels size [11,12].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationA thin-film optogenetic visual prosthesisPreprint
Knudsen, E. B., Zappitelli, K. M., Brown, J., Reeder, J. T., Smith, K. S., Rostov, M., Choi, J., Rochford, A. E., Slager, N., Miura, S. K., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.01.31.526482 · Cited by 7
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Self-citationA Deep Learning-based in silico Framework for Optimization on Retinal Prosthetic Stimulation
Wu, Y., Karetić, I., Stegmaier, J., Walter, P., & Merhof, D. (2023) · 2023 45th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340288 · Cited by 6
“Retinal prostheses aim to provide electrical stimulation to different layers of the human retina [1][2][3][4].”
BackgroundExplainable Machine Learning Predictions of Perceptual Sensitivity for Retinal Prostheses
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“With Argus II consisting of 60 electrodes, this procedure is time-consuming at best, but will quickly become infeasible as new devices are being developed that feature hundreds or even thousands of electrodes [6], [7].”
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Developments in the design and microfabrication of photovoltaic retinal implants
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In the Eye of the Storm: Bi-Directional Electrophysiological Investigation of the Intact Retina
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“A prosthesis showing great results include subretinal implant PRIMA (Pixium Vision) and cortical prosthesis ORION (Second Sight Medical Products) (Palanker et al., 2020; Caspi et al., 2021).”
MethodMoslehi, S., Rowland, C., Smith, J. H., Griffiths, W., Watterson, W. J., Niell, C. M., Alemán, B., Perez, M.-T., & Taylor, R. P. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-21742-y · Cited by 6
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“However, the best quality of electrically-evoked prosthetic vision (20/460) (Palanker et al., 2020) has reached yet to neither the level of independent walks without guide dog/cane nor the level of legal blindness (20/200).”
BackgroundSeo, H. W., Cha, S., Jeong, Y., Ahn, J., Lee, K. J., Kim, S., & Goo, Y. S. (2023) · Biomedical Engineering Letters · doi:10.1007/s13534-023-00342-3 · Cited by 6
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“The prior literature presented in [8,9,21,33] only has stimulation pixels.”
BackgroundDifferences in the spatial fidelity of evoked and spontaneous signals in the degenerating retina
Carleton, M., & Oesch, N. W. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2022.1040090 · Cited by 5
“In roughly a decade pixel spacing has decreased from 575 μm in early retinal prosthetics (Stronks and Dagnelie, 2014), to 100 μm (Palanker et al., 2020) for devices currently in use or in trials.”
BackgroundResultCojocaru, A.-E., Corna, A., Reh, M., & Zeck, G. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2022.1033738 · Cited by 5
“, 2020), including the reports from human patients (Humayun et al., 2012; Stingl et al., 2017; Palanker et al., 2020; Sahel et al., 2021).”
BackgroundInformation Transmission through Biotic–Abiotic Interfaces to Restore or Enhance Human Function
Kelly, A. R., & Glover, D. J. (2024) · ACS Applied Bio Materials · doi:10.1021/acsabm.4c00435 · Cited by 5
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Ab-interno surgical technique for the implantation of a wireless subretinal prosthesis in mini-pigs
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Photovoltaic, wireless wide‐field epiretinal prosthesis to treat retinitis pigmentosa
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“The paradigm shift to wireless, optical activation of photovoltaic pixels allowed the number and density of electrodes to increase (Palanker et al., 2020, 2022).”
Arens-Arad, T., Lender, R., Farah, N., & Mandel, Y. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/abdd42 · Cited by 4
“Recent reports on implanting the Argus II [8] or Pixium’s PRIMA devices in AMD patients show promise, with patients reporting partial restoration of central vision [9].”
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“Also, PRIMA has recently shown great promise with reported visual acuity levels of 20/460 [13].”
BackgroundEffects on Retinal Stimulation of the Geometry and the Insertion Location of Penetrating Electrodes
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“ceeded to clinical trials [17], [18], [19], [20], PRIMA (Pixium”
BackgroundMultidisciplinary Approaches in the Treatment of Retinal Degenerative Diseases: A Review
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Accelerated Simulation of Multi-Electrode Arrays Using Sparse and Low-Rank Matrix Techniques
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“The 100 μ m gap between lines of a letter, such as a Tumbling E or Landolt C (LDC), corresponds to a visual acuity of 20/420 [1].”
Self-citationEsquenazi, R., Meier, K., Beyeler, M., Boynton, G. M., & Fine, I. (2021) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/jov.21.13.10 · Cited by 6
Development of polymeric blue prosthetic retina photoreceptors
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“This would seem a good motivation to explore operational parameters in the near infrared which offers much higher safety ceiling [2, 4, 19].”
