Subretinal electronic chips allow blind patients to read letters and combine them to words
Open accessAbstract
A light-sensitive, externally powered microchip was surgically implanted subretinally near the macular region of volunteers blind from hereditary retinal dystrophy. The implant contains an array of 1500 active microphotodiodes ('chip'), each with its own amplifier and local stimulation electrode. At the implant's tip, another array of 16 wire-connected electrodes allows light-independent direct stimulation and testing of the neuron-electrode interface. Visual scenes are projected naturally through the eye's lens onto the chip under the transparent retina. The chip generates a corresponding pattern of 38 × 40 pixels, each releasing light-intensity-dependent electric stimulation pulses. Subsequently, three previously blind persons could locate bright objects on a dark table, two of whom could discern grating patterns. One of these patients was able to correctly describe and name objects like a fork or knife on a table, geometric patterns, different kinds of fruit and discern shades of grey with only 15 per cent contrast. Without a training period, the regained visual functions enabled him to localize and approach persons in a room freely and to read large letters as complete words after several years of blindness. These results demonstrate for the first time that subretinal micro-electrode arrays with 1500 photodiodes can create detailed meaningful visual perception in previously blind individuals.
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Striem-Amit et al. (2012a) found participants performed better than in experiments with tactile SSDs and retinal prostheses.
“Participants performed better than in experiments with tactile SSDs (Chebat et al., 2007, Sampaio et al., 2001), retinal prostheses (Zrenner et al., 2010) and 55% showed acuity higher than the threshold for blindness (see also Levy-Tzedek, Riemer, & Amedi, 2014).”
From Designing sensory-substitution devices: Principles, pitfalls and potential1 (2016) · cites this paper as Zrenner et al., 2010
Only one subretinal prosthesis, the Alpha IMS implant and its successor Alpha AMS, have received marketing approval (CE mark).
“Today, only one subretinal prosthesis, the Alpha IMS implant (figure 5(b)) and its successor Alpha AMS (Retina Implant AG), have received marketing approval (CE mark) [52,53].”
From Advances in visual prostheses: engineering and biological challenges (2022) · cites this paper as [52]
Most clinical neural interfaces function in a monopolar configuration with a common and distant return ground placed several millimetres away.
“Most clinical neural interfaces function in a monopolar configuration with a common and distant return ground placed several millimetres away [9-12].”
From Three-dimensional multilayer concentric bipolar electrodes restrict spatial activation in optic nerve stimulation (2022) · cites this paper as [12]
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End-to-end optimization of prosthetic vision
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“These neural interfaces can functionally replace the eye with a camera that is connected to the retina (Weiland, Liu, & Humayun, 2005; Zrenner et al., 2011), thalamus (Pezaris & Reid, 2007), or visual cortex (Beauchamp & Yoshor, 2020; Chen et al.”
Background
- Authors
- Zrenner, E., Bartz-Schmidt, K. U., Benav, H., Besch, D., Bruckmann, A., Gabel, V.-P., Gekeler, F., Greppmaier, U., Harscher, A., Kibbel, S., Koch, J., Kusnyerik, A., Peters, T., Stingl, K., Sachs, H., Stett, A., Szurman, P., Wilhelm, B., & Wilke, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Tübingen (DE)
- Centre for Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Schleichstr. 12, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- University of Regensburg (DE)
- Retina Implant AG, Gerhard-Kindler-Str. 8, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
- Steinbeis Transfer Centre Eyetrial at the Centre for Ophthalmology, Schleichstr. 12-16, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Krankenhaus Dresden-Friedrichstadt (DE)
- Natural and Medical Sciences Institute (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Zrenner, Eberhart
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
- Publisher
- The Royal Society
- Published
- 2010-11-03
- Volume
- 278
- Issue
- 1711
- Pages
- 1489-1497
- ISSN
- 0080-4649 (ISSN-L)
- 0962-8452
- 1471-2954
- PMC
- PMC3081743
- OpenAlex
- W2158326388
- Cited by
- 819
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 69 · 2016: 71 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 96 · 2013: 79 · 2012: 68
- FWCI
- 25.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Regensburg Publication Server (University of Regensburg) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Retinal Development and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Keywords
- subretinal implant, retinal prosthesis, inherited retinal disease, blindness, vision restoration, direct electrical stimulation, object recognition, letter reading, macula, visual perception
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Electrodes, Implanted, Female, Humans, Light, Male, Reading, Retina, Sensory Aids, Visual Perception, Implants, Experimental, Retinal Dystrophies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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