CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 828Health disparities and outcomesCultural Differences and ValuesDeath Anxiety and Social Exclusion

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Loneliness around the world: Age, gender, and cultural differences in loneliness

Open access
Barreto, Manuela, Victor, Christina, Hammond, Claudia, Eccles, Alice, Richins, Matt T., Qualter, Pamela·2021·Personality and Individual Differences
DOI 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110066PMC PMC7768187
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

The BBC Loneliness Experiment provided a unique opportunity to examine differences in the experience of lonelines across cultures, age, and gender, and the interaction between these factors. Using those data, we analysed the frequency of loneliness reported by 46,054 participants aged 16-99 years, living across 237 countries, islands, and territories, representing the full range of individualism-collectivism cultures, as defined by Hofstede (1997). Findings showed that loneliness increased with individualism, decreased with age, and was greater in men than in women. We also found that age, gender, and culture interacted to predict loneliness, although those interactions did not qualify the main effects, and simply accentuated them. We found the most vulnerable to loneliness were younger men living in individualistic cultures

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110066

Cites

43 of 43 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Fig. 1 Unstandardized Loneliness Frequency as a function of Age and Individualism (1a), Age and Gender (1b), and Gender and Individualism (1c).
Fig. 1 Unstandardized Loneliness Frequency as a function of Age and Individualism (1a), Age and Gender (1b), and Gender and Individualism (1c).CC BY · PubMed Central

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 44 references

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 601–700 of 827

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Barreto, M., Victor, C., Hammond, C., Eccles, A., Richins, M. T., & Qualter, P.
Affiliations
  • University of Exeter (GB)
  • Brunel University of London (GB)
  • British Broadcasting Corporation (United Kingdom) (GB)
  • University of Manchester (GB)
Corresponding author
  • Barreto, Manuela
  • Qualter, Pamela
ORCID
Venue
Personality and Individual Differences
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2021-02
Volume
169
Pages
110066
ISSN
0191-8869 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.paid.2020.110066
PMC
PMC7768187
OpenAlex
W3017163010
Cited by
828
References
44
Citations by year
2026: 138 · 2025: 173 · 2024: 171 · 2023: 142 · 2022: 108 · 2021: 80
FWCI
47.89
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Personality and Individual Differences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Brunel University Research Archive (BURA) (Brunel University London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
Wellcome Trust (209625/Z/17/Z)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
Keywords
loneliness, age differences, gender differences, cultural differences, individualism-collectivism, cross-cultural comparison, interaction effects, young men

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review