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Understanding brain networks and brain organization
Open accessAbstract
What is the relationship between brain and behavior? The answer to this question necessitates characterizing the mapping between structure and function. The aim of this paper is to discuss broad issues surrounding the link between structure and function in the brain that will motivate a network perspective to understanding this question. However, as others in the past, I argue that a network perspective should supplant the common strategy of understanding the brain in terms of individual regions. Whereas this perspective is needed for a fuller characterization of the mind-brain, it should not be viewed as panacea. For one, the challenges posed by the many-to-many mapping between regions and functions is not dissolved by the network perspective. Although the problem is ameliorated, one should not anticipate a one-to-one mapping when the network approach is adopted. Furthermore, decomposition of the brain network in terms of meaningful clusters of regions, such as the ones generated by community-finding algorithms, does not by itself reveal "true" subnetworks. Given the hierarchical and multi-relational relationship between regions, multiple decompositions will offer different "slices" of a broader landscape of networks within the brain. Finally, I described how the function of brain regions can be characterized in a multidimensional manner via the idea of diversity profiles. The concept can also be used to describe the way different brain regions participate in networks.
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“multiple structural network configurations can theoretically give rise to the same apparent aberrations in function – this is essentially the ‘many-to-many mappings’ problem very nicely described in (Pessoa, 2014).”
From Development of large-scale functional networks from birth to adulthood: A guide to the neuroimaging literature (2017) · cites this paper as Pessoa, 2014
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“There are numerous lines of evidence to suggest that brain-behavior relationships are not simply one-to-one (Pessoa, 2014).”
From Investigating functional brain network integrity using a traditional and novel categorical scheme for neurodevelopmental disorders (2019) · cites this paper as Pessoa, 2014
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Novel imaging techniques to study the functional organization of the human brain
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BackgroundPrivacy-Preserving Predictive Model Using Factor Analysis for Neuroscience Applications
Kundu, S., & Suthaharan, S. (2019) · IEEE International Conference on Big Data Security on Cloud, IEEE International Conference on High Performance and Smart Computing, and IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Data and Security (BigDataSecurity/HPSC/IDS) · doi:10.1109/bigdatasecurity-hpsc-ids.2019.00023 · Cited by 4
“Note that the brain imaging data can be defined as a big data system due to its volume, complexity, scalability, and data heterogeneity [4], and contains information about the functional and structural characteristics of the brain [5], reflecting the cognitive abilities, mental health status, and…”
BackgroundNeuroeconomics beyond the brain: some externalist notions of choice
Petracca, E. (2020) · Journal of Economic Methodology · doi:10.1080/1350178x.2020.1789690 · Cited by 5
The vulnerability of the immature brain
Bulteau, C. (2020) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-64150-2.00010-1 · Cited by 4
A brain-based model of language instruction: from theory to practice
Iranmanesh, F., Narafshan, M. H., & Golshan, M. (2021) · Research and Development in Medical Education · doi:10.34172/rdme.2021.017 · Cited by 4
Chapter 3. Neural complexity meets lexical complexity
Schumann, J. H. (2017) · Language learning and language teaching · doi:10.1075/lllt.48.04sch · Cited by 4
Reis, J. C., Travado, L., Heller, A. S., Oliveira, F. P. M., Almeida, S. D., Sousa, B., Costa, D. C., & Antoni, M. H. (2023) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-023-00821-2 · Cited by 3
“…with neuroscience theories that emphasize domain-general brain networks for the processing of emotions and that specific regions should be studied in the context of brain networks and anatomical or functional connectivity patterns (Lindquist et al., 2016; Oosterwijk et al., 2012; Pessoa, 2014).”
