Positivity explains how COVID-19 perceived risk increases death distress and reduces happiness.

Yıldırım, Murat; Güler, Abdurrahim

doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110347

Cited by 241COVID-19 and Mental HealthPsychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionOptimism, Hope, and Well-being

Positivity explains how COVID-19 perceived risk increases death distress and reduces happiness.

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Yıldırım, Murat, Güler, Abdurrahim·2021·Personality and Individual Differences

DOI 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110347PMC PMC7439822

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Abstract

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has produced an unprecedented impact on all aspects of life, including mental outcomes like death distress. This study examined the mediating effect of positivity on the association between COVID-19 related perceived risk, death distress, and happiness. Participants were 3109 Turkish adults (Mean age = 38.64 ± 10.40) who completed online measures of perceived risk, positivity, death distress, and happiness during the pandemic. Results showed that perceived risk had a significant direct effect on positivity, death distress, and happiness. Positivity had a significant direct effect on death distress and happiness. Mediation analysis indicated that positivity mediated the effect of perceived risk on death distress and happiness. Results suggest that positivity is an important aspect of developing strength-based preventions and interventions aiming to reduce psychological distress and improve happiness.

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Psychological flexibility and positive life orientations play a critical role in better adjustment to life adversities.
“Current research has already established the critical role of psychological flexibility and positive life orientations, two dispositional characteristics, toward a better adjustment to life adversities (Trzebiński et al., 2020; Yıldırım and Güler, 2021).”
From Dealing With the Pandemic of COVID-19 in Portugal: On the Important Role of Positivity, Experiential Avoidance, and Coping Strategies (2021) · cites this paper as Yıldırım and Güler, 2021