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“…undergoes drastic neuroanatomical alterations during retinal degeneration (Marc et al., 2003; Jones et al., 2016) such as retinitis pigmentosa, which are of clinical importance to rehabilitative strategies such as retinal prostheses (Stingl et al., 2013; Luo et al., 2016; Palanker et al., 2020).”
BackgroundVertical-junction Photodiodes for Smaller Pixels in Retinal ProsthesesPreprint
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Self-citationMaximizing the fidelity of a photovoltaic subretinal prosthesis for human patients
Jensen, N., Ly, K., Goldstein, A. K., Devaud, Q., & Palanker, D. (2026) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ae6d77 · Cited by 3
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“Several groups have demonstrated artificial visual percepts using microelectronic prostheses implanted onto/underneath degenerate retinas of human subjects [3], [4], [5], [6].”
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“Currently nearing commercialization is PRIMA (Lorach et al 2015, Palanker et al 2020), a compact subretinal implant with a photovoltaic design that eliminates the need for external cables.”
Engineering Materials for Neurotechnology
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Self-citationMorphological Factors that Underlie Neural Sensitivity to Stimulation in the Retina
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“Although there are other existing models [7], [8], two commercial prosthetic vision systems undoubtedly are representative examples of the two main ways of approaching the whole perception process and communication via VPs: the Argus II from Second Sight [9], and the Alpha-IMS from Retina Implant…”
BackgroundMicroelectrode Arrays, Implants, and Organs-on-a-Chip
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“The failure to demonstrate long-term and clinically meaningful benefits has led companies supporting the three currently most studied retinal prostheses (Alpha-AMS, Argus II, PRIMA) to cease or redirect their activity in RCP research and development.”
InfluentialHuman-in-the-loop optimization of visual prosthetic stimulation
Fauvel, T., & Chalk, M. (2021) · doi:10.1101/2021.11.24.469867 · Cited by 15
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Wireless Bioelectronic Devices Driven by Deep Red Light
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Cellular integration with a subretinal honeycomb-shaped prosthesisPreprint
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“(100 m pixel corresponds to 20/420 acuity) [12], [13].”
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“Nine articles reported implant displacement [19, 24, 48, 53, 54, 56, 66–68].”
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“(Reprinted from Palanker et al. [ 52], under the Creative Commons Attribution License) (BVT), the project evolved from early 24-channel designs to more sophisticated systems emphasizing higher resolution and greater functional outcomes.”
Alqahtani, H. B., Votruba, M., & Regini, J. W. (2025) · Therapeutic Advances in Ophthalmology · doi:10.1177/25158414251385884 · Cited by 1
“All of the included studies investigated retinal implants in participants with RP except for three studies (Palanker et al., 32 Stanga et al., 33 and Muqit et al. 34 ) in which their enrolled subjects had advanced dry AMD with geographic atrophy (GA).”
InfluentialAdvances in the treatment of blinding retinal diseases
Zhao, L., Jin, S., Xu, W., Zhang, M., & Liu, X. (2025) · International Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s10792-025-03876-w · Cited by 1
Towards all optically powered miniature devices in remote locations of the body
Yavari, H., Baskaran, M., Ma, H., Nudds, N., Rensing, M., Gradkowski, K., Wang, Y., O'Brien, P., Corbett, B., Engels, S. A., et al. (2026) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.581016 · Cited by 1
Neural Vision Restoration in Ophthalmology
Shah, J., Pathuri, S., Ong, J., Greenbaum, R., Melkumyan, N. A., Lee, R. S., Rezaei, K., Parsons, A. D., Zheng, J., Golnik, K. C., et al. (2026) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10439-026-03989-y · Cited by 1
“…(AR) glasses equipped with a forward-facing camera and a near-infra-red (NIR) projection system; these glasses capture visual scenes, process them in real time, and project 880-nm NIR patterns onto the implant, where they are converted into electrical stimulation of inner retinal neurons [22, 23].”
Modalities of vision restoration in optic neuropathies and retinal disease
Rubin, B. R., Lavinsky, F., Cain, R., Kuriyan, A. E., Wollstein, G., Zambrano, R., & Schuman, J. S. (2026) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2026.101474 · Cited by 1
The Development of a Suprachoroidal Retinal Prosthesis
Allen, P. J., & Yeoh, J. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76853-9_10 · Cited by 1
Integration of artificial vision with non-visual peripheral cues to guide mobility
Jeganathan, V. S. E., Lin, C. E., Son, H., Krishnagiri, D. S., Wei, Y., & Weiland, J. D. (2022) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871117 · Cited by 1
“Retinal prostheses can restore a crude sense of vision in people with severe VI from retinitis pigmentosa or age-related macular degeneration [10-13].”