BackgroundCreatividad, intuición y emoción en la praxis metodológica universitaria
Carvajal, B. C. (2020) · Cultura Educación y Sociedad · doi:10.17981/cultedusoc.11.1.2020.01 · Cited by 4
Complex function in the dynamic brain
Anderson, M. L. (2014) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2014.06.017 · Cited by 4
Dynamic connectivity and dynamic affiliation
Uddin, L. Q. (2014) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2014.05.003 · Cited by 4
“In his discussion of network overlap at connector hubs, Pessoa Correspondence should be addressed to: University of Miami P.O. Box 248185-0751 Coral Gables, FL 33124 l.uddin@miami.edu Phone: 305-284-3265.”
BackgroundInfluentialPersistent Homology of Asymmetric Networks: An Approach based on Dowker FiltrationsPreprint
Chowdhury, S., & Mémoli, F. (2016) · arXiv (Cornell University) · Cited by 7
Cooper, G., Blackburne, G., Dekker, T. M., Das, R., & Skipper, J. I. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.09.18.558347 · Cited by 4
Fróes, M. M., & Oliveira, A. R. E. (2022) · Foundations of Science · doi:10.1007/s10699-022-09874-w · Cited by 3
“, 2018; Gallese, 2018; Hommel, 2019; Kiverstein & Miller, 2015; Thompson & Varela, 2001), strongly supported by neurophysiological and neuroanatomical organizations (Pessoa, 2014).”
BackgroundMusic-induced cognitive change and whole-brain network flexibility: a pilot study
Wu‐Chung, E. L., Bonomo, M. E., Brandt, A., Denny, B. T., Karmonik, C., Frazier, J. T., Blench, K., & Fagundes, C. P. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2025.1567605 · Cited by 3
“While brain regions may specialize in certain roles, they are continuously communicating with regions that are functionally-or structurally-related (Pessoa, 2014; van den Heuvel and Pol, 2010).”
Brunel, J., Rainville, P., & Landry, M. (2025) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2025.09.005 · Cited by 3
Beyond networks: Toward adaptive models of biological complexity
Pessoa, L. (2025) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2025.11.007 · Cited by 5
Self-citationMirror Neurons and Pain: A Scoping Review of Experimental, Social, and Clinical Evidence
Cascella, M., Manchiaro, P., Marinangeli, F., Fabio, C. D., Sollecchia, G., Vittori, A., & Cerrone, V. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14020280 · Cited by 3
“However, more recent frameworks have progressively shifted attention toward distributed, network-level processes underlying perception–action coupling, expectation, and contextual modulation of pain [47,48].”
Mohammadiaria, M., Bianco, M., Balena, A., Andriani, M. S., Montinaro, C., Spagnola, B., Pisano, F., Pisanello, F., & Vittorio, M. D. (2024) · Neurophotonics · doi:10.1117/1.nph.11.s1.s11514 · Cited by 3
“1,2 This ambitious goal has driven the neurotechnology community to provide increasingly advanced technologies so that neuroscientists can interface with the multifaceted nature of neural signals.”
BackgroundBuehler, S. K., Lowther, M., Lukow, P. B., Kirk, P., Pike, A., Yamamori, Y., Chavanne, A., Gormley, S., Goble, T., Tuominen, E. W., et al. (2024) · Communications Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44271-024-00128-y · Cited by 3
Outbalanced: The cross-cortical effects of prefrontal neuromodulation in posterior parietal cortex
Farshad, M., Barth, B., Svaldi, J., Artemenko, C., & Schroeder, P. A. (2025) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2025.01.009 · Cited by 3
“Different cognitive functions are subserved by various interconnected networks in the brain (Pessoa, 2014).”
Kavi, P. C., Zamora‐López, G., Friedman, D., & Patow, G. (2025) · Entropy · doi:10.3390/e27050459 · Cited by 5
“They exhibit both hierarchical [22,53] and heterarchical structures [54], enabling flexible and context-dependent knowledge retrieval for adaptive behavior.”
