Effects of herbivores on nitrogen fixation by grass endophytes, legume symbionts and free-living soil surface bacteria in the Serengeti
Open accessAbstract
Grass roots can harbor abundant endophytic N2-fixing microbes (diazotrophs), but their abundance and activity compared to those on legumes and in soil crusts is still unknown. Here, in a natural ecosystem, the Serengeti of East Africa, we explored whether herbivores and soil nutrients limited grass root endophyte diazotroph abundance and their root mass-specific and area-specific N2-fixation, as they often do for diazotrophs symbiotic with legumes and those free-living in soil. N2-fixation and copy number of the nitrogenase gene nifH was measured with stable isotope and molecular methods, respectively, for the dominant grass Themeda triandra, and legume, Indigofera volkensii, and in the top 5 cm of soil in a 16-year herbivore exclosure experiment across four sites that varied in mean annual rainfall and soil N, P, and moisture. T. triandra nifH gene copy number was highly variable across sites and individuals but often approached or exceeded that of I. volkensii roots and soils. T. triandra roots generally exhibited lower root mass-specific N2-fixation (activity), which was not reduced by herbivores and increased in drier soils. In contrast, I. volkensii activity was only reduced by herbivores and soil diazotrophs were mostly inactive. T. triandra exhibited greater area-specific N2-fixation than I. volkensii, due to its much greater root biomass, but this difference was reduced by herbivores. Grass-associated endophytic diazotrophs may fix far more N2 in natural systems than previously realized, and may be limited by different factors those affecting symbiotic legume and free-living soil diazotrophs.
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Higher grazing intensities were significantly associated with higher percent cover of largely unpalatable forbs and lower cover of known N-fixing species, including legumes, in grazed plots.
“First, higher grazing intensities were significantly associated with higher percent cover of largely unpalatable forbs and lower cover of known N-fixing species, including legumes, in grazed plots (Fig. 5C)( 40 ).”
From Cross-boundary human impacts compromise the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem (2019) · cites this paper as [40]
The Results (section 3; page unavailable) report that herbivores reduced the relative abundance of the N-fixing grass T. triandra, supporting part of the claim. But they report greater density and root biomass of the N-fixing legume I. volkensii in grazed plots. The paper does not report a significant association between grazing intensity and percent cover of unpalatable forbs or N-fixing species. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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- Authors
- Ritchie, M. E., & Raina, R.
- Affiliations
- Syracuse University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ritchie, Mark E.
- Venue
- Pedobiologia
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-11
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 5-6
- Pages
- 233-241
- ISSN
- 0031-4056 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2521642088
- Cited by
- 24
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 1.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Pedobiologia (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- US NSF (DEB 0842230, DEB 1616480)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Legume Nitrogen Fixing Symbiosis
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Plant and fungal interactions
- Keywords
- herbivory, nitrogen fixation, grass endophytes, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, Themeda triandra, legume symbiont, herbivore exclosures, soil nutrients, rainfall, root biomass, Serengeti
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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