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Cited by 92Philosophy and Theoretical ScienceNeural dynamics and brain functionCognitive Science and Education Research

Consciousness, biology and quantum hypotheses

Baars, Bernard J., Edelman, David B.·2012·Physics of Life Reviews
DOI 10.1016/j.plrev.2012.07.001
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Abstract

Natural phenomena are reducible to quantum events in principle, but quantum mechanics does not always provide the best level of analysis. The many-body problem, chaotic avalanches, materials properties, biological organisms, and weather systems are better addressed at higher levels. Animals are highly organized, goal-directed, adaptive, selectionist, information-preserving, functionally redundant, multicellular, quasi-autonomous, highly mobile, reproducing, dissipative systems that conserve many fundamental features over remarkably long periods of time at the species level. Animal brains consist of massive, layered networks of specialized signaling cells with 10,000 communication points per cell, and interacting up to 1000 Hz. Neurons begin to divide and differentiate very early in gestation, and continue to develop until middle age. Waking brains operate far from thermodynamic equilibrium under delicate homeostatic control, making them extremely sensitive to a range of physical and chemical stimuli, highly adaptive, and able to produce a remarkable range of goal-relevant actions. Consciousness is "a difference that makes a difference" at the level of massive neuronal interactions in the most parallel-interactive anatomical structure of the mammalian brain, the cortico-thalamic (C-T) system. Other brain structures are not established to result in direct conscious experiences, at least in humans. However, indirect extra-cortical influences on the C-T system are pervasive. Learning, brain plasticity and major life adaptations may require conscious cognition. While brains evolved over hundreds of millions of years, and individual brains grow over months, years and decades, conscious events appear to have a duty cycle of ∼100 ms, fading after a few seconds. They can of course be refreshed by inner rehearsal, re-visualization, or attending to recurrent stimulus sources. These very distinctive brain events are needed when animals seek out and cope with new, unpredictable and highly valued life events, such as evading predators, gathering critical information, seeking mates and hunting prey. Attentional selection of conscious events can be observed behaviorally in animals showing coordinated receptor orienting, flexible responding, alertness, emotional reactions, seeking, motivation and curiosity, as well as behavioral surprise and cortical and autonomic arousal. Brain events corresponding to attentional selection are prominent and widespread. Attention generally results in conscious experiences, which may be needed to recruit widespread processing resources in the brain. Many neuronal processes never become conscious, such as the balance system of the inner ear. An air traveler may "see" the passenger cabin tilt downward as the plane tilts to descend for a landing. That visual experience occurs even at night, when the traveler has no external frame of spatial reference. The passenger's body tilt with respect to gravity is detected unconsciously via the hair cells of the vestibular canals, which act as liquid accelerometers. However, that sensory activity is not experienced directly. It only becomes conscious via vision and the body senses. The vestibular sense is therefore quite different from visual perception, which "reports" accurately to a conscious field of experience, so that we can point accurately to a bright star on a dark night. Vestibular input is also precise but unconscious. Conscious cognition is therefore a distinct kind of brain event. Many of its features are well established, and must be accounted for by any adequate theory. No non-biological examples are known. Penrose and Hameroff have proposed that consciousness may be viewed as a fundamental problem in quantum physics. Specifically, their 'orchestrated objective reduction' (Orch-OR) hypothesis posits that conscious states arise from quantum computations in the microtubules of neurons. However, a number of microtubule-associated proteins are found in both plant and animal cells (like neurons) and plants are not generally considered to be conscious. Current quantum-level proposals do not explain the prominent empirical features of consciousness. Notably, they do not distinguish between closely matched conscious and unconscious brain events, as cognitive-biological theories must. About half of the human brain does not support conscious contents directly, yet neurons in these "unconscious" brain regions contain large numbers of microtubules. QM phenomena are famously observer-dependent, but to the best of our knowledge it has not been shown that they require a conscious observer, as opposed to a particle detector. Conscious humans cannot detect quantum events "as such" without the aid of special instrumentation. Instead, we categorize the wavelengths of light into conscious sensory events that neglect their quantum mechanical properties. In science the burden of proof is on the proposer, and this burden has not yet been met by quantum-level proposals. While in the future we may discover quantum effects that bear distinctively on conscious cognition 'as such,' we do not have such evidence today.

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  • Baars and Edelman [48] argued that quantum mechanics does not necessarily provide the appropriate level of explanation for consciousness.

    “A strong classical counterposition was articulated by Baars and Edelman [48], who argued that while all biological processes are reducible to quantum events in principle, quantum mechanics does not necessarily provide the appropriate level of explanation for consciousness.”

    From Quantum-Inspired and Non-Classical Approaches to Consciousness: Models, Evidence and Constraints (2026) · cites this paper as [48]

  • Conscious states are reliably differentiated from unconscious states at the level of large-scale cortico-thalamic dynamics, oscillatory regimes, and global integration, rather than at the level of microtubular or molecular events.

    “They emphasize that conscious states are reliably differentiated from unconscious states at the level of large-scale cortico-thalamic dynamics, oscillatory regimes, and global integration, rather than at the level of microtubular or molecular events.”

    From Quantum-Inspired and Non-Classical Approaches to Consciousness: Models, Evidence and Constraints (2026) · cites this paper as [48]

  • Microtubules and quantum interactions are ubiquitous across cells, including plant cells and brain regions not associated with conscious contents, thus failing to explain the empirical contrast between conscious and unconscious neural processes.

    “Notably, they point out that microtubules and quantum interactions are ubiquitous across cells, including plant cells and brain regions not associated with conscious contents, thus failing to explain the empirical contrast between conscious and unconscious neural processes.”

    From Quantum-Inspired and Non-Classical Approaches to Consciousness: Models, Evidence and Constraints (2026) · cites this paper as [48]

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Authors
Baars, B. J., & Edelman, D. B.
Affiliations
Neurosciences Institute (US)
Corresponding author
Baars, Bernard J.
ORCID
Venue
Physics of Life Reviews
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2012-09
Volume
9
Issue
3
Pages
285-294
ISSN
1571-0645 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.plrev.2012.07.001
OpenAlex
W1993412215
Cited by
92
References
30
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 5
FWCI
0.71
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Physics of Life Reviews (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
Neurosciences Research Foundation
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Cognitive Science and Education Research
Keywords
consciousness, brain evolution, attention, conscious cognition, neuroplasticity, learning, quantum consciousness, levels of organization, neuronal networks, brain homeostasis, animal behavior, neural correlates of consciousness, goal-directed behavior, arousal, curiosity, emotional responses
MeSH terms
Animals, Biology, Consciousness, Humans, Models, Neurological, Quantum Theory, Wakefulness, Evolution, Molecular

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