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Cited by 82Pediatric Pain Management TechniquesMusculoskeletal pain and rehabilitationPain Management and Treatment

Children with chronic pain: Impact of sex and age on long-term outcomes

Open access
Martin, Andrea L., McGrath, Patricia A., Brown, Stephen C., Katz, Joel·2007·Pain
DOI 10.1016/j.pain.2006.08.027
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Abstract

The present study examined the long-term pain and disability outcomes of a pediatric chronic pain clinic cohort and evaluated whether these outcomes differed by age and sex. Patients were interviewed a mean of 3 years after their last appointment at a pediatric pain clinic. The cohort comprised 95 females and 48 males, aged 5-23 years when interviewed. Of the cohort, 62.2% (67 females, 22 males) reported continuing pain. Females were significantly more likely than males to report continuing pain (OR=2.9, 95% CI=1.4-5.8, p=.005), use of health care (OR=5.1, 95% CI=1.4-18.5, p=.01), medication (OR=4.7, 95% CI=1.3-16.9, p=.02) and non-drug methods of pain control (OR=3.4, 95% CI=1.3-9.2, p=.02). For patients whose pain had associated psychosocial factors, females (76.4%) were significantly more likely than males (21.4%) to report continuing pain (OR=13.8, 95% CI=3.3-58.4, p=.005). Finally, among patients still experiencing pain, the frequency of pain episodes increased significantly with age (OR=1.3, 95% CI=1.0-1.5, p=.02). Results indicate that chronic pain persists for many children despite treatment at specialized clinics. Females may be at higher risk for continuing pain and report greater use of health care, medication, and non-drug methods of pain control.

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  • 17% of children attending specialized chronic pain centers have been referred for chronic postsurgical pain.

    “more than 20% of adults8 and 17% of children9 attending specialized chronic pain centers have been referred for CPSP.”

    From Chronic postsurgical pain: From risk factor identification to multidisciplinary management at the Toronto General Hospital Transitional Pain Service (2019) · cites this paper as [9]

    The Study Design section describes children treated at a specialized pain clinic, and Results §3 says their initial diagnoses are listed in Table 1. In our copy, that table is not legible, and searches for 17%, surgery, and postsurgical pain found no passage establishing the claimed proportion or referral reason. (LLM, conf=0.70)

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Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. McGrath PA, Hillier LM. Modifying the psychological factors that intensify children's pain and prolong disability. 2nd ed. In: Schechter NL, Berdes CB, Yaster M, editors. Pain in infants, children, and adolescents. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2003. p. 85-104.
  2. Van Den Kerkhof EG, van Dijk A. Prevalence of chronic pain disorders in children. In: Schmidt RF, Willis WD, editors. Encyclopedia of Pain, Vol. 3. New York: Springer Verlag; 2006. p. 36G8.

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Authors
Martin, A. L., McGrath, P. A., Brown, S. C., & Katz, J.
Affiliations
  • Hospital for Sick Children (CA)
  • University of Toronto (CA)
Corresponding author
Martin, Andrea L.
ORCID
Katz, Joel
Venue
Pain
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published
2007-03
Volume
128
Issue
1
Pages
13-19
ISSN
0304-3959 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.pain.2006.08.027
OpenAlex
W2017403976
Cited by
82
References
21
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 5
FWCI
5.87
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Pain (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • York University Digital Library (York University) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pediatric Pain Management Techniques
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
Keywords
pediatric chronic pain, sex differences, age differences, long-term pain outcomes, disability, health care utilization, analgesic use, psychosocial factors, pain episodes
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Child, Child, Preschool, Chronic Disease, Delivery of Health Care, Female, Humans, Male, Ontario, Pain, Pain Measurement, Psychology, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Prevalence, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, Risk Assessment, Pain Management

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