Brain network science needs to become predictive
Hilgetag, C. C., & Ulrike Von Luxburg, A. (2014) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2014.07.002 · Cited by 3
“Within this perspective, Pessoa describes diverse aspects and topological features of brain networks that are potentially relevant for brain function.”
BackgroundInfluentialZhang, L., Geier, C. F., House, E. M., & Oshri, A. (2025) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.70579 · Cited by 3
“This body of work primarily focuses on particular brain regions and overlooks the importance of neural networks, which often govern complex behaviors (Pessoa 2014).”
Insulin resistance, cognition, and functional brain network topology in older adults with obesity
McIntyre, C. C., Lyday, R. G., Su, Y., Nicklas, B. J., Simpson, S. L., Deep, G., Macauley, S. L., & Hugenschmidt, C. E. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-06038-1 · Cited by 5
Inferring brain functional hubs by eigencentrality mapping of phase fMRI connectivity
Chen, Z., Shi, Q., Daniel, E., & Chen, B. (2020) · SPIE Medical Imaging: Biomedical Applications in Molecular, Structural, and Functional Imaging · doi:10.1117/12.2541495 · Cited by 3
Beyond localized and distributed accounts of brain functions
Cauda, F., Costa, T., & Tamietto, M. (2014) · Physics of Life Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2014.06.018 · Cited by 3
“This new avenue of inquiry stands at the intersection among different disciplines such as mathematics, computer science and neuroscience, and is eminently and comprehensively reviewed by Pessoa [4].”
BackgroundBabiloni, F., & Gee, J. C. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2016.2621727 · Cited by 3
“rather by specific brain networks [1], [2].”
BackgroundAnalytical approach to network inference: Investigating degree distribution
Cecchini, G., & Schelter, B. O. (2018) · Physical review. E · doi:10.1103/physreve.98.022311 · Cited by 3
Overlapping and dynamic networks of the emotional brain
Pessoa, L. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813838-0.00003-0 · Cited by 3
Self-citationSynopsis of the PhD Thesis - Network Computations in Artificial Intelligence
Mocanu, D. C. (2018) · International Teletraffic Congress · doi:10.1109/itc30.2018.00027 · Cited by 3
“…networks [13], [14], transportation networks [15], biology [16], [17] (e.g. biological neural networks, protein interactions), neuroscience [18]–[20], astrophysics [21], artificial intelligence [22] (e.g. artificial neural networks), semantic networks, social networks [23], [24], to mention…”
BackgroundPessoa, L. (2019) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x18001140 · Cited by 3
Self-citationCommentary: The Embodied Brain: Towards a Radical Embodied Cognitive Neuroscience
Nowakowski, P. R. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00623 · Cited by 3
“I think that a good supplement to this line of thinking would be recent works of Pessoa (2014) about dynamic affiliations and Anderson (2014) about TALoNS (Transiently Assembled Local Neural Subsystems).”
BackgroundInfluentialNormand, F., Gajwani, M., Côté, D. C., & Allard, A. (2023) · Network Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/netn_a_00344 · Cited by 3
“Shedding light on the heterogeneous structure-function relationships in the brain has been the aim of many studies over the past 15 years (Baum et al., 2017, 2020; Honey, Thivierge, & Sporns, 2010; Park & Friston, 2013; Pessoa, 2014; Suárez, Markello, Betzel, & Misic, 2020; Witvliet et al., 2021).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Pessoa, L.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pessoa, Luiz
- ORCID
- Pessoa, Luiz
- Venue
- Physics of Life Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-09
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 400-435
- ISSN
- 1571-0645 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4157099
- OpenAlex
- W2031461126
- Cited by
- 464
- References
- 156
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 16
- FWCI
- 3.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Physics of Life Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH071589)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Complex Network Analysis Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- brain networks, brain organization, structure-function mapping, brain-behavior relationship, network perspective, many-to-many mapping, community detection, subnetworks, hierarchical brain organization, brain regions
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Animals, Brain, Brain Mapping, Humans, Nerve Net
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