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“…stressors including financial worries (Hertz-Palmor et al., 2020; Wilson et al., 2020), deathrelated anxiety (Gallagher et al., 2020; Yildirim and Güler, 2020), disruptions to daily life including academic disruptions (Cao et al., 2020), and ambiguity of when COVID-19 would end…”
BackgroundInfluential
Personal growth initiative moderates the mediating effect of COVID-19 preventive behaviors between fear of COVID-19 and satisfaction with life
Green, Z. A., & Yıldırım, M. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09729 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Of note is that the perceived risk of contracting COVID-19 has been shown to relate to death distress in terms of death anxiety, death depression, and death obsession (Y ı ld ı r ı m and Güler, 2021).”
Self-citation
Coping with COVID
Furnham, A. (2021) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-021-00900-w · Cited by 34
Internet addiction and loneliness among school-going adolescents in Bangladesh in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: Findings from a cross-sectional study
Islam, M. R., Apu, M. M. H., Akter, R., Tultul, P. S., Anjum, R., Nahar, Z., Shahriar, M., & Bhuiyan, M. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13340 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“And as a result, issues such as loneliness, depression, and anxiety remain undiscovered [59,60].”
Mental Health Facilitators and Barriers during Covid-19 in Nigeria
Armiya'u, A., Yıldırım, M., Muhammad, A., Tanhan, A., & Young, J. S. (2022) · Journal of Asian and African Studies · doi:10.1177/00219096221111354 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“As the global burden of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19) continues to The sudden economic recession, unemployment, poverty, social isolation, and economic distress might lead individuals to contemplate suicide (Guler, 2021; Poudel and Suledi, 2020; Yıldırım and Güler, 2021).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Belief in a just world, perceived control, perceived risk, and hopelessness during the COVID-19 pandemic: Findings from a globally diverse sample
Kıral-Uçar, G., Donat, M., Bartholomaeus, J. D., Thomas, K., & Nartova-Bochaver, S. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03172-1 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Risk perception is being observed as negatively associated with a positive outlook on the future (e.g., Yıldırım & Güler, 2021), similarly, losing control also might be detrimental for future expectations (e.g., Godinic et al., 2020).”
Background
The Combined Effect of Safety Specific Transformational Leadership and Safety Consciousness on Psychological Well-Being of Healthcare Workers
Irshad, M., Majeed, M., & Khattak, S. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.688463 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“COVID-19 perceived risk has recently emerged as an essential factor that is deemed responsible for a wide range of adverse employee outcomes (Lam et al., 2020; Yildirim and Güler, 2021).”
BackgroundInfluential
Resilience moderates the relationship between the psychological impact of COVID-19 and anxiety
Traunmüller, C., Stefitz, R., Schneider, M., & Schwerdtfeger, A. R. (2021) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2021.1955137 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Experiencing fear during the pandemic: validation of the fear of COVID-19 scale in Polish
Pilch, I., Kurasz, Z., & Turska–Kawa, A. (2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.11263 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Resilience, Positivity and Social Support as Perceived Stress Predictors among University Students
Litwic-Kamińska, K., Błachnio, A., Kapsa, I., Brzeziński, Ł., Kopowski, J., Stojković, M. M., Hinić, D., Krsmanovic, I. M., Ragni, B., Sulla, F., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20196892 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“These findings are consistent with the results of previous studies that have emphasized the protective role of positivity against stress [27,37,43].”
Result
COVID-19 burnout, resilience, and psychological distress among Chinese college students
Sun, Y., Zhu, S., ChenHuang, G., Zhu, L., Yang, S., Zhang, X., & Zheng, Z. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1009027 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“COVID-19 caused various mental health problems, such as death distress (4), anxiety (5), and burnout (6).”
Background
Provision of Medical-psychological and Psychiatric Care to Patients with Post-covid Syndrome in Telemedicine Conditions
Kolіadenko, N. V., Zhyvaho, K. S., & Bursa, A. I. (2022) · Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science · doi:10.3329/bjms.v21i4.60256 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Psychological Maltreatment and Spiritual Wellbeing in Turkish College Young Adults: Exploring the Mediating Effect of College Belonging and Social Support
Arslan, G. (2021) · Journal of religion and health · doi:10.1007/s10943-021-01211-y · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“The internal reliability estimate of the scale with the Turkish sample was strong (Arslan and Yıldırım 2021), and the scale had also strong internal reliability with this study sample, as seen in Table 1”
BackgroundMethod
Were we happy and we didn’t know it? A subjective dynamic and financial assessment pre-, during and post-COVID-19
Mureșan, G., Văidean, V., Mare, C., & Achim, M. (2022) · European Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1007/s10198-022-01506-1 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“On the other hand, researchers, such as Yıldırım & Güler [89], O'Connor et al., [64] have been concerned with the psychology of happiness in the COVID-19 context.”
Psychological well-being and death anxiety among breast cancer survivors during the Covid-19 pandemic: the mediating role of self-compassion
Afrashteh, M. Y., & Masoumi, S. (2021) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-021-01533-9 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“The devastating effect of COVID-19 on mental health could be much more serious than normally expected [15].”
Background
Rebuilding wellbeing: Understanding the role of self-criticism, anger rumination, and death distress after the February 6, 2023, Türkiye Earthquake
Bırni, G., Deniz, M., Karaağaç, Z. G., Erişen, Y., Kaya, Y., & Satıcı, S. (2023) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2023.2241401 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Turkish adaptation of the DDS was made by Y ı ld ı r ı m and G € uler (2021) and had a high estimate of internal reliability.”
BackgroundMethod
Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Consumers’ Impulse Buying: The Moderating Role of Moderate Thinking
Wang, S., Liu, Y., Du, Y., & Wang, X. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182111116 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
ChatGPT as an educational resource for accounting students: expanding the classical TAM model
Al-Okaily, M. (2025) · Education and Information Technologies : Official Journal of the IFIP technical committee on Education · doi:10.1007/s10639-025-13391-1 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Yıldırım and Güler (2020) scale were involved to measure COVID-19 concerns.”
University support and online learning engagement during the Covid-19 period: The role of student vitality
Azila-Gbettor, E. M., Abiemo, M. K., & Glate, S. N. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e12832 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Current studies suggest the pandemic has led to a wide range of negative psychological repercussions among people, including fear [3], death distress [4], anxiety, stress, depression [5–7], and exhaustion [8].”
Fear of COVID-19, death depression and death anxiety: Religious coping as a mediator
Kızılgeçit, M., & Yıldırım, M. (2022) · Archive for the Psychology of Religion/ Archiv für Religionspsychologie · doi:10.1177/00846724221133455 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Positive psychological strengths like positivity (Yıldırım & Güler, 2021) and mindfulness (Arslan, 2022) served as mediators to mitigate the negative impacts of coronavirus experiences on death distress in general public and university students.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Fear of COVID-19 lead to procrastination among Turkish university students: The mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty
Doğanülkü, H. A., Korkmaz, O., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00681-9 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Investigation of the Effect of COVID-19 Perceived Risk on Death Anxiety, Satisfaction With Life, and Psychological Well-Being
Özer, Ö., Özkan, O., ÖZMEN, S., & Erçoban, N. (2021) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228211026169 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“In the study of Yıldırım and Güler (2020b), it was determined that the COVID-19 perceived risk was positively correlated with death anxiety, and that positivity fully mediates the effect of coronavirus risk on death anxiety.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
COVID-19 preventive measures and restaurant customers’ intention to dine out: the role of brand trust and perceived risk
Wei, C.-H., Chen, H., & Lee, Y.-M. (2021) · Service Business: An International Journal · doi:10.1007/s11628-021-00462-9 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Portuguese Version of COVID-19 Perceived Risk Scale and COVID-19 Phobia Scale: Psychometric Properties
Leite, Â. M. T., Vidal, D. G., Sousa, H. F. P. E., Dinis, M. A. P., & Magano, J. (2021) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe11030078 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“However, Yildirim and Guler [33] found that COVID-19 perceived risk increases death distress and reduces happiness.”
Background
Adoption of a learning management system among educators of advanced technological institutes in Sri Lanka
Riyath, M. I. M., & Rijah, U. L. M. (2022) · Asian Association of Open Universities Journal · doi:10.1108/aaouj-03-2022-0032 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Understanding wellbeing and death obsession of young adults in the context of Coronavirus experiences: Mitigating the effect of mindful awareness
Arslan, G. (2021) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2020.1871122 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Interest Consistency Can Buffer the Effect of COVID-19 Fear on Psychological Distress
Masuyama, A., Kubo, T., Sugawara, D., & Chishima, Y. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-021-00564-5 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
COVID-19 and Sexual Desire: Perceived Fear Is Associated with Enhanced Relationship Functioning
Rodrigues, D. L., & Lehmiller, J. J. (2021) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2021.1966359 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“For example, perceiving greater risks caused by the pandemic has been associated with more death obsession and less happiness (Yıldırım & Güler, 2021).”
Background
The Effect of Perceived Risk on Public Participation Intention in Smart City Development: Evidence from China
Cui, Q., Wei, R., Huang, R.-F., Hu, X., & Wang, G. (2022) · Land · doi:10.3390/land11091604 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Future Orientation and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in Italian University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Resilience and the Perceived Threat of COVID-19
Servidio, R. C., Abbate, C. S., Costabile, A., & Boca, S. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10060974 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Therefore, it was important not only to examine the moderating effects of COVID-19 risks on psychological well-being but also to learn how moderator variables might reduce psychological distress and increase positive psychological resources [40,41].”
Background
Gender Risk Perception and Coping Mechanisms among Ghanaian University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Hagan, J., Quansah, F., Frimpong, J. B., Ankomah, F., Srem-Sai, M., & Schack, T. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10040687 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Research has also revealed that perceived risk during a pandemic is related to anxiety, disruptions in daily routines, worry [3,8,10–13], and coping strategies [11,14,15].”
Background
Primary emotions as predictors for fear of COVID-19 in former inpatients with Major Depressive Disorder and healthy control participants
Sanwald, S., Widenhorn-Müller, K., Gahr, M., Kammer, T., Schönfeldt-Lecuona, C., Montag, C., & Kiefer, M. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03677-2 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“The primary emotion PLAY was a significant negative predictor of fear of COVID‑19.”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Adopting Chatbots for Emotional Support: Empirical Evidence from Hong Kong
Liu, Y., Ma, X., Song, C., Huang, D., & Huang, L. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2508911 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Feeling safe, as a positive emotional state, significantly contributes to individuals’ well-being by alleviating distress and enhancing happiness (Yıldırım & G € uler, 2021).”
Effect of COVID-19 health threat on consumer’s perceived value towards mobile payments in India: a means-end model
Sreelakshmi, C. C., & Prathap, S. K. (2023) · Journal of Financial Services Marketing · doi:10.1057/s41264-023-00233-9 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Continuance Intention to use MOOCs: The Effects of Psychological Stimuli and Emotions
Shang, S., & Wenfei, L. (2022) · The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher · doi:10.1007/s40299-022-00705-x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“It can reduce happiness (Yıldırım & Güler, 2021), increase interest (Hahn et al., 2006; Sales & Sheth, 2019), exacerbate sadness (Yıldırım & Güler, 2021), and aggravate anxiety (Ari et al., 2020).”
Spiritual Well-Being, Social Support, and Financial Distress in Determining Depression: The Mediating Role of Impact of Event During COVID-19 Pandemic in Iran
Nia, H. S., Görgülü, Ö., Naghavi, N., Bello, M. A. R., Sánchez‐Teruel, D., Fomani, F. K., She, L., Rahmatpour, P., Allen, K., Arslan, G., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.754831 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Similarly, the findings of a study with an Arab population showed negative religious coping was associated with depression (4).”
Background
Death anxiety and burnout in intensive care unit specialists facing the COVID-19 outbreak: The mediating role of obsession with COVID-19 and coronaphobia
Enea, V., Candel, O., Zancu, S. A., Scrumeda, A., Bărbuşelu, M., Largu, A., & Manciuc, C. (2021) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2021.1928331 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Happy Sustainability: A Future Quest for More Sustainable Universities
Gamage, K., Munguía, N., & Velazquez, L. (2022) · The social science · doi:10.3390/socsci11010024 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-compassion and death distress among individuals affected by the February 6, 2023, Türkiye Earthquake: The mediating role of doomscrolling and resilience
Kaya, Y., Osmanoğlu, N., Satıcı, S., & Deniz, M. (2024) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053241282129 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Developed by Dadfar and Lester (2020) and adapted into Turkish by Yıldırım and Gu¨ler (2021), this scale measures death distress across three components: obses-sion, depression, and anxiety.”
Meaning-Making Coping With COVID-19 in Academic Settings: The Case of Sweden
Ahmadi, F., Cetrez, Ö., Akhavan, S., & Zandi, S. (2021) · Illness, crises, and loss · doi:10.1177/10541373211022002 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Zero-COVID and retail: Using multi-wave data to examine the role of perceived risk and psychological factors in shopping abandonment
Akhtar, N., Ittefaq, H., Siddiqi, U. I., Islam, T., Hameed, Z., & Kuzior, A. (2024) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2024.103737 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Stress and anxiety among late adulthood in Indonesia during COVID-19 outbreak
Ifdil, I., Yuca, V., & Yendi, F. M. (2020) · JPPI (Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Indonesia) · doi:10.29210/02020612 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“On the left map Wright is divided into three parts, namely: 1) Anxiety Hearing COVID-19 (Yıldırım & Güler, 2020), 2) Anxiety Sees COVID-19, and 3) Anxiety Imagining COVID-19 (Cheng et al., 2020).”
Background
A longitudinal study on college students’ depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic: The trajectories, antecedents, and outcomes
Wu, J., & Liu, Q. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115058 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Perceived risk of contracting COVID‐19 among healthcare workers in Ghana: A cross‐sectional study
Aram, S., Saalidong, B. M., Opoku, E. O., & Hayford, I. S. (2022) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.653 · Cited by 13
“This consequently influences how workers in the health sector carry out their duties.(8,24) Self‐physical health protection has been a primary concern for many healthcare workers in pandemic situations.”
Background
Psychological Distress and Happiness of Men Who Have Sex With Men and Transgender People During the Coronavirus Disease-19 Pandemic: Is There a Need for Public Health Policy Intervention?
Septarini, N. W., Hendriks, J., Maycock, B., & Burns, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.647548 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Therefore, it has been suggested positivity is an important aspect of developing strength-based programs aiming to lessen psychological distress and increase happiness (49).”
BackgroundInfluential
Autistic traits and negative emotions in the general population during COVID-19: Mediating roles of the behavioural immune system and COVID-19 risk perception
Zhao, X., Shi, W., Li, X., Li, W., & Li, C. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113918 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The Effect of Depression and Hopelessness Level on Death Anxiety in Earthquake Survivor Students One Year After the Earthquake
Şekerci, Y. G., Ayvazoğlu, G., & Çekiç, M. (2024) · Omega · doi:10.1177/00302228241295417 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Development and validation of the Earthquake Obsession Scale
Kartol, A., Üztemur, S., & Yaşar, P. (2024) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2024.2317177 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Death Distress Scale (DDS; Dadfar & Lester, 2020; Turkish version: Yıldırım & Güler, 2021) consists of three sub-dimensions (depression, obsession, anxiety), each consisting of three items (e.g., I cannot get the idea of death out of my mind ) on a 5-point scale from 1 ( Never ) to 5 ( Always ).”
Emotional intelligence and happiness in clinical medical students: A cross‐sectional multicenter study
Hatamnejad, M. R., Hosseinpour, M., Shiati, S., Seifaee, A., Sayari, M., Seyyedi, F., Lankarani, K., & Ghahramani, S. (2023) · Health Science Reports · doi:10.1002/hsr2.1745 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The protective role of positivity and emotional self-efficacy beliefs in times of the COVID-19 pandemic
Caprara, M., Zuffianò, A., Felipe, A. C., Suárez-Falcón, J. C., Pozo, P., Cabras, E., & Veiga, I. G. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05159-y · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“The COVID-19 pandemic has had detrimental effects on all aspects of life, such that several attempts have been made to define and understand the psychological resources and assets that might dampen its impact (Yıldırım & Güler, 2021).”
A hypothetic model for examining the relationship between happiness, forgiveness, emotional reactivity and emotional security
Ercengiz, M., SAFALI, S., Kaya, A., & Turan, M. E. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-02909-2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“In addition, Covid-19 has been reported to significantly lower the level of happiness (Yıldırım & Güler, 2021).”
Background
Examining students’ attitudes towards online education during COVID-19: evidence from Turkey (Análisis de las actitudes de los estudiantes hacia la educación en línea durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Evidencia de un estudio realizado en Turquía)
Geçer, E., & Bağcı, H. (2022) · Culture and Education · doi:10.1080/11356405.2022.2031785 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“These measures, on the other hand, have continued to cause more complex economic, social and even emotional consequences on people, including students at different levels (Armstrong-Mensah et al., 2020; Arslan et al., 2020; Yıldırım & Güler, 2021).”
Background
The COVID-19-Related Lockdown in Qatar: Associations Among Demographics, Social Distancing, Mood Changes, and Quality of Life
Megreya, A. M., Latzman, R. D., Al‐Ahmadi, A., & Aldosari, N. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-021-00536-9 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Previous research has shown that positivity appears to mediate the association between COVID-19-related perceived risk, death distress, and happiness (Yıldırım & Guler, 2021).”
Background
The influence of doomscrolling on mental health: a scoping review
Sharpe, A., Tyndall, I., Poulus, D., Obine, E., & Sharpe, B. T. (2026) · Mental Health and Digital Technologies · doi:10.1108/mhdt-10-2025-0068 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Effects of Multiple Exposure to Highly Emotional Social Media Content During the Early Stages of the 2022 War in Ukraine
Kušen, E., & Strembeck, M. (2023) · SN Computer Science · doi:10.1007/s42979-023-02080-w · Cited by 11 · see citing works
How Does COVID-19 Risk Perception Affect Sense of Control? The Roles of Death Anxiety and Confucian Coping
Huang, L., Hou, Y., Sun, Z., & Wang, Q. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20032299 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“These findings complement results from other studies [49,50,55] showing that due to the widespread nature of the COVID-19 pandemic and the increasing numbers of confirmed cases and deaths [28], people frequently experience death anxiety [42], which can further have negative implications for their sense of control [54,…”
BackgroundResult
Regulatory emotional self-efficacy and anxiety in times of pandemic: a gender perspective
Cuadrado, E., Rich-Ruíz, M., Gutiérrez-Domingo, T., Luque, B., Castillo-Mayén, R., Villaécija, J., & Farhane-Medina, N. Z. (2022) · Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/21642850.2022.2158831 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Effect of Collectivism on Mental Health during COVID-19: A Moderated Mediation Model
Gao, Y., Yao, W., Guo, Y., & Liao, Z.-Q. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192315570 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Death Anxiety and WellBeing in Doctors During COVID-19: The Explanatory and Boosting Roles of Sleep Quality and Work Locality
Meher, K., Mushtaq, M., & Fatima, S. (2022) · OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying · doi:10.1177/00302228221078074 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Recent studies in the context of the pandemic have revealed cross-sectional associations of coronavirus-related stress and death anxiety with poor wellbeing outcomes (e.g., Arslan, 2021; Y ı ld ı r ı m & Guler, 2021).”
BackgroundResult
Psychological maltreatment, coping flexibility, and death obsession during the COVID-19 pandemic: A multi-mediation analysis
Kılınç, M., Arslan, G., Çakar, F. S., & Yıldırım, M. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02576-9 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Available evidence suggests that COVID-19 pandemic is a serious health threat with psychological, emotional, social, and relational consequences (Yıldırım & Güler, 2021).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citation
In times of illness: Covid-19 threat influences temporal focus and implicit space-time mappings
Li, H., & Cao, Y. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110561 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A secondary analysis examining the performance of the State Optimism Measure (SOM) compared to the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) in measuring optimism over time
Hoeppner, S., Millstein, R. A., Siegel, K. R., Carlon, H. A., Harnedy, L. E., Chung, W.-J., Huffman, J., & Hoeppner, B. (2022) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2022.2126472 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Conversely, cross-sectional studies indicated that optimism and positivity may be important mediators of the effects of pandemic-related stress on psychological distress (Arslan et al., 2021) and happiness (yıldırım & Güler, 2021).”
Background
Death and COVID-19 Anxiety in Home-Quarantined Individuals Aged 65 and Over During the Pandemic
Aslaner, H., Özen, B., Erten, Z., & Gökçek, M. B. (2021) · Omega · doi:10.1177/00302228211059894 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Implementation of generative AI tools in accounting education context
Al-Okaily, M. (2025) · Journal of Applied Research in Higher Education · doi:10.1108/jarhe-08-2024-0422 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Beyond lifestyle, logic and empathy: subjective health, mood, emotional intelligence, and personality as keys to well-being for women and men
Majauskiene, D., Skurvydas, A., Istomina, N., Dadelienė, R., Strazdaitė, E., Valančienė, D., Ušpurienė, A. B., & Sarkauskiene, A. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-06639-0 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Moreover, well-being intertwines with competence, emotional stability, engagement, meaning, optimism, positive emotions, relationships, resilience, self-esteem, and vitality [2, 16].”
Social isolation, loneliness, death stress and life satisfaction in older adults: A serial mediation study.
Güler, A., & Yıldırım, M. (2025) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2025.01.037 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citation

Authors: Yıldırım, M., & Güler, A.
Affiliations: University of Leicester (GB)
Corresponding author: Yıldırım, Murat
ORCID: Yıldırım, Murat
Güler, Abdurrahim
Venue: Personality and Individual Differences
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2021-01
Volume: 168
Pages: 110347
ISSN: 0191-8869 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110347
PMC: PMC7439822
OpenAlex: W3055273738
Cited by: 241
References: 56
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 12
FWCI: 18.72
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
Locations: Personality and Individual Differences (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University Institutional Repository (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, risk perception, positivity, happiness, psychological distress, mediation, strengths-based intervention, Turkish adults

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Positivity explains how COVID-19 perceived risk increases death distress and reduces happiness.

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