Seasonal variation of salivary testosterone in men, normally cycling women, and women using hormonal contraceptives
Open accessAbstract
Humans' endogenous testosterone concentrations vary over a number of temporal scales, with little known about variation longer than monthly cycles. Past studies of seasonal or circannual variation have principally used male participants and have produced inconsistent results. Thus, little is known about how testosterone concentrations fluctuate throughout the year, whether such variation differs between men and women, and whether there are influences of hormonal contraceptive use. The present study collected saliva samples from a large sample (N=718) of men and women, each collected at one time point within a relatively uniform distribution over a full calendar year. Both men and normally-cycling women displayed seasonal variation in salivary testosterone concentrations, such that testosterone concentrations are maximal in the fall and minimal in the summer. Notably, normally-cycling women had testosterone concentrations that were over 100% greater at their maximum in fall compared to their minimum in summer. Women using hormonal contraceptives not only had consistently lower endogenous testosterone concentrations, but also showed a flatter seasonal testosterone profile. The implications for studies of psychology and human behavioral endocrinology are discussed.
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In men, data about neurosteroid withdrawal can be inferred from seasonal variation of testosterone, showing two minima at spring and late summer.
“In men, data about neurosteroid withdrawal can be inferred from the seasonal variation of testosterone, showing two minima at spring and late summer [132].”
From Fibromyalgia pathogenesis explained by a neuroendocrine multistable model (2024) · cites this paper as [132]
The Results and Discussion report seasonal variation in men’s testosterone, with the lowest concentrations in late winter and spring. They do not identify a second minimum in late summer or investigate neurosteroid withdrawal, so those parts of the cited claim are unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- Authors
- Stanton, S. J., Mullette-Gillman, O. A., & Huettel, S. A.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Corresponding author
- Stanton, Steven J.
- Venue
- Physiology & Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-10
- Volume
- 104
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 804-808
- ISSN
- 0031-9384 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3494403
- OpenAlex
- W2010795314
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 4.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Physiology & Behavior (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Duke Institute for Brain Sciences Incubator Award
- NIMH (RC1-088680)
- McClelland Postdoctoral Fellowship
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Hormonal and reproductive studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Keywords
- salivary testosterone, seasonal variation, circannual rhythm, hormonal contraception, men, women, menstrual cycle, endogenous testosterone, behavioral endocrinology
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Analysis of Variance, Bicycling, Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Radioimmunoassay, Saliva, Seasons, Testosterone, Young Adult
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