Gonadal steroids mediate the opposite changes in cocaine-induced locomotion across adolescence in male and female rats
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Evidence from both human studies and animal models indicates that cocaine elicits more behavioral stimulation in females than males. The present study sought to determine whether sex-specific responses to cocaine emerge during adolescence and to determine if gonadal steroid action during puberty affects adult responsiveness to cocaine. We administered cocaine using an escalating dose model in male and female rats at ages postnatal (PN) 28, 42, and 65 days. To assess the effects of pubertal gonadal steroid action, we compared the effects of binge cocaine administration on intact and prepubertally gonadectomized male and female rats in adulthood. Cocaine responses changed in opposite directions in males and females as they progressed through adolescence. At most doses, adolescent males were more responsive than adult males whereas adult females were more responsive than adolescent females. Ambulatory activity was age-dependent in males whereas non-ambulatory activity was age-dependent in females. Prepubertal gonadectomy increased behavioral responsiveness to the highest dose of cocaine in males whereas it decreased behavioral responsiveness to lower doses of cocaine in females. We conclude that sex differences in behavioral responses to cocaine arise during adolescence from a concurrent decrease in male responsiveness and increase in female responsiveness. Our results suggest that gonadal steroids exert lasting and opposing effects on the sensitivity of males and females to psychostimulants during development.
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Prepubertal (p25) gonadectomy produces opposite effects on cocaine-induced locomotion in adult (p65) male and female rats, suggesting that pubertal hormones play a role in regulating sex-specific responses to cocaine.
“In addition, prepubertal (p25) gonadectomy produces opposite effects on cocaine-induced locomotion in adult (p65) male and female rats, suggesting that pubertal hormones play a role in regulating sex-specific responses to cocaine (Parylak et al., 2008).”
From Does puberty mark a transition in sensitive periods for plasticity in the associative neocortex? (2017) · cites this paper as Parylak et al., 2008
The stimulatory effects of estradiol on dopaminergic function are well-established for adult female rodents, while evidence in pubertal females comes largely from effects of prepubertal ovariectomy on responses to dopaminergic drugs such as cocaine.
“While the stimulatory effects of estradiol on dopaminergic function are well-established for adult female rodents (Kuhn et al., 2010), evidence in pubertal females comes largely from the effects of prepubertal ovariectomy on responses to dopaminergic drugs such as cocaine (reviewed above; Parylak et al., 2008).”
From Does puberty mark a transition in sensitive periods for plasticity in the associative neocortex? (2017) · cites this paper as Parylak et al., 2008
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Developmental differences in locomotor responsiveness to amphetamine in rats
Mathews, I. Z. (2011) · Brock University Digital Repository (Brock University)
Carlin, J. L. (2014) · Scholarly Commons (University of Pennsylvania)
The role of gonadal hormones in mesencephalic dopaminergic systems
Johnson, M. L. (2008) · DukeSpace (Duke University)
Chapp, A. D., Nwakama, C. A., Phan, C.-M. H., Jagtap, P. P., Lind, E. B., Collins, A. R., Alonso‐Caraballo, Y., Thomas, M. J., & Mermelstein, P. G. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2025.12.11.693721
- Authors
- Parylak, S. L., Caster, J. M., Walker, Q. D., & Kuhn, C. M.
- Affiliations
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kuhn, Cynthia M.
- Venue
- Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-05
- Volume
- 89
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 314-323
- ISSN
- 0091-3057 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2423309
- OpenAlex
- W2036842877
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 3.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA-09079, R01DA009079, R01DA019114)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- cocaine, locomotor activity, sex differences, adolescence, puberty, sex steroids, gonadectomy, psychostimulants, developmental sensitivity, ambulatory activity
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Animals, Cocaine, Female, Male, Motor Activity, Sex Characteristics, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Sexual Maturation, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Rats
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