BackgroundAvoidance of axonal activation in epiretinal implants using short biphasic pulses
Werginz, P., Corna, A., & Zeck, G. M. (2022) · Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1515/cdbme-2022-2002 · Cited by 1
Electrical imaging of axonal stimulation in the retina
Corna, A., Lausen, T., Thewes, R., & Zeck, G. M. (2022) · Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1515/cdbme-2022-2009 · Cited by 1
Numerical Design of a Micro-LED Based Optogenetic Stimulator for Visual Cortical Prosthesis
Chen, J., Ding, H., Li, Y.-T., & Sheng, X. (2023) · IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics · doi:10.1109/jstqe.2023.3332320 · Cited by 1
“Another commercial product (PRIMA system) adds an external infrared light source to enhance the imaging effect based on this method [12].”
BackgroundMethodKwan, W. C., Brunton, E., Begeng, J. M., Richardson, R. T., Ibbotson, M. R., & Tong, W. (2023) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340849 · Cited by 1
Moslehi, S., Rowland, C., Smith, J. H., Watterson, W. J., Griffiths, W., Montgomery, R. D., Philliber, S., Marlow, C. A., Perez, M. T., & Taylor, R. P. (2024) · Advances in neurobiology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-47606-8_43 · Cited by 1
Baez, H. C., LaPorta, J. M., Walker, A. D., Fischer, W. S., Hollar, R., Patterson, S. S., DiLoreto, D. A., Gullapalli, V. K., & McGregor, J. E. (2025) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.66.12.25 · Cited by 1
“Three of the five experimental eyes received an intravitreal injection of The sex and age of the primate, immune suppression status, quantity, and type of viral vector injected intravitreally, and the time elapsing between the ILM peel and the intravitreal injection in days is listed for each eye.…”
Evolution of Retinal Neuron Fractality When Interfacing with Carbon Nanotube Electrodes
Dillon, A. P., Moslehi, S., Brouse, B., Keremane, S., Philliber, S., Griffiths, W., Rowland, C., Smith, J. H., & Taylor, R. P. (2024) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering11080823 · Cited by 1
Hinrichs, S., Placidet, L., Duret, A., Authié, C., Arleo, A., & Ghezzi, D. (2024) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ad8b6f · Cited by 1
“Similarly, prior experiments on patients with artificial vision have mainly been conducted in controlled environments using simple and stereotyped tasks [18, 24, 25, 54, 55].”
Roh, H., Kim, S., Lee, H., & Im, M. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-81029-2 · Cited by 1
Kim, D. E., Kim, S., Kim, M.-J., Min, B., & Im, M. (2025) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2025.110305 · Cited by 1
Quand les puces rendent la vue aux aveugles
Fessl, S. (2021) · Cerveau & Psycho · doi:10.3917/cerpsy.135.0020 · Cited by 1
Lee, J.-I., Werginz, P., & Fried, S. I. (2023) · International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering · doi:10.1109/ner52421.2023.10123855 · Cited by 1
“However, the quality of restored sight is still limited and far from normal vision [8].”
BackgroundXu, A., & Beyeler, M. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.01.13.523982 · Cited by 1
Editorial for the Special Issue on Micro/Nanofabrication for Retinal Implants
Im, M. (2020) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi11111005
“It is worth noting that even the newly achieved record, 20/460 [5], is still far below the level of legal blindness.”
BackgroundAC power supply circuit architecture for a miniaturised retinal prosthesis device
Mori, Y., Chia‐Chi, C., Endo, H., Hata, M., Shodo, K., Terasawa, Y., Noda, T., Tokuda, T., Haruta, M., Tashiro, H., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Engineering · doi:10.1049/tje2.12058
Sahel, J. (2021) · médecine/sciences · doi:10.1051/medsci/2021078
Self-citationVisual Prostheses: Neuroengineering Handbook
Guo, T., Shivdasani, M. N., Tsai, D., Ayton, L. N., Rathbun, D. L., & Lovell, N. H. (2023) · Handbook of Neuroengineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-5540-1_31
Switching Between Different Neuroprosthetic Renderings to Better Perceive the Environment
Desvergnes, J., Carlier, A., Charvillat, V., & Jouffrais, C. (2022) · Modelling Measurement and Control C · doi:10.18280/mmc_c.831-407
“Current visual neuroprosthesis are based on the retinal implantation of a limited number of electrodes (6x10 for the Argus II developed by Second Sight [6], 21x18 for the PRIMA system developed by Pixium Vision [7]).”
Liang, Y., Nakamura, K., Du, B., Wang, S., Inoue, B., Aruga, Y., Kino, H., Fukushima, T., Kiyoyama, K., & Tanaka, T. (2023) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics12132836
An, N., Roh, H., Kim, S., Kim, J. H., & Im, M. (2023) · International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) · doi:10.1109/ijcnn54540.2023.10191870 · Cited by 1
“Most of all, the best visual acuity of prosthetic users to date (20/420) [4] did not even reach the level of legal blindness (20/200).”
BackgroundAdvancements in Retinal Prosthesis Systems: A Review of the Literature
Kim, M. H., Lee, J., Kim, Y., Choi, J. H., Yu, J., & Chung, Y.-R. (2023) · Journal of Retina · doi:10.21561/jor.2023.8.2.73
Firsov, M. L. (2024) · Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology · doi:10.1007/s11055-024-01597-8
“Such experiments have demonstrated the fundamental possibility that a prosthesis can be combined with a functioning retina, simultaneously using the prosthesis for central vision alongside the remaining peripheral vision in the implanted eye and the other eye [Palanker et al., 2020; 2022].”
Firsov, M. L. (2023) · Сенсорные системы · doi:10.31857/s0235009223030046
Contemporary approaches towards emerging visual prosthesis technologies
Rashika, M., Atheena, M. P. S., & Mohammed, S. S. (2024) · i-manager s Journal on Material Science · doi:10.26634/jms.12.1.21033
Short Pulse Epiretinal Stimulation Allows Focal Activation of Retinal Ganglion Cells
Koppenwallner, L. X., Zeck, G. M., & Werginz, P. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2025.3529940
“A second generation of implants has been developed with one device being currently tested in clinical trial [7].”
Emerging Biomaterials for Retinal Implants
Italiano, M. L., Guo, T., Tsai, D., Lovell, N. H., & Shivdasani, M. N. (2025) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781839169779-00097
Smart Materials in Ophthalmic Applications
Jimenez, J., Phelps, E., & DiLeo, M. V. (2025) · Royal Society of Chemistry eBooks · doi:10.1039/9781839169779-00419
Erbliche Netzhauterkrankungen: aktuelle Therapiemöglichkeiten und zukünftige Therapieperspektiven
Pfau, K., & Kellner, U. (2025) · Klinische Monatsblätter für Augenheilkunde · doi:10.1055/a-2521-4616
Erbliche Netzhauterkrankungen: aktuelle Therapiemöglichkeiten und zukünftige Therapieperspektiven
Pfau, K., & Kellner, U. (2025) · Augenheilkunde up2date · doi:10.1055/a-2651-3591
Amorphous silicon resistors enable smaller pixels in photovoltaic retinal prosthesis
Shin, A., Jensen, N., Butt, E., an, J., Pham-Howard, D., Galambos, L., Mathieson, K., Kamins, T. I., & Palanker, D. (2025) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ae0522 · Cited by 1
“In principle, system can operate at 60 Hz as well, but since with the same stimulus duration it requires twice as high average power than at 30 Hz, while improving stability of the percept (flicker fusion) only slightly [7], we prefer operating at 30 Hz.”
InfluentialSelf-citationExperiences of Retinal Prosthesis Wearers with Auditory Impairment
Kartha, A., & Dagnelie, G. (2025) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192887221.003.0034
Energy-conversion nano/micromaterial based retinal prostheses for vision restoration
Li, R., Shang, Y., Gao, T., Lan, X., & Feng, P. (2025) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/d5nr02287h · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Palanker, D., Le Mer, Y., Mohand-Said, S., Muqit, M., & Sahel, J. A.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Palanker, Daniel
- Venue
- Ophthalmology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-08
- Volume
- 127
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1097-1104
- ISSN
- 0161-6420 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7384969
- OpenAlex
- W3006860701
- Cited by
- 227
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 22
- FWCI
- 16.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Ophthalmology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Development and Disorders
- Keywords
- dry age-related macular degeneration, geographic atrophy, PRIMA, subretinal implantation, scotoma, photoreceptor loss, implant safety and efficacy, pixel pitch
- MeSH terms
- Electrodes, Implanted, Feasibility Studies, Female, Humans, Macula Lutea, Macular Degeneration, Male, Middle Aged, Visual Perception, Recovery of Function, Tomography, Optical Coherence, Visual Prosthesis
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