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Photovoltaic Restoration of Central Vision in Atrophic Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Open accessAbstract
PURPOSE: Loss of photoreceptors in atrophic age-related macular degeneration results in severe visual impairment, although some peripheral vision is retained. To restore central vision without compromising the residual peripheral field, we developed a wireless photovoltaic retinal implant (PRIMA; Pixium Vision, Paris, France) in which pixels convert images projected from video glasses using near-infrared light into electric current to stimulate the nearby inner retinal neurons. DESIGN: We carried out a first-in-human clinical trial to test the safety and efficacy of the prosthesis in patients with geographic atrophy (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT03333954). PARTICIPANTS: Five patients with geographic atrophy zone of at least 3 optic disc diameters, no foveal light perception, and best-corrected visual acuity of 20/400 to 20/1000 in the worse-seeing study eye. METHODS: The 2-mm wide, 30-μm thick chip, containing 378 pixels (each 100 μm in diameter), was implanted subretinally in the area of atrophy (absolute scotoma). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Anatomic outcomes were assessed with fundus photography and OCT for up to 12 months of follow-up. Prosthetic vision was assessed by mapping light perception, bar orientation, letter recognition, and Landolt C acuity. RESULTS: In all patients, the prosthesis was implanted successfully under the macula, although in 2 patients, it was implanted in unintended locations: within the choroid and off center by 2 mm. All 5 patients could perceive white-yellow prosthetic visual patterns with adjustable brightness in the previous scotomata. The 3 with optimal placement of the implant demonstrated prosthetic acuity of 20/460 to 20/550, and the patient with the off-center implant demonstrated 20/800 acuity. Residual natural acuity did not decrease after implantation in any patient. CONCLUSIONS: Implantation of the PRIMA did not decrease the residual natural acuity, and it restored visual sensitivity in the former scotoma in each of the 5 patients. In 3 patients with the proper placement of the chip, prosthetic visual acuity was only 10% to 30% less than the level expected from the pixel pitch (20/420). Therefore, the use of optical or electronic magnification in the glasses as well as smaller pixels in future implants may improve visual acuity even further.
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“testing showed a good correlation between the number of stimulators and visual acuity, achieving a visual resolution of approximately 1.2 pixels.”
From Visual Prostheses in the Era of Artificial Intelligence Technology (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
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“By this metric, comparison of visual acuity with the device switched ON and OFF showed improvement only for the PRIMA35 and Argus II9 devices.”
From Visual Prostheses in the Era of Artificial Intelligence Technology (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
In the citing paper
“Devices have a size providing a maximum restored visual angle of about 10 • , suitable only for applications where a small part of the visual field is lost, such as AMD [48,49].”
From Advances in visual prostheses: engineering and biological challenges (2022) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“The highest visual acuities reported to date, as measured with the Landolt-C test, were 20/460 with the subretinal implant PRIMA (in AMD patients) [48] and 20/546 with the subretinal implant Alpha-AMS (in RP patients) [133].”
From Advances in visual prostheses: engineering and biological challenges (2022) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“However, this ideal case is rarely reached and has only been reported for the PRIMA device [48] and some patients with Alpha IMS, most likely with preserved eye movements [154].”
From Advances in visual prostheses: engineering and biological challenges (2022) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“So far, flicker fusion has been achieved only for the PRIMA device in AMD patients [48].”
From Advances in visual prostheses: engineering and biological challenges (2022) · cites this paper as [48]
In the citing paper
“Photovoltaic retinal prostheses [48] were the first example of neurostimulation devices providing fully wireless electrical stimulation to the nervous system without the need for implantable batteries or active electronic units.”
From Advances in visual prostheses: engineering and biological challenges (2022) · cites this paper as [48]
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Simultaneous perception of prosthetic and natural vision in AMD patients
Palanker, D., Le Mer, Y., Mohand-Said, S., & Sahel, J. A. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-28125-x · Cited by 140
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“Post-op medication non-adherence also led to increased intraocular pressure in one patient that was successfully treated [28].”
BackgroundInfluentialHoneycomb-shaped electro-neural interface enables cellular-scale pixels in subretinal prosthesis
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Self-citationPOLYRETINA restores light responses in vivo in blind Göttingen minipigs
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“33 Before surgery After surgery After surgery (1-100) After surgery (101-200) e b Light-adapted 300”
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“These early efforts in retinal prosthesis were followed by subretinal implant PRIMA with 378-pixel electrical stimulation (each pixel is 100 μm in diameter) in the retina of human patients 17,18 .”
Muqit, M. M. K., Mer, Y. L., de Koo, L. C. O., Holz, F. G., Sahel, J., & Palanker, D. (2024) · Ophthalmology Science · doi:10.1016/j.xops.2024.100510 · Cited by 50
Self-citationAdvances in visual prostheses: engineering and biological challenges
Borda, E., & Ghezzi, D. (2022) · Progress in Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1088/2516-1091/ac812c · Cited by 44
Subretinal Photovoltaic Implant to Restore Vision in Geographic Atrophy Due to AMD
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“14,15 It is implanted subretinally within the atrophic lesion.”
Self-citationComputational challenges and opportunities for a bi-directional artificial retina
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“…prostheses have been developed to electrically target various parts of the degenerated retina, either epiretinally at the RGC layer (Humayun et al 2012), sub-retinally at the interneuron layer (Stingl et al 2013, Palanker et al 2020) or supra-choroidally outside the retina (Ayton et al 2014).”
BackgroundFirst Human Results With the 256 Channel Intelligent Micro Implant Eye (IMIE 256)
Xu, H., Zhong, X., Pang, C., Zou, J., Chen, W., Wang, X., Li, S., Hu, Y., Sagan, D. S., Weiss, P. T., et al. (2021) · Translational Vision Science & Technology · doi:10.1167/tvst.10.10.14 · Cited by 41
Organic semiconductors for light-mediated neuromodulation
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Retinal Organoids and Retinal Prostheses: An Overview
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Self-citationNovel graphene electrode for retinal implants: an in vivo biocompatibility study
Nguyen, D., Valet, M., Dégardin, J., Boucherit, L., Illa, X., de la Cruz, J., del Corro, E., Bousquet, J., Garrido, J. A., Hébert, C., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.615256 · Cited by 36
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Self-citationRetinoic acid inhibitors mitigate vision loss in a mouse model of retinal degeneration
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“This has made RGCs a potential substrate for artificial vision restoration by optoelectronics (6, 7), optogenetics (8, 9), and optopharmacology (10, 11).”
BackgroundRetinal Prosthetic Approaches to Enhance Visual Perception for Blind Patients
Shim, S., Eom, K., Jeong, J., & Kim, S. J. (2020) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi11050535 · Cited by 35
“The outcomes showed three of the patients demonstrated the optimal visual acuity of 20/460 to 20/550 [159].”
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“There are some requirements on visibility of the retina for implantation and for stimulation in case of photodiodes in the implanted array [30].”
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“This surpasses the commercially available Argus II prosthesis (525 µ m) 6 , is comparable to the clinically tested PRIMA (110 µ m) 24 and POLYRETINA 9 , and is lower than the recently proposed photovoltaic implant (40 µ m) 25 .”
MethodWerginz, P., Raghuram, V., & Fried, S. I. (2020) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/abab47 · Cited by 30
“Retinal implants aim to restore basic vision to blind patients suffering from degeneration of their photoreceptors, which in turn, prevents the conversion of light input into neuronal output (Ayton et al., 2014; Humayun et al., 2012; Palanker et al., 2020; Zrenner et al., 2011).”
BackgroundCorrelated Activity in the Degenerate Retina Inhibits Focal Response to Electrical Stimulation
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“Retinal prostheses aim to restore vision in the blind with retinal degeneration, such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and age-related macular degeneration (Weiland et al., 2011; Farvardin et al., 2018; Bloch et al., 2019; Palanker et al., 2020).”
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Progress of clinical therapies for dry age-related macular degeneration
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Electronic Retinal ProsthesesPreprint
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“The implant used in the fi rst feasibility trial was 2 × 2 mm in width (corresponding to about 7° of the visual fi eld), 30 μ m thick, with 378 pixels of 100 µm in size (Palanker et al. 2020).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationSingh, R. K., Winkler, P. A., Binette, F., Petersen‐Jones, S. M., & Nasonkin, I. O. (2021) · Stem Cells and Development · doi:10.1089/scd.2020.0085 · Cited by 26
“Because of the high density and small size of PRs (which could be compared with pixels on neuroprosthetic chips [82,83]), hESC-derived retinal tissue (biological implant) may eventually be able to provide higher visual acuity, although this concept remains to be demonstrated in animal experiments.”
BackgroundChaffiol, A., Provansal, M., Joffrois, C., Blaize, K., Labernède, G., Goulet, R., Burban, E., Brazhnikova, E., Duebel, J., Pouget, P., et al. (2021) · Molecular Therapy — Methods & Clinical Development · doi:10.1016/j.omtm.2021.11.009 · Cited by 26
Self-citationPhotovoltaic implant simulator reveals resolution limits in subretinal prosthesis
Chen, Z., Wang, B.-Y., Goldstein, A. K., Butt, E., Mathieson, K., & Palanker, D. (2022) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac8ed8 · Cited by 26
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Pixel size limit of the PRIMA implants: from humans to rodents and back
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“Conversion to the corresponding voltage thresholds in human retina, where we assume the INL to begin 35 μm above the implant and the middle of IPL at 87 μm, based on clinical OCT images [12], is shown was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationAdvances in neuroscience, not devices, will determine the effectiveness of visual prostheses
Abbasi, B., & Rizzo, J. F. (2021) · Seminars in Ophthalmology · doi:10.1080/08820538.2021.1887902 · Cited by 19
Nanomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of ophthalmic diseases
Ma, Y., Zhang, Z., Yu, Y., Wang, X., Liu, S., Sun, B., Cai, Z., Cui, W., Zhou, X., & Zhao, J. (2024) · Nano Today · doi:10.1016/j.nantod.2023.102117 · Cited by 23
On optimal coupling of the ‘electronic photoreceptors’ into the degenerate retina
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“For this reason, we operate typically at 40 Hz in rodents in-vivo, and human patients with photovoltaic implants reported that they see much less flickering at 30 Hz than at 10 Hz, and no flickering at all at 60 Hz (Palanker et al 2020).”
InfluentialSelf-citationVision Restoration by Optogenetic Therapy and Developments Toward Sonogenetic Therapy
Provansal, M., Marazova, K., Sahel, J., & Picaud, S. A. (2022) · Translational Vision Science & Technology · doi:10.1167/tvst.11.1.18 · Cited by 22
Self-citationIm, M., & Kim, S. (2020) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ab8ca9 · Cited by 23
“Prosthetic devices with local return electrodes have demonstrated tighter spatial confinement of electric stimulation, resulting in better performance in animals (Lorach et al 2015) as well as in human patients (Palanker et al 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialOculomotor Responses to Dynamic Stimuli in a 44-Channel Suprachoroidal Retinal Prosthesis
Titchener, S. A., Kvansakul, J. G. S., Shivdasani, M. N., Fallon, J. B., Nayagam, D. A. X., Epp, S. B., Williams, C. E., Barnes, N. M., Kentler, W. G., Kolic, M., et al. (2020) · Translational Vision Science & Technology · doi:10.1167/tvst.9.13.31 · Cited by 20
Corna, A., Ramesh, P., Jetter, F., Lee, M.-J., Macke, J. H., & Zeck, G. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac0679 · Cited by 18
Nanotechnology for vision restoration
Lanzani, G., Chiaravalli, G., Colombo, E., Manfredi, G., Marco, S. D., Vurro, V., & Benfenati, F. (2024) · Nature Reviews Bioengineering · doi:10.1038/s44222-024-00210-4 · Cited by 18
Neurosensory Prosthetics: An Integral Neuromodulation Part of Bioelectronic Device
Ezeokafor, I., Upadhya, A., & Shetty, S. R. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.671767 · Cited by 19
Attitudes of potential recipients toward emerging visual prosthesis technologies
Karadima, V., Pezaris, E., & Pezaris, J. S. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-36913-8 · Cited by 20
Adaptive Interfacial Materials and Implants for Visual Restoration
Zhu, X., Wang, F., Zhao, Q., & Du, X. (2024) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.202314575 · Cited by 17
Frontier applications of retinal nanomedicine: progress, challenges and perspectives
Tang, Z., Ye, F., Ni, N., Fan, X., Lu, L., & Gu, P. (2025) · Journal of Nanobiotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12951-025-03095-6 · Cited by 21
“They have been approved for clinical application or are being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of advanced AMD or RP [256, 257].”
Enhancing prosthetic vision by upgrade of a subretinal photovoltaic implant in situ
Bhuckory, M. B., Monkongpitukkul, N., Shin, A., Goldstein, A. K., Jensen, N., Shah, S. V., Pham-Howard, D., Butt, E., Dalal, R., Galambos, L., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-58084-y · Cited by 16
“Planar PRIMA implants were designed to last the lifetime of the patients and have shown good stability for over 7 years so far 9 .”
InfluentialSelf-citationChen, K.-S., Chan, H.-C., & Chan, C.-M. (2025) · Journal of Biological Engineering · doi:10.1186/s13036-025-00548-2 · Cited by 19
“This fully wireless design reduces surgical complexity, minimizes the risk of infection, and enhances patient comfort and device longevity [39, 48].”
InfluentialAligning Visual Prosthetic Development With Implantee Needs
Nadolskis, L., Turkstra, L. M., Larnyo, E., & Beyeler, M. (2024) · Translational Vision Science & Technology · doi:10.1167/tvst.13.11.28 · Cited by 16
Lemoine, D., Simon, E., Buc, G., & Deterre, M. (2020) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ab8f70 · Cited by 17
The effect of waveform asymmetry on perception with epiretinal prostheses
Ghaffari, D. H., Finn, K. E., Jeganathan, V. S. E., Patel, U. K., Wuyyuru, V., Roy, A., & Weiland, J. D. (2020) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/aba07e · Cited by 18
“The best visual acuity (reported in peer-reviewed journals) is 20/1260 for epiretinal (Humayun et al 2012) and 20/460 for subretinal implants (Palanker et al 2020).”
BackgroundSong, X., Qiu, S., Shivdasani, M. N., Zhou, F., Liu, Z., Ma, S., Chai, X., Chen, Y., Cai, X., Guo, T., et al. (2022) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac5b18 · Cited by 17
Maimon, A., Yizhar, O., Buchs, G., Heimler, B., & Amedi, A. (2022) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108305 · Cited by 18
“A recent study by Palanker et al. (2020) reported that a patient was able to recognize letters and that several patients could discriminate bar orientation, representing a significant advancement in the abilities allotted by newer retinal prostheses.”
BackgroundMethodHuman-in-the-loop optimization of visual prosthetic stimulation
Fauvel, T., & Chalk, M. (2022) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac7615 · Cited by 15
“, 2020), the visual resolution that can be achieved with such implants is very low: below the threshold for legal blindness (Stingl et al., 2017; Palanker et al., 2020).”
Estimating Phosphene Locations Using Eye Movements of Suprachoroidal Retinal Prosthesis Users
Titchener, S. A., Goossens, J., Kvansakul, J. G. S., Nayagam, D. A. X., Kolic, M., Baglin, E. K., Ayton, L. N., Abbott, C. J., Luu, C. D., Barnes, N. M., et al. (2023) · Translational Vision Science & Technology · doi:10.1167/tvst.12.3.20 · Cited by 15
Gene-agnostic approaches to treating inherited retinal degenerations
Chew, L. A., & Iannaccone, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2023.1177838 · Cited by 16
“PRIMA has been shown in clinical trials to restore vision in the central scotoma of several patients (Palanker et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMethodTesting vision is not testing for vision
Peli, E. (2020) · Translational Vision Science & Technology · doi:10.1167/tvst.9.13.32 · Cited by 14
Muqit, M. M. K., Mer, Y. L., Holz, F. G., & Sahel, J. (2022) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac9645 · Cited by 13
“…trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT03333954), five patients with geographic atrophy zone of at least 3 optic disc diameters, no foveal light perception, and best-corrected visual acuity of 20/400–20/1000 in the worse-seeing study eye have been implanted with a PRIMA retina implant [11, 18].”
Self-citationUltrasonic Retinal Neuromodulation and Acoustic Retinal Prosthesis
Lo, P.-A., Huang, K., Zhou, Q., Humayun, M. S., & Lan, Y. (2020) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi11100929 · Cited by 14
“The best acuity clinically restored by bioelectronic visual prosthesis so far is 20/400 in patients visually impaired by advanced macular degeneration [14].”
BackgroundPrecise control of neural activity using dynamically optimized electrical stimulation
Shah, N. P., Phillips, A., Madugula, S., Lotlikar, A., Gogliettino, A. R., Hays, M. R., Grosberg, L., Brown, J., Dusi, A., Tandon, P., et al. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.83424 · Cited by 15
Modeling extracellular stimulation of retinal ganglion cells: theoretical and practical aspects
Kish, K. E., Lempka, S. F., & Weiland, J. D. (2023) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/acbf79 · Cited by 13
Asymmetric Activation of ON and OFF Pathways in the Degenerated Retina
Carleton, M., & Oesch, N. W. (2024) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0110-24.2024 · Cited by 13
“While implant technologies have been made available to patients, the quality of restored vision has been modest (Stingl et al., 2015, 2017; Palanker et al., 2020), and there are many questions remaining about the best strategies for vision restoration (Weiland et al., 2016; Damle et al., 2017).”
BackgroundThe impact of synchronous versus asynchronous electrical stimulation in artificial vision
Moleirinho, S., Whalen, A. J., Fried, S. I., & Pezaris, J. S. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/abecf1 · Cited by 14
“…2016), was implanted in three patients blinded from AMD and, with 378 microphotodiodes at 100 μ m separation, supported letter identification with Landolt C acuity of logMAR 1.45 ± 0.10 (Palanker et al 2020), which translates to 20/560 mean and 20/450–20/710 standard range on the Snellen scale.”
InfluentialArtificial Visual Information Produced by Retinal Prostheses
Kim, S., Roh, H., & Im, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2022.911754 · Cited by 13
Ly, K., Italiano, M. L., Shivdasani, M. N., Tsai, D., Zhang, J., Jiang, C., Lovell, N. H., Dokos, S., & Guo, T. (2025) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2025.01.013 · Cited by 15
“Based on traditional [5,10,40,41] and emerging [42,43] stimulation configurations, we simulated the response of the degenerate human retina to epiretinal, subretinal, and intraretinal stimulation to evaluate whether functionally-distinct pathways could be preferentially activated in a manner…”
InfluentialElectrical devices for visual restoration
Sharf, T., Kalakuntla, T., Lee, D. J., & Gokoffski, K. K. (2021) · Survey of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.08.008 · Cited by 12
Bioelectronic devices for light-based diagnostics and therapies
Kim, H., Sritandi, W., Xiong, Z., & Ho, J. S. (2023) · Biophysics Reviews · doi:10.1063/5.0102811 · Cited by 12
Therapeutic landscape for inherited ocular diseases: current and emerging therapies
Chan, H. W., Oh, J., & Leroy, B. P. (2023) · Singapore Medical Journal · doi:10.4103/singaporemedj.smj-2022-179 · Cited by 13
Ho, E., Shmakov, A., & Palanker, D. (2020) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/abc535 · Cited by 12
“In the first trial, it took about 4 seconds for letter identification by patients with PRIMA implants (7), while it takes less than half a second in normal subjects, when font sizes exceed the acuity limit (12).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationHaji Ghaffari, D., Akwaboah, A. D., Mirzakhalili, E., & Weiland, J. D. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2021.3138297 · Cited by 10
“The best visual acuity is reported as 20/1260 [6] for epiretinal and 20/460 [7] for subretinal implants, both of which are lower than the acuity level for legal blindness (20/200).”
BackgroundThorn, J. T., Chenais, N. A. L., Hinrichs, S., Chatelain, M., & Ghezzi, D. (2022) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac5a5c · Cited by 11
Cetkovic, A., Bellapianta, A., Irimia‐Vladu, M., Hofinger, J., Yumusak, C., Corna, A., Scharber, M. C., Zeck, G. M., Sariçiftçi, N. S., Bolz, M., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23158666 · Cited by 11
“Currently, the silicon-based PRIMA implant is another device being tested in clinical trials [9].”
BackgroundMethodSong, X., Guo, T., Ma, S., Zhou, F., Tian, J., Liu, Z., Liu, J., Li, H., Chen, Y., Chai, X., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Neural Systems · doi:10.1142/s0129065724500667 · Cited by 11
Vu, Q. A., Seo, H. W., Choi, K.-E., Kim, N., Kang, Y. N., Lee, J., Park, S.-H., Kim, J. T., Kim, S., & Kim, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.1010445 · Cited by 11
“Although commercially available subretinal implants such as the Alpha IMS (Stingl et al., 2013b) and Alpha AMS (Edwards et al., 2018) have a thickness of 70 µm and the thickness of the PRIMA photovoltaic subretinal implant is only 30 µm (Lemoine et al., 2020), the maximal tolerable thickness and lateral slope of subre…”
BackgroundInfluentialBhuckory, M. B., Wang, B.-Y., Chen, Z., Shin, A., Huang, T., Galambos, L., Vounotrypidis, E., Mathieson, K., Kamins, T. I., & Palanker, D. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2307380120 · Cited by 11
“Recent clinical trials with flat photovoltaic implants having 100 - µm pixels (PRIMA, Pixium Vision SA, Paris, France) demonstrated restoration of central vision in AMD patients with acuity up to 20/438 (12, 13).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationCao, K., Lyons, E. F., Smith, B. E., Denlinger, B. L., Ma, H., Shirian, J. D., & Krämer, R. (2021) · Advanced Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/adtp.202100127 · Cited by 13
Ghaffari, D. H., Chang, Y.-C., Mirzakhalili, E., & Weiland, J. D. (2021) · 2021 10th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER) · doi:10.1109/ner49283.2021.9441437 · Cited by 10
“The best visual acuity is 20/1260 [6] for epiretinal and 20/460 [7] for subretinal implants.”
BackgroundMinimizing iridium oxide electrodes for high visual acuity subretinal stimulation
Damle, S., Carleton, M., Kapogianis, T., Arya, S., Cavichini-Corderio, M., Freeman, W. R., Lo, Y.-H., & Oesch, N. W. (2021) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0506-20.2021 · Cited by 11
“Early retinal prostheses have demonstrated promising prosthetic visual acuity results between 20/500 and 20/ 1520 in clinical trials (Humayun et al., 2012; Stingl et al., 2015; Palanker et al., 2020).”
BackgroundCellular and subcellular optogenetic approaches towards neuroprotection and vision restoration
Wood, E. H., Kreymerman, A., Kowal, T. J., Buickians, D. N., Sun, Y., Muscat, S. P., Mercola, M. A., Moshfeghi, D. M., & Goldberg, J. L. (2022) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101153 · Cited by 11
The mechanism of human color vision and potential implanted devices for artificial color vision
Zhang, B., Zhang, R., Zhao, J., Yang, J., & Xu, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2024.1408087 · Cited by 12
Kang, J. H., Jang, Y. J., Kim, T., Lee, B. C., Lee, S. H., & Im, M. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2020.3048973 · Cited by 10
“Several retinal prosthetics have demonstrated promising clinical outcomes [4]–[7] yet even the best restored visual acuity (20/460) [7] has been still limited to be below the visual acuity of legal blindness (20/200).”
BackgroundHumayun, M. S., & Lee, S. Y. (2022) · Ophthalmology Retina · doi:10.1016/j.oret.2022.04.009 · Cited by 10
Simulating the perceptual effects of electrode–retina distance in prosthetic vision
Avraham, D., & Yitzhak Yitzhaky, B. (2022) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac6f82 · Cited by 10
“The ERD varies for several reasons; the electrode array in most retinal prostheses is implanted in the macula [6, 29, 30].”
Clinical Progress and Optimization of Information Processing in Artificial Visual Prostheses
Wang, J., Zhao, R., Li, P., Fang, Z., Li, Q., Han, Y., Zhou, R., & Zhang, Y. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22176544 · Cited by 11
“In 2018 [51], it was successfully implanted in three subjects.”
MethodPaknahad, J., Kosta, P., Bouteiller, J. C., Humayun, M. S., & Lazzi, G. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac3dd8 · Cited by 11
“The authors found that the indirect stimulation thresholds of RGCs in response to subretinal stimulation were lower using anodic pulses compared to cathodic pulses, therefore anodic stimulus pulses have been used in clinical studies [46].”
Three-dimensional electro-neural interfaces electroplated on subretinal prostheses
Butt, E., Wang, B.-Y., Shin, A., Chen, Z., Bhuckory, M. B., Shah, S. V., Galambos, L., Kamins, T. I., Palanker, D., & Mathieson, K. (2024) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ad2a37 · Cited by 12
“Therefore, we applied a more traditional method of IrOx deposition by sputtering (SIROF), which exhibits high capacitance and stability in-vivo , and is used in our photovoltaic implants clinically [16] and in animals [6].”
Self-citationUltrasound stimulation for non-invasive visual prostheses
Badadhe, J. D., Roh, H., Lee, B. C., Kim, J. H., & Im, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2022.971148 · Cited by 9
Real-Time Optimization of the Current Steering for Visual Prosthesis
Chen, Z., Wang, B.-Y., & Palanker, D. (2021) · International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering · doi:10.1109/ner49283.2021.9441400 · Cited by 9
Self-citationLi, W., Ghaffari, D. H., Misra, R., & Weiland, J. D. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2022.897146 · Cited by 11
Explainable machine learning predictions of perceptual sensitivity for retinal prostheses
Pogoncheff, G., Hu, Z., Rokem, A., & Beyeler, M. (2024) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ad310f · Cited by 10
“…perceptual thresholds on individual electrodes as a function of stimulus, electrode, and clinical parameters (‘predictors’), • infer deactivation of individual electrodes as a function of these parameters, and • identify significant predictors of perceptual thresholds and electrode deactivation.”
Pre‐processing visual scenes for retinal prosthesis systems: A comprehensive review
Holiel, H. A., Fawzi, S. A., & Al‐Atabany, W. (2024) · Artificial Organs · doi:10.1111/aor.14824 · Cited by 11
Restoration of Sight with Electronic Retinal Prostheses
Palanker, D., Weiland, J. D., Rosin, B., & Sahel, J. (2025) · Annual Review of Vision Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-vision-110323-025244 · Cited by 12
Self-citationActivation of retinal ganglion cells using a biomimetic artificial retina
Greco, J. A., Wagner, N. L., Jensen, R. J., Lawrence, D. B., Ranaghan, M. J., Sandberg, M. N., Sandberg, D. J., & Birge, R. R. (2021) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac395c · Cited by 8
“More recently, a wireless photovoltaic retinal implant (PRIMA; Pixium Vision, Inc.) has shown promise in treating advanced atrophic dry age-related macular degeneration (Palanker et al 2020).”
BackgroundRoh, H., Otgondemberel, Y., & Im, M. (2022) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ac8ed7 · Cited by 12
“Several retinal prosthetics can offer some functional artificial vision for subjects who suffer from outer retinal degenerative diseases such as retinitis pigmentosa (Humayun et al 1996, Rizzo et al 2003, Zrenner et al 2011) and age-related macular degeneration (Palanker et al 2020, 2022).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Palanker, D., Le Mer, Y., Mohand-Said, S., Muqit, M., & Sahel, J. A.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Palanker, Daniel
- Venue
- Ophthalmology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-08
- Volume
- 127
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1097-1104
- ISSN
- 0161-6420 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7384969
- OpenAlex
- W3006860701
- Cited by
- 227
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 22
- FWCI
- 16.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Ophthalmology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Development and Disorders
- Keywords
- dry age-related macular degeneration, geographic atrophy, PRIMA, subretinal implantation, scotoma, photoreceptor loss, implant safety and efficacy, pixel pitch
- MeSH terms
- Electrodes, Implanted, Feasibility Studies, Female, Humans, Macula Lutea, Macular Degeneration, Male, Middle Aged, Visual Perception, Recovery of Function, Tomography, Optical Coherence, Visual Prosthesis
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