The Argus® II Retinal Prosthesis System

Luo, Yvonne Hsu-Lin; da Cruz, Lyndon

doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.09.003

Cited by 355Neuroscience and Neural EngineeringRetinal Development and DisordersTactile and Sensory Interactions

The Argus® II Retinal Prosthesis System

Luo, Yvonne Hsu-Lin, da Cruz, Lyndon·2016·Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

DOI 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.09.003

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Abstract

The Argus(®) II Retinal Prosthesis System (Second Sight Medical Products) is the first prosthetic vision device to obtain regulatory approval in both Europe and the USA. As such it has entered the commercial market as a treatment for patients with profound vision loss from end-stage outer retinal disease, predominantly retinitis pigmentosa. To date, over 100 devices have been implanted worldwide, representing the largest group of patients currently treated with visual prostheses. The system works by direct stimulation of the relatively preserved inner retina via epiretinal microelectrodes, thereby replacing the function of the degenerated photoreceptors. Visual information from a glasses-mounted video camera is converted to a pixelated image by an external processor, before being transmitted to the microelectrode array at the macula. Elicited retinal responses are then relayed via the normal optic nerve to the cortex for interpretation. We reviewed the animal and human studies that led to the development of the Argus(®) II device. A sufficiently robust safety profile was demonstrated in the phase I/II clinical trial of 30 patients. Improvement of function in terms of orientation and mobility, target localisation, shape and object recognition, and reading of letters and short unrehearsed words have also been shown. There remains a wide variability in the functional outcomes amongst the patients and the factors contributing to these performance differences are still unclear. Future developments in terms of both software and hardware aimed at improving visual function have been proposed. Further experience in clinical outcomes is being acquired due to increasing implantation.

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The Argus II and PRIMA devices were designed to reduce FOV even further, thereby providing improved image resolution through a digital zoom.
“The Argus II and PRIMA devices were designed to reduce FOV even further, thereby providing improved image resolution through a digital zoom.9,10,65”
From Visual Prostheses in the Era of Artificial Intelligence Technology (2025) · cites this paper as [9]
Argus II can restore rudimentary vision of BVI, but the image information delivered by the implant electrodes is limited, and the high risks and high costs of invasive treatments have hindered its widespread application.
“Argus II can restore rudimentary vision of BVI, however, the image information delivered by the implant electrodes is quite limited, the high risks and high costs of invasive treatments have also hindered its widespread application.”
From StereoPilot: A Wearable Target Location System for Blind and Visually Impaired Using Spatial Audio Rendering (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
The Argus II used 60 electrodes, leading to demonstrably higher visual acuity compared to its predecessor.
“Its successor, the Argus II,9 used 60 electrodes, leading to demonstrably higher visual acuity21 compared to its predecessor”
From Visual Prostheses in the Era of Artificial Intelligence Technology (2025) · cites this paper as [9]
Various RCPs have enabled blind individuals to perform simple visual tasks.
“Various RCPs have enabled blind individuals to perform simple visual tasks.9”
From Visual Prostheses in the Era of Artificial Intelligence Technology (2025) · cites this paper as [9]
Comparison of visual acuity with the device switched ON and OFF showed improvement only for the PRIMA and Argus II devices.
“By this metric, comparison of visual acuity with the device switched ON and OFF showed improvement only for the PRIMA35 and Argus II9 devices.”
From Visual Prostheses in the Era of Artificial Intelligence Technology (2025) · cites this paper as [9]

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Capacitive-like photovoltaic epiretinal stimulation enhances and narrows the network-mediated activity of retinal ganglion cells by recruiting the lateral inhibitory network
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Adapted Surgical Procedure for Argus II Retinal Implantation: Feasibility, Safety, Efficiency, and Postoperative Anatomic Findings
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A narrative review of cortical visual prosthesis systems: the latest progress and significance of nanotechnology for the future
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Authors: Luo, Y. H.-L., & da Cruz, L.
Affiliations: Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
ORCID: Luo, Yvonne Hsu-Lin
Venue: Progress in Retinal and Eye Research
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2016-01
Volume: 50
Pages: 89-107
ISSN: 1350-9462 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.09.003
OpenAlex: W1778783464
Cited by: 351
References: 189
Citations by year: 2026: 21 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 14 · 2014: 1
FWCI: 2.82
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Progress in Retinal and Eye Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Retinal Development and Disorders
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
Keywords: Argus II, retinal prosthesis, retinitis pigmentosa, photoreceptor degeneration, vision loss, visual prosthesis, orientation and mobility, visual function outcomes, device safety, animal studies, clinical trials
MeSH terms: Animals, Blindness, Electrodes, Implanted, Electric Stimulation Therapy, Humans, Prosthesis Design, Retinal Diseases, Visual Acuity, Visual Perception, Visual Prosthesis, Implantable Neurostimulators

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The Argus® II Retinal Prosthesis